Numerical simulation of the structure and evolution of a polar mesocyclone over the Kara Sea. Part 1. Model validation and estimation of instability mechanisms

Numerical experiments based on the WRF model were conducted to analyze the structure and evolution of the polar mesoscale cyclone developed over the Kara Sea on September 29-30, 2008. It was found that baroclinic instability in the lower troposphere and convective instability (including that due to the wind-induced surface heat exchange) did not play a significant role. Significant contribution was made by the downward advection of potential vorticity from the upper troposphere and by the conditional instability of second kind. It is demonstrated that if water phase transitions are not taken into account, the mesocyclone intensity is reduced by 7-20% and the time of its development increases by 4 hours. The advection of potential vorticity was not the only process causing the intensification of the lower potential vorticity anomaly associated with cyclonic circulation.     

西北地区退耕还林对区域气候的影响

利用NCEP再分析资料对2009年3月20日夜至21日凌晨豫北强对流天气过程进行了分析,结果表明：①导致这次强对流天气发生的湿位涡场分布特征为,对流层低层MPV1〉0,同时MPV2〈0;强对流发生时,对流高层表现为MPV1〉0,同时MPV2〈0,即高低层均为异常的湿对流稳定区。②强对流的发生发展与湿位涡的时空演变有着很好的对应关系,对流层高低层湿位涡“正负区垂直叠加”的配置是强对流天气发展的有利形势。这次强对流天气发生在低层湿位涡正压项等值线密集的零线附近以及大于零的区域和湿位涡斜压项的负值区,同时高层为湿位涡正压项等值线密集正值区域和湿位涡斜压项的负值区。③中低层急流和地面东路冷空气入侵高温高湿不稳定区是形成这次强对流天气的主要原因,中尺度对流云团是造成此次强对流天气的直接影响系统,且强对流发生前,近地面存在逆温层。     

Springtime Convective Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation and Interannual Variation of Its Intensity over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific

This study investigates characteristics of the convective quasi-biweekly oscillation(QBWO) over the South China Sea(SCS) and western North Pacific(WNP) in spring, and the interannual variation of its intensity. Convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS shows both similarities and differences. Convective QBWO over the WNP originates mainly from southeast of the Philippine Sea and propagates northwestward. In contrast, convective QBWO over the SCS can be traced mainly to east of the Philippines and features a westward propagation. Such a westward or northwestward propagation is probably related to n = 1 equatorial Rossby waves. During the evolution of convective QBWO over the WNP and SCS, the vertical motion and specific humidity exhibit a barotropic structure and the vertical relative vorticity shows a baroclinic structure in the troposphere. The dominant mode of interannual variation of convective QBWO intensity over the SCS–WNP region in spring is homogeneous. Its positive phase indicates enhanced convective QBWO intensity accompanied by local enhanced QBWO intensity of vertical motion throughout the troposphere as well as local enhanced(weakened) QBWO intensity of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity,and wind in the lower(upper) troposphere. The positive phase usually results from local increases of the background moisture and anomalous vertical shear of easterlies. The latter contributes to the relationship between the dominant mode and QBWO intensities of kinetic energy, vertical relative vorticity, and wind. Finally, a connection between the dominant mode and the sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean is demonstrated.     

位涡诊断在黄土高原强对流风暴预报中的应用

利用位涡理论,对2004年6月15~16日宁夏、内蒙、陕西、山西和河南出现大范围的强对流风暴和局地冰雹天气过程作了诊断分析。个例分析发现,干位涡空间结构表现为:从风暴区下游到风暴区形成随高度向西倾斜的大值正位涡柱,风暴区形成对流层高层大值正位涡中心和对流层中低层伴有位涡梯度增强的位涡等值线密集区的叠置。对流层低层干位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成干位涡等值线密集区和风场切变的耦合。对流层低层湿位涡场特征表现为,风暴区形成湿位涡正压项小于0对流不稳定舌和湿斜压中心以及湿位涡斜压项等值线密集区的耦合。风暴发生前,对流层中层500hPa河套生成经向位涡等值线密集区,500hPa蒙古地区强偏北气流中同时出现正位涡扰动和指向河套的正位涡平流,对黄土高原大范围强对流风暴的发生有指示意义。     

2008-2011年湖北省暖干类暴雨特征分析

选取2008-2011年湖北省7个暖干类暴雨个例,利用GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料进行合成分析。结果表明：湖北省暖干类暴雨过程中,正涡度平流不是大范围出现,而是以正涡度平流核的形式出现并随着风场流转,使暴雨区各层涡度平流的配置快速发生变化,容易引起上升运动的突然加强;暖平流从中高层扩展至整层,强暖平流中心出现在临近暴雨发生时的边界层,热力强迫导致低层强辐合,950 hPa上下强暖平流中心与暴雨点位置较一致,对暖干类暴雨的预报有较好的指示意义;中层干空气和低层暖湿空气的侵入是暴雨区对流不稳定增长的主要影响因子,均与副热带高压的西伸发展有关。     

影响山东的台风暴雨天气的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论 ,对发生在山东境内由台风和台风减弱的低压引发的两场大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明 :这两场暴雨都产生在θe 陡立密集区附近 ,θe 陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展 ;对流层中低层MPV1 <0 ,850hPa上MPV2 >0 ,综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的发展 ;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的储存和释放 ,使降水增幅。     

2003年江淮梅雨暴雨与湿位涡的关系

统计了2003年发生在江淮地区的梅雨暴雨，根据暴雨中心对流稳定度及降雨性质将暴雨分为4种类型。分析湿位涡与梅雨暴雨中的惯性不稳定、对称不稳定、对流不稳定的关系发现：第1类暴雨往往与对称不稳定有关，第2类暴雨与对流不稳定有关，且这两类暴雨高层多具有强惯性不稳定，降水相对较大；第3、第4类暴雨是稳定性降雨，高层一般不具备惯性不稳定，雨量一般较小。高层的惯性不稳定对降水的加强作用明显。     

A diagnostic study of two heavy rainfall events in South China

South China is prone to heavy rainfall which may occur both in the pre-monsoon and the monsoon season. The responsible synoptic systems and the water-vapor sources, however, can be substantially different for different seasons. In this study, we aim to develop conceptual models for typical heavy rainfall events in South China through diagnostic case studies. A number of events have been analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR data, but the discussions here are focused on two representative events, one for the pre-monsoon season and the other for the monsoon season. Both events are found to be associated with extensive moist convective instability in the lower part of the troposphere. For the pre-monsoon case the instability was much weaker and the uplift of the warm moist air was provided by the cold air intrusion related to a weak cold front. The moist potential vorticity theory can be used to explain the increase of vorticity and vertical velocity in the lower part of the troposphere. For the monsoon event, the lower troposphere was extensively and strongly unstable and the upward motion was provided by the shear of a southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ) which appeared to be driven, at least partially driven, by the upper-level jet. In both events, LLJ played a major role in not only providing the dynamic conditions but also the supply of water vapor for heavy rainfall in South China. The diagnostic results presented in this study provide a useful guidance for future numerical simulations.     

一次伴随冰雹的超级单体风暴特征

利用中国气象监测网实测资料、重庆西部多普勒天气雷达资料及NCEP/NCAR 6 h间隔1°×1°再分析资料,对2008年6月5日发生在重庆市中部的大风冰雹天气过程进行了天气背景、物理量、雷达回波和云图特征分析.研究表明:大气中显著的水平风切变和垂直风切变及晴空太阳辐射对地面的不均匀加热都有利于诱生涡度;从北部高层向南侵...     

梅雨暴雨期重力惯性波的发展与雨带的活动

由1991年7月5—6日一次梅雨期暴雨过程的中尺度扰动场分析, 发现高低层重力惯性波的发展与传播和雨带、低涡的发展与传播有密切的联系, 高低层重力惯性波有明显不同的传播形式。结果表明:降水初期, 对流不稳定激发出重力惯性波, 低层南部相对稳定, 有向南传播的重力惯性波, 高层出现传播的重力惯性波, 高低层向南传播的重力惯性波有利于多条雨带的形成; 降水中期, 高层的重力惯性波出现围绕低层涡旋中心逆时针旋转, 降水也开始加大并东移; 高层向北传播的重力惯性波可导致低层的涡旋和降水发展。     

北京地区一次强对流大暴雨的环境条件及动力触发机制分析

通过对1998年6月29日北京地区发生在天气尺度脊中的强对流大暴雨过程分析, 得出该过程是由中层的高压脊和低层的辐合系统、近地面的冷空气之间的相互作用形成了具有聚能机制的中低空经向环流圈, 维持了暴雨区中低空的上升运动, 形成了近地面的动力锋生, 使中低层的潜在不稳定加剧.而对流层高层短波扰动的正涡度平流通过非地转平衡过程, 引发中高层产生的上升运动, 触发了潜在不稳定的释放.该短波扰动与风场的波动不相匹配, 其位相传播特征与重力波相似.     

集合动力因子对登陆台风“莫拉克”(0908)暴雨 落区的诊断与预报研究

“莫拉克”是2009年登陆我国热带气旋中影响范围最广、造成损失最大的台风.“莫拉克”带来的强降水导致台湾南部发生50年来最严重的水灾,福建、浙江等省的部分站点过程雨量超过50年一遇.因此,在台风暴雨(强降水)预报中,能否准确把握其落区就显得尤为重要.本文首先利用中尺度非静力数值模式WRF对台风“莫拉克”进行高分辨率数值模拟(三层嵌套,最高分辨率为2 km).模式较好地再现了台风中心的移动路径、强度;模拟的降水分布区域与实况也较为相符.利用再分析资料及模拟的高分辨率资料对暴雨成因进行诊断分析,表明造成此次强降水过程的水汽主要由西南季风输送,并且垂直运动旺盛,贯穿整个对流层.根据集合动力因子预报方法,运用广义湿位温、对流涡度矢量垂直分量及水汽散度通量对暴雨落区进行了诊断和预报,发现广义湿位温等值线的“漏斗状”区域与暴雨落区对应关系显著;基于NCEP-GFS每日四次的预报场资料,利用对流涡度矢量和水汽散度通量做出的降水落区预报表明,二者对降水落区均有一定的指示意义.强降水主要位于对流层中低层对流涡度矢量垂直积分量的梯度大值区附近,其时间演变与观测降水的演变具有相当高的一致性;水汽通量散度抓住了垂直运动和水汽散度这两个引发暴雨的关键因子,对降水的发生范围和强降水极值中心的判断更为准确.这三个动力因子都可以为“莫拉克”台风暴雨(强降水)落区提供信号,对台风暴雨落区具有一定的诊断和预报意义.     

龙卷诱发原因的实例分析

利用雷达、自动站等资料,对一次龙卷过程进行了讨论与研究,详细分析了龙卷发生发展过程中系统结构及环境场特征的变化,并对龙卷的诱发原因进行了动力学探讨,结果表明：龙卷发生于气旋性涡度的高度集中区,对流层中层干冷空气的入侵,构成了上冷下暖的对流不稳定结构,当风场中的强风速带移近时,风速带上激发出中气旋系列,对流不稳定的加强,促使中气旋垂直对流强烈发展,从而导致龙卷天气的产生,进一步的动力学分析表明,当存在有较强的风垂直切变时,中尺度涡度方程中的倾斜项是造成中尺度扰动涡度变化的主要贡献者,也是这次龙卷天气产生的重要原因之一。     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高II.水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气 动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压在中低空出现在热源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡度强迫源还通过能量频散，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高Ⅱ．水平非均匀加热与能量频散

利用位涡方程和热力适应原理，讨论了因非绝热加热的空间不均匀性导致的大气动力特征的变化，进一步阐明了副热带地区的深对流凝结潜热加热的垂直非均匀性使副热带高压中低空出现在低源区以东，在高空出现在热源区以西。在此基础上，深入研究了水平非均匀加热对大气环流的影响。结果表明加热区以北，虽然非绝热加热消失，但存在加热的水平梯度在西风环流的背景下在高低层造成深厚的负涡度强迫。因而高层热源北部边界附近的西风向南偏转进入加热区，造成加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐散；低层热源区的南风发生反气旋偏转，汇入加热区外的西风气流中，造成低层加热区北部边界及其以北发生次级辐合。结果该区域产生了垂直上升运动及负的涡度强迫源，对应着异常强烈的反气旋环流。该负涡强度迫源还通过能量散射，在西风带中以Rossby波的形式向中高纬传播，影响中高纬地区的异常环流型。     

2012年7月北京一次大暴雨过程的湿Q矢量和湿位涡分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的一次大暴雨天气过程进行非地转湿Q矢量(Q*)和湿位涡等物理量诊断分析,研究暴雨期间Q*散度、锋生函数和湿位涡的时空分布特征,以及它们与强降水之间的关系。结果表明,Q*在850 hPa高度层上对暴雨表现出良好的诊断特性,冷、暖气流的汇聚加强了锋生作用,强锋生中心出现几小时后即出现暴雨。暴雨区位于Q*辐合区内,Q*散度对6 h后暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。暴雨落区基本位于MPV1正、负值交界处的等值线密集带上以及MPV2负值区内。暴雨区上空,从近地面到对流层低层的对流性不稳定与条件性对称不稳定同时存在,两者共同作用,这很可能是此次暴雨的中尺度对流系统发生发展的重要条件之一。     

Distribution of convective energy at upper level in South Korea and the possibility of artificial showery rain caused by activated CAPE

This paper reports a theoretical study on the possibility of inducing artificial showery rain using the convective available potential energy, which is naturally stored in the troposphere. We calculated the environmental parameters (frequency of climatic values, extreme value of stability index, etc.) in the upper troposphere using rawinsonde data from six main stations in Korea from 2001 to 2008 and examined the temporal spatial convective energy according to region. Our results showed that convective available potential energy, which can induce artificial rainfall, existed in the troposphere mainly in summer and were low in other seasons. Its value was found to be highest during late afternoon and in inland regions. We examined the vertical structure of the atmosphere using moisture convergence and vertical velocity (omega) and found that precipitation occurred under strong real latent instability conditions with high convective available potential energy (>3,000?J/kg) in summer and was characterized by moisture convergence at 1,000?C400?hPa, moisture divergence at 400?C300?hPa, and continuous ascending air current at 1,000?C300?hPa (?C??), on average. However, precipitation still did not occur in more than half the cases with high convective available potential energy because, according to the analysis, convective rainfall is affected to a greater extent by the value of convective inhibition than by convective available potential energy. It was also verified that in spite of zero convective inhibition, if the updrafts at a lower level were not sufficient to generate high convective available potential energy at a level higher than the level of free convection, convective rainfall would not occur under real latent instability. Therefore, we suggest it might be possible during the summer to secure the water resources in regions without precipitation by inducing ascending air current artificially under unstable atmospheric conditions to induce showery rain.     

梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支特征

本文计算了1983年长江中下游梅雨期盛期的大尺度涡度收支,并分别给出收支方程各项的水平和垂直分布。结果表明,雨区附近的对流层上、下层均有大范围显著的余差存在,它意味着积云对流在涡度平衡中起着重要作用。      

"8·16"暴雨过程的湿位涡诊断分析

本文利用实况资料和T213输出资料,对发生在2005年8月16日～17日的华北暴雨过程进行了湿位涡数值诊断分析,结果表明,强降水落在湿相对位涡的负值中心附近,且湿相对位涡场的特征主要取决于其正压项的贡献。在暴雨出现前期,湿对称不稳定主要在高层,湿位涡的下传可能是产生暴雨的重要原因之一。湿位涡的负值中心与中低层涡度的增大及暴雨的增强存在密切的关系。     

Study on a Mesoscale Convective Vortex Causing Heavy Rainfall during the Mei-yu Season in 2003

The strong heavy rainfall on 3-5 July 2003 causing the severe flooding in Huaihe River basin (HRB), China is studied. It is noted that there are sometimes mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in East Asia during the mei-yu season. Simulation results from the ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction) data analysis system (ADAS) and WRF model were used to study the development of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) and mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). It is confirmed that the MCV formed during the development of a...