我所的大气电学研究工作

大气电学是大气物理学的一个分支,自四十年代前期,国内作过个别的观测研究后,在国内静寂了二十多年。六十年代以后,随着近代云雾物理、人工影响天气及森林防火等工作在我国的开展,国内有不少单位先后对强雷暴,特别是冰雹云中的雷电活动作了观测研究。大气电学家们利用自制的闪电计数器、电场仪、探空电场仪及闪电电场仪等取得了一系列的资料,并对于不同强度的雷暴在雷电活动上的不同特征、雷     

雷暴云电场的初步研究

本文介绍了利用电场仪、闪电计数器以及雷达对雷暴云地面电场进行观测的结果。甘肃平凉地区雷暴云电荷分布一般为上正下负,云底附近有一小正电荷区。上层正电荷区可向上延伸,而下层负电荷区水平尺度可达数个公里,云底小正电荷区也可扩展10公里以上。 降水区地面呈现正电场。雷暴云闪电电矩变化可在40—300库伦公里间,平均值为120库伦公里,随着云体的发展,也就是说,随着雷达强回波高度的增高,大于180库伦公里的闪电增多。闪电后电场初始恢复速率平均为1/7/秒。 对于雷暴云电场特征的可能机制也作了初步讨论。     

基于小波技术的地面大气电场数据处理

使用安装在南京信息工程大学实验场的法国电场仪AMEO340于2009年观测试验期间的观测资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱。对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行了小波函数为sym5的7层分解,大大降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示了地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰的分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数。为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

雷电预警中的风暴参数研究

目前,国内大多城市陆续建设了大气电场仪,旨在提前开展雷电预警,但基于大气电场仪开展雷电预警的虚警率始终较高。该文基于闪电定位仪和雷达风暴产品,提取了雷电发生时的风暴参数,即发生闪电的雷电预警指标需同时满足风暴中心强度在40d Bz以上、中心高度在3 km以上、回波顶高在4.5 km以上,在此基础上再与大气电场仪预警阈值结合,在降低雷电预警虚警率的基础上,实现了雷电预警时间的提前,为闪电定位、雷达、大气电场仪数据在雷电预警中的研究提供一定的应用参考。     

地面大气电场资料在强对流天气预报中的应用

利用大气电场仪对2008年6～10月天津地面大气电场变化进行连续监测。讨论晴空、稳定型降水、飑线和暴雨天气下地面大气电场强度特点,结合新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和闪电定位资料,对2008年9月4日飑线过程和2008年7月14日暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:大气电场仪曲线在雷暴发生前15～50min剧烈变化,在强对流天气的雷电监测中有明显的指示作用。结合雷达资料和闪电定位仪资料能够提高雷电预警和短时临近预报的准确率,多站点的大气电场仪数据能够扩大雷暴监测范围并且判断雷暴云移动路径。     

基于小波分析的地面大气电场观测数据处理技术研究

使用南京信息工程大学实验场的AMEO340电场仪一年观测试验资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱,对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波函数为sym5的7层分解,某种程度上降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示出地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰地分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数,为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

青岛地区电场仪资料在一次雷暴天气过程中的应用分析

利用大气电场仪资料,结合天气实况、天气雷达和闪电定位仪等资料,对2013年7月1日青岛地区一次雷暴天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,当地面电场强度曲线在几十到几百毫秒量级内发生极性反转,变化幅度在2 kV/m以上,且完成后电场值会迅速回到极性反转前的电场值附近时,可以判断为发生了一次地闪。单站电场强度曲线可以反映出雷暴云与测站间距离的变化,闪电发生前电场强度的增加可为雷电预警提供时间。大气电场仪组网监测资料可以对雷暴云的移动路径做出判断。综合分析大气电场仪组网数据、天气雷达以及闪电定位资料等多源资料,可以更好地判断雷暴云的活动状况,提高雷电的预警准确率和时间提前量。     

大气电场资料在雷电预警中应用

通过分析浙江省嵊县地区2007年6-10月12次强雷暴过程的电场观测资料,并结合该省闪电定位资料,发现当雷暴云移近电场仪测站时,在测站的防护区内（距测站10 km半径范围内）,闪电发生前的电场会出现快变抖动现象,并且快变抖动和闪电的发生具有0-1化对应关系,即当有电场的快变抖动出现并且在一定时间内电场值数次达到一定阈值时,电场值会随着时间增加而达到防护区内闪电出现的强度,很少有出现电场快变抖动而没有产生闪电的情况,利用多元回归技术提出雷电预警方法,将12次雷暴过程数据作为预报资料,得出预报方程及电场最佳预警参数。分析结果表明,当闪电集中发生在距电场仪10-15 km范围内,并达到电场仪预警条件时,为最佳预警时间,预警准确率达到73%。     

大气电场仪在雷电预警中的应用

为了提高雷电预警和雷电防护技术服务,有效地探测雷电的发生、发展,利用大气电场仪,实时获取雷电的发生、发展观测数据,结合雷达、闪电定位、卫星等其他观测资料,追踪出雷电的移动轨迹和电场强度变化,按指数趋势对未来趋势进行系统分析,形成特定区域的雷电短时预警,避免和减轻雷电可能造成的灾害和损失。      

大气电场资料在黑龙江雷电监测预警中的应用

文章利用大气电场仪资料,结合常规气象资料、黑龙江省闪电定位系统监测资料和雷达资料分析了哈尔滨市2014年5月18日的一次雷暴天气过程。结果表明:这次由午后强对流活动引发的雷暴过程分布不均,具有局地性、突发性。负地闪所占比例较高,平均雷电流强度为中等,其中首次地闪的雷电流强度最大;大气电场能够较好地反映带电云的产生、聚集、消亡过程;此次雷暴过程中大气电场仪曲线在雷暴发生前15min剧烈快变抖动,对雷电监测预警具有明显的指示作用。大气电场仪资料结合雷达资料和闪电定位仪资料能够提高雷电预报的准确率。     

云下部正电荷区与负地闪预击穿过程

三维雷电观测系统LMA(Lightning Mapping Array)是最近发展起来的基于GPS时钟同步的闪电VHF辐射源到达时间差(TOA)定位技术,能以很高的时间分辨率(50 ns)和空间定位精度(50-100 m)展现闪电放电发展过程的三维时空分布,揭示雷暴中电荷结构及其与放电过程的关系.文中利用三维雷电VHF辐射源观测资料分析了负地闪预击穿过程的时空分布特征,讨论了云下部正电荷区对负地闪发生的影响,其结果表明在首次回击之前存在长时间预击穿过程的负地闪中,预击穿过程是云中部负电荷区与下部正电荷区之间的一种云内放电过程,闪电起始于云中部负电荷区,然后向下发展传输,进入正电荷区后闪电通道在云下部正电荷区水平发展,其放电特征与反极性云闪放电一致,云内放电过程最后阶段的K型击穿激发了地闪的梯级先导,梯级先导穿过云下部正电荷区向下发展传输.云下部正电荷的存在是导致负地闪首次回击之前存在长时间云内预击穿过程的主要原因.     

Lightning evolution related to radar-derived microphysics in the 21 July 1998 EULINOX supercell storm

Results of a combined analysis of data from a C-band polarimetric Doppler radar and a 3D VHF interferometric lightning mapping system, as obtained during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) field campaign, are presented. For 21 July 1998, the lightning data from a supercell thunderstorm weakly indicate a tendency for a bi-level vertical distribution of lightning VHF emissions around the −15°C and −30°C temperature levels. Also, in some parts of the clouds, evidence is found for the presence of a lower positive charge center near the freezing level. However, where strong vertical motions prevail, VHF emissions are not organized in horizontal layers but in oblique or vertical regions. Correlation of VHF signals with radar quantities shows that in the growing storm, peak VHF activity is low and related to reflectivity factors around 30 dBZ, while after the mature stage, the peak VHF activity is about three times larger. The highest density of VHF signals is now found near reflectivity factors of 45 dBZ. A polarimetric hydrometeor classification indicates that during storm development, most lightning activity occurs where graupel and, secondarily, snow and small dry hail are present. In the decaying phase of the supercell hailstorm, however, most lightning VHF emissions stem from the region with hail and heavy rain. Furthermore, while the VHF signal frequency per cubic kilometer in the graupel and rain regions remains nearly constant throughout the supercell life cycle, the signal frequency in the hail region rises during storm decay.     

Positive Charge Region in Lower Part of Thunderstorm and Preliminary Breakdown Process of Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

A new lightning locating technology, called Lightning Mapping Array （LMA）, has been developed. The system takes advantage of GPS technology to measure the times of arrival （TOA） of lightning impulsive very high frequency （VHF） radiation events at each remote location. The spatiotemporal development processes of lightning are described in three-dimension by measurement of the system with high time resolution （50 ns） and space precision （50-100 m）. The charge structures in thunderstorm and their relationship with lightning discharge processes are revealed. The temporal and spatial characteristics of preliminary breakdown process involved in negative cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning discharges are analyzed based on the data of lightning VHF radiation events. The effect of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm on the occurrence of negative CG lightning discharge is discussed. The results indicate that the preliminary breakdown process with longer duration in negative CG lightning discharges is an intracloud discharge process. It occurs between negative and positive charge regions located in middle and lower parts of thunderstorm respectively. It initiates from the negative charge region and propagates downward. After propagating into the positive charge region, the lightning channel develops horizontally. The characteristics of the preliminary breakdown process are consistent with that of intracloud lightning discharges. The stepped leaders are initiated by the K type breakdown which occurs in the last stage of the preliminary breakdown process and develops downward through the positive charge region. The existence of positive charge region in lower part of thunderstorm results in the occurrence of preliminary breakdown process with longer duration before the return stroke of negative CG lightning discharges.     

Investigations of the development of thunderstorm with hail. Part 2. Analysis of methods for the forecast and diagnosis of the electrical properties of clouds

The results of observation of the development of a high-depth thunder-hail storm is presented. The measurements were carried out with the MRL-5 weather radar and LS8000 lightning detection system. The electrical parameters of the investigated cloud obtained with LS8000 as well as their relations to radar-derived cloud characteristics and to the indirect criteria of electrical conditions computed on their basis are analyzed. The possibility to forecast thunderstorm based on different thermodynamic criteria is investigated. The high correlation was revealed between the total lightning current in the LF range and the lightning flash rate in the LF and VHF ranges. The total charge transferred by negative lightnings from this cloud to the ground is equal to 387 C; the average value of charge per one lightning is 0.44 C. Regression equations linking the radar criteria of lightnings and the lightning flash rate are presented.     

闪电宽带电场三维定位及其回波特征

利用自制闪电宽带电场三维定位系统, 分析了山东地区一次雷暴过程闪电三维时空结构。结果表明, 在云内击穿放电整个时间序列中, 辐射源空间分布（对应强电场区分布）呈现明显的三极性分层电荷结构, 并分布在3个高度层次： 6~8 km为上部正电荷区, 4~6 km为中部负电荷, 2.5~4 km为下部次正电荷区。云内放电首先出现在中部负电荷区, 然后产生向上发展的负流光进入上部正电荷区传输, 形成向上发展的云闪; 随着雷暴发展, 产生向下发展的负流光进入下部次正电荷区, 形成向下发展的云闪, 且能维持到雷暴发展后期。结合雷达回波分析表明, 雷达回波的强度影响着闪电活动, 强回波区的增加会使得强电场区域增加, 但是强电场区域并不与最强回波区域对应, 除下部正电荷区的底部会有部分辐射源出现在回波强度为40~50 dBz的区域中以外, 大多数的辐射源出现在25~35 dBz的中等回波区范围内, 强回波区域中通常较少出现击穿放电。     

雷暴云内电荷水平分布形式对闪电放电的影响

为了定量探究雷暴云内电荷水平分布形式对闪电类型和先导传播行为的影响,建立了典型雷暴云电荷结构模型,引入控制电荷水平分布的参数,利用改进的随机放电参数化方案,开展二维高分辨率模拟试验。结果表明:主正电荷区电荷水平分布不均匀且向中心聚集时,产生的闪电类型多为正地闪和正极性云闪,随着电荷水平分布趋于均匀,闪电类型转变为负地闪;主负电荷区电荷水平分布趋于均匀时,闪电类型由负地闪向正极性云闪再向正地闪转变;闪电先导传播特征有较大差异,电荷分布密集不均匀时,先导被束缚在电荷高密度中心,主要在电荷区内发展,当电荷分布单一均匀时,先导能穿出电荷区并水平延伸十几至二十多千米。分析两个电荷区之间的电位分布发现,电荷区电荷水平分布趋于均匀时,位势线向电荷密度中心集中,整个位势阱水平延展,闪电触发点的初始电位值有较大差异,有利于闪电类型和先导传播行为的改变。     

Progresses in the Atmospheric Electricity Researches in China during 2006--2010

Atmospheric electricity is composed of a wide range of electric phenomena in the troposphere, strato- sphere, and even lower ionosphere. Research progress on atmospheric electricity in the past 5 years in China are briefly reviewed here. This research area has been greatly expanded through rocket-triggered lightning experiments and the increased use of high spatio-temporal resolution techniques for the detection and location of lightning. The main results described in this review are summarized in the following five aspects:(1) processes and parameters inferred from rocket-triggered lightning, (2) lightning physics and effects (observations and theoretical study), (3) lightning activities associated with different thunderstorms, (4) charge structure of thunderstorms (observations and simulation), and (5) the VHF/UHF lightning location techniques and discharge channel mapping.     

THE CRITERION FOR PROPAGATION OF THE POSITIVE STREAMER AND ITS APPLICATION

Through analysing the upward leader from a tall structure under storm condition,it is concluded,in thispaper,that the intense electric field in a limited,small region provides the necessary condition for the naturallightning discharge to occur.Such a “local intense field” could make it possible that a weak streamer growsand continues to travel in ambient field of only several tens of kilovolts per meter,which otherwise,couldpropagate only in the ambient field of several hundreds of kilovolts per meter.Based on the positive streamer theory and energy-balance limitation,we have deduced a criterion for de-tcrmining whether the positive streamer propagates continuously or not.Using this criterion,we derive the striking distance for tall structures,and the electric environment for ar-tificially triggering lightning by rocket launching with grounding wire.Both results agree with observations.     

超高频闪电方向探测器的研制及初步观测

我们成功地进行了超高频闪电方向探测器的试验。三个接收天线(接收闪电放电辐射的超高频脉冲)分别放在一个垂直边长为120米的直角等腰三角形的顶点,由到达天线的时间差来计算接收到的闪电脉冲的方向。用两个分辨率为10毫微秒的时间间隔测定器测量时间差,并用数字打印机来记录测量结果。本文叙述了仪器结构和在甘肃平凉进行的初步观测结果,并指出,观测结果与雷达资料相比是相当一致的。     

闪电放电特征和雷暴电荷结构研究

文章综述了近10年来对闪电物理过程和雷暴电荷结构等方面的主要研究进展。利用自行研制的高时间分辨率新型闪电探测和定位技术,获得中国不同地区的闪电特征及放电参数,组织首次青藏高原综合闪电观测实验,揭示高原雷暴及其闪电活动的特殊性,并利用数值模式探讨其成因;将原子结构理论应用于闪电光谱研究,并进行闪电光谱的实验观测和理论研究,获得可见光频段的闪电光谱记录;完善空中人工引发闪电技术,解决近距离严酷电磁环境条件下闪电的光、电信号测量技术,寻找闪电双向先导传输的光学和甚高频辐射证据,并利用人工引发闪电技术对防雷设施进行试验研究;另外,在闪电与天气、气候关系的研究方面也进行了初步探讨。