BP神经网络在油菜花期预报中的应用

建立花期预报模型,发布观赏性植物的精准花期预报,为旅游活动提供重要参考依据,已经成为气象服务领域一个新的发展方向。为了解高淳旅游区油菜花期的变化规律,探索其预报方法,指导高淳油菜花节旅游活动,根据1985—2010年高淳站日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温、日降水量、日日照时数、日平均5 cm地温、日平均相对湿度和日小型蒸发量等气象观测数据,利用主成分分析法,得到其与油菜花期相关系数较大的3个主成分,即温度因子、天气因子和辐射因子,以此为输入因子,建立基于BP神经网络的油菜花期预报模型,探讨BP神经网络在花期预报领域的应用。结果表明,传统的有效积温方法预报结果与实际开花期平均相差4.25天,BP神经网络方法预报结果与实际开花期平均相差1.5天,与有效积温预报油菜花期的方法相比,BP神经网络技术具有预测结果准确率高和操作简单等特点,在花期预报领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型.其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展;各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破,预报准确率进一步提高.在此基础上,成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统.课题研制的模型进行了业务试验,部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行.课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收.该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平,对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景.     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型。其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展；各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破，预报准确率进一步提高。在此基础上，成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统。课题研制的模型进行了业务试验，部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行。课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收。该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平，对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景。     

影响广西热带气旋年频数的神经网络预测模型

利用人工神经网络方法，结合均生函数和逐步回归分析方法对影响广西的热带气旋年频数序列进行神经网络的预测模型研究，该模型既考虑了预报量自身显著周期变化，也考虑了海温场，高度场等因子对预报量的影响，给预报检验，考虑多种影响因子的预测模型比只考虑单一影响因素的预测模型效果好。     

多步预测的小波神经网络预报模型

采用小波分析与人工神经网络相结合的方法，进行了一种新的非线性长期预报模 型研究。结果表明，所构造的小波神经网络多步预测模型对历史样本具有很好的拟合效果， 独立样本的预报效果也令人满意。并且，该预报模型具有误差收敛快，预报时效长以及建 模所需阶数低等显著优点，具有很好的研究前景。     

谐谱参数应用于三种不同数学模型的试验和研究

谐谱分析方法作为一种客观与较有效的分析方法在天气分析和预报中得到广泛应用。为了研究谐谱参数应用于不同数学模型的效果,分别试验和研究了三种数学模型(多元回归、逐步回归和典型相关分析)。结果表明:用三种模型作降水预报的水平基本相当:典型相关变量的全回归模型对大降水有较强的预报能力,试验效果比其他模型为佳,在天气分析和预报中应予重视。     

油菜花期物候主要限制因子分析及预报模型的构建

以油菜开花开始时间(即始花期)为研究对象,利用1980—2016年江苏省油菜发育期观测资料和同步气象数据,分析油菜始花期的时空变化趋势。结合油菜生理特性,筛选与油菜始花期显著相关的气象因子。以高淳站为例,采用通径分析明确各气象因子对油菜始花期的作用并评估因子敏感性,最后构建油菜始花期的回归预报模型。结果表明:在气候变化背景下江苏地区油菜始花期呈逐年提前趋势,淮河以南地区平均提前3 d以上;上年日平均气温稳定通过0℃终日(X_1)、当年日平均气温稳定通过5℃初日(X_2)、现蕾至开花前时段内分别大于0℃、5℃和10℃的有效积温(X_1、X_4和X_5)、最低气温分别小于0和5℃的日数(X_6和X_7)及平均最低气温(X_8)等8个因子与油菜始花期相关性达极显著水平;其中2月上旬至3月上旬的平均最低气温(X_8)、日最低气温小于5℃日数(X_7)、大于5℃有效积温(X_4)对油菜始花期的直接影响位列8个因子的前三位,且这3个因子两两共同对油菜始花期的相对影响程度也排在各因子对回归方程R~2总贡献率的前三位;其余5个因子直接效应普遍小于间接效应,且它们主要通过X_4、X_7、X_8对油菜始花期产生影响,而X_4、X_7、X_8也通过这5个因子产生一定影响;去掉任何一个因子,都会引起其他某些因子对油菜始花期的直接、间接作用发生变化;基于这8个因子构建的回归模型可解释68.48%的油菜始花期变化,并具有区域适用性。因此,就江苏地区而言,光照和降水对油菜开花早晚影响较小,热量条件才是江苏油菜开花早晚的主要限制因子,所构建的始花期预报模型可较好反映油菜开花时间早晚与相关热量因子变化的规律。     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1农业气象灾害预警技术研究 2002年是"十五"国家科技攻关计划项目"农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究"之第13课题(编号:2001BA509B13)实质性研究的一年,在收集资料、田间试验和模型研制等方面取得了较好的阶段性进展.年内广泛收集了环流、海温、气候及田间试验等各类资料.开展了干旱对小麦影响盆栽试验和油菜盆栽淹水试验,并在荔枝和香蕉园建立自动气象站,进行小气候观测.初步研制出4种灾害的长期统计预测模型和华南寒害短期数值天气预报模式,建立了基于东北玉米、华北小麦和夏玉米以及江淮小麦、油菜生长过程的动态模拟模式,探讨了实现作物模型区域化的方法,开展了区域气候模式与东北下垫面嵌套,生成作物模式所需预报值的方法试验.     

基于监测指数的贵州省4月气温预测模型及检验

基于1981~2019年贵州省4月气温与同期130项监测指数的相关分析建立了固定监测指数、最优监测指数、逐步回归的统计预测模型,并对1981~2020年预测模型回报结果进行检验。结果表明:在短期气候趋势预测业务中,按异常级进行预测可提高气候预测技巧。三种统计预测模型中逐步回归的预测效果最好,其次是最优监测指数,而固定监测指数效果最差。与省级和国家级预测产品相比,统计预测模型在近9年的回报效果表现出一定的优势。以7个最优指数建立的回归预测模型对2020年4月气温的回报Ps评分最高,较省级预报提高14.1分,相对国家指导预报提高66.7分。      

阿坝牧区雪灾的短期气候预测

运用遥相关和相关理论,在上百个预报因子中提取通过一定可信度检验的因子,用Fisher判别方法和极大似然判别方法建立了阿坝牧区雪灾的短期气候预测模型,其拟合效果和试报结果都十分理想,模型的预报能力较强。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on