氮浓度对盐生杜氏藻和纤细角毛藻叶绿素荧光特性及生长的影响

在温度为(23±1)℃,盐度为31,光照强度为5000lx的条件下,用含有不同氮浓度(0μmol/L,55μmol/L,440μmol/L,880μmol/L,1760μmol/L,7040μmol/L)的培养基对中国海洋大学微藻种质库保存的盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)和纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)进行培养,研究两种微藻在一次性培养过程中,不同氮浓度对其PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度的影响。单因子方差分析结果表明,氮浓度对两种微藻的光合作用及生长均有显著影响(P<0.05)。两种微藻的Fv/Fm比值、叶绿素含量以及细胞密度均随着起始氮浓度的增加而增加,在1760μM时达到最大值,其后随着起始氮浓度的增加,上述指标反而下降。多重比较结果表明,盐藻和纤细角毛藻进行光合作用和生长的最适氮浓度都为1760μmol/L。。     

3种处理对纤细角毛藻生长及细胞生化组成的影响

纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)是海水养殖育苗过程中重要的饵料生物,其生长速度和营养成分组成对育苗的效率和质量都有重要意义.本研究通过单因子试验研究了温度、盐度和超声波3种处理方式对纤细角毛藻生长、蛋白质和总脂占比的影响.结果表明,温度和盐度都显著影响纤细角毛藻的生长,5~40 min的超声波处理不影响纤细角毛藻的生长;纤细角毛藻生长的最适条件是温度为25℃,盐度为25;3种处理方式对纤细角毛藻的蛋白质和总脂占比都有显著影响,其中超声波处理影响最显著,短时间处理(5 min)能使蛋白质占比达到最高值,长时间处理(40 min)能使总脂占比达到最高值.本研究的实验结果可以作为饵料微藻二段培养所采用条件的参考依据.     

球等鞭金藻与4种海洋微藻间的化感作用

利用交叉培养的方法,研究了球等鞭金藻与纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻等4种海洋微藻间的化感作用。并利用高效液相色谱分析了这4种海洋微藻的胞外滤液萃取物。结果表明,(1)球等鞭金藻胞外滤液浓度大于40%时,显著抑制三角褐指藻、新月菱形藻和牟氏角毛藻的生长,而对纤细角毛藻的生长则有明显的促进效果,但当胞外滤液浓度大于80%时则对纤细角毛藻的生长也表现出抑制作用。纤细角毛藻、新月菱形藻、牟氏角毛藻的滤液浓度大于40%时,对球等鞭金藻表现出显著抑制作用,三角褐指藻胞外滤液浓度大于80%时才能抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(2)4种海洋微藻胞外滤液的萃取物能明显抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(3)纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻的胞外滤液分别包含8种、5种、6种和7种物质,同时结果还表明4种海洋微藻产生的抑制球等鞭金藻生长的化感物质并不相同。     

纤细角毛藻培养条件优化

采用正交实验的方法，对影响纤细角毛藻(Chaetoceros gracilis)生长的主要营养因素进行了优化，获得了以海水为基础的优化培养基配方：NaHCO30．15g／L，NazSiO3(9H2O0．20g／L，NANO3 1．00g／L，KH2PO4 0．02g／L，VB1 2．7mg／L，VB12 1.5μg/L。实验表明，用该优化配方培养纤细角毛藻具有生长速度快、产量高的显著优势，为该微藻在光生物反应器中的进一步高密度培养提供了良好条件。     

不同培养基对纤细角毛藻生长的影响

纤细角毛藻Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ是青岛海洋大学应用微藻研究所１９８８年从美国ＳｏｌａｒＥｎｅｒｇｙＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ引进的 ,并已在国内育苗场推广应用。纤细角毛藻可以作为双壳贝类、海胆、海参、甲壳类等幼体的饵料 ,是耐高温种类 ,适合夏季培养。但在生产上培养该藻时 ,存在细胞密度较低等问题 ,常因投入过多的藻液 ,使育苗池的水污染 ,影响育苗水质 ,特别是投入被污染和老化的饵料时更为严重。作者以Ｆ／２培养基作为一种能提高细胞密度的培养基 ,意在提高细胞的培养效果 ,减少生产厂房的占用 ,提高生产效率。…     

小角毛藻对球形棕囊藻囊体形成的影响

球形棕囊藻具有异型的生活史,能够在单细胞和囊体两种不同形态之间转换。球形棕囊藻藻华现场发现,囊体有时附着在角毛藻上。为研究角毛藻对囊体形成的影响和机制,进行球形棕囊藻和小角毛藻的共培养实验,观察球形棕囊藻囊体的形成和生长状况,研究小角毛藻对球形棕囊藻囊体形成的影响。结果证明:混合培养下,小角毛藻和球形棕囊藻的囊体附着在一起,在较短的生存周期内,囊体的密度明显高于单独培养时的密度;而单独培养体系下,棕囊藻单细胞密度和囊体体积均高于混合培养,囊体的存在时间较长。小角毛藻的存在对囊体的形成具有促进效应,这对于球形棕囊藻囊体具有重要的生态意义。硅藻的存在更能体现球形棕囊藻竞争优势。     

重金属胁迫对纤细角毛藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 )胁迫不同时间(24,48,72和96 h)后,纤细角毛藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的变化情况.测定的主要参数有:PSII最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo),PSII实际光能转化效率(Yield=ΦPSII),相对光合电子传递效率(rETR),光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ).实验结果表明,重金属离子(Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 )胁迫下纤细角毛藻的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,Yield和rETR均明显降低,并且随着重金属离子浓度的增加,胁迫时间的延长,下降幅度逐步增大;重金属胁迫下,细胞密度和叶绿素含量也显著降低.3种重金属离子的半抑制浓度(EC50)的计算结果表明,胁迫时间为24和48 h时,3种重金属离子对纤细角毛藻各叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm,Fv/Fo,Yield,Chll content)的毒性大小顺序为Cu2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;胁迫时间为72和96 h时,3种重金属离子的毒性大小顺序为Cd2 ＞Cu2 ＞Zn2 .本文还对叶绿素荧光技术在检测微藻对重金属胁迫敏感性中的应用进行了初步探讨.     

不同培养方式及换水频率对坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)自由丝状体生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

本实验以坛紫菜自由丝状体为材料,研究不同培养方式(静置、摇床、通气)和换水频率(5d、7d、10d、20d)对丝状体生长及藻胆蛋白(PE、PC)含量变化的影响。研究结果表明:坛紫菜自由丝状体在摇床培养条件下生长较好,特定生长速率可达10.832 7%~10.891 5%;摇床培养下的丝状体PE含量相对静置培养的较高一些,通气培养的相对较低,最高为36.816 8mg/g;静置条件下培养的丝状体PC含量最高,摇床培养次之,通气培养最低,最低为1.082 4mg/g。相同培养方式下,换水频率对丝状体特定生长速率影响不大;除通气培养外,换水频率20d其PE、PC含量较高。方差分析结果表明:实验范围内的培养方式及换水频率对丝状体特定生长速率大小、PE和PC含量不存在交互作用。本文实验结果对坛紫菜自由丝状体产业化应用于食品加工、色素提取等产业提供了实验理论和依据。     

无机砷As(V)对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros mulleri)生长、叶绿素a含量及抗氧化活力的影响

研究了无机砷As(V)胁迫对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros mulleri)培育水体中磷酸盐含量、藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量及其抗氧化活性的影响,As(V)浓度梯度为0、7.3、10.2、23.9、45.2和114.0μg/L(分别记为Ctr和V1—V5),取样时间为2、3、5、7、14和21 d。结果表明,试验条件下适当浓度As(V)暴露会促进牟氏角毛藻对磷酸盐的吸收速度,而较低浓度暴露时则反之。所有处理组中仅V2组在14d时藻细胞密度增至最大值71×104ind./m L,其它处理组在整个试验期间藻细胞密度变化均不显著(P0.01)。2 d时各组藻细胞叶绿素a含量均显著降低,且均显著低于对照;5 d时V5组显著升高(达102.16μg/108cell),而其它处理组却仍明显低于其初始值;21 d时,除V1组外各处理组均明显高于对照(50.63μg/10~8cell)。在As(V)暴露2 d时,处理组GSH含量均明显低于对照(3.23μg/10~8cell)(P0.01),且随着As(V)暴露浓度的升高呈先升高后逐渐降低的趋势。As(V)暴露对牟氏角毛藻GSH含量具有显著的抑制作用。谷胱甘肽还原酶活性随着As(V)浓度升高基本呈降低趋势。As(V)胁迫可能会抑制牟氏角毛藻的光合作用和抗氧化活性,长期暴露还会对其生长繁殖造成影响。     

温度和pH变化对旋链角毛藻生长及释放二甲基硫化物的影响

以旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)为研究对象,通过实验室培养,研究了温度和pH变化对其生长周期内生物量及培养液中二甲基硫(DMS)和二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)含量的影响。设置的4组实验条件分别为pH=7.8,20℃、pH=7.8,25℃、pH=8.1,20℃和pH=8.1,25℃。实验结果表明,pH=8.1,20℃时,旋链角毛藻生长情况最佳,而pH=7.8,25℃时,旋链角毛藻生长情况最差。温度升高时藻密度、比生长率、DMS和DMSP浓度均有明显的降低,pH减小时四者略有降低。四组实验中旋链角毛藻单细胞释放DMS浓度的峰值(4.54×10~(-5),2.71×10~(-5),4.67×10~(-5),3.46×10~(-5)μmol·cell~(-1))均出现于藻类生长的衰亡期。说明旋链角毛藻衰亡期细胞破裂会导致大量DMSP进入培养液中,进而降解生成DMS。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.