工业革命以来青藏高原与南极冰芯高分辨率甲烷记录对比研究

自工业革命以来全球大气CH4含量呈快速的增长趋势, 但达索普冰芯记录所显示的北半球中低纬度地区大气CH4增长的启动时间要晚于极地冰芯记录近100 a. 由于受北半球人类活动CH4排放、CH4在大气中的寿命及大气中CH4的传输等过程的影响, 最近150 a以来, 中低纬度大气CH4与南极大气CH4含量在不同的时段表现出不同的净积累量和增长速率, 且20世纪两次世界大战期间达索普冰芯记录明确显示出人类活动排放的减缓使大气CH4呈负增长. 对比研究认为, 到20世纪中叶人类活动的甲烷排放已达到极高值, 中低纬度大气中CH4增长率及年积累逐步趋于平稳且略有降低. 可以认定, 工业革命以来中低纬度地区大气CH4与南极大气CH4含量的变化在不同的时段在受控于人类活动影响的同时, CH4在大气中的行为和传输过程以及东亚中低纬度季风气候的影响决定了两地之间大气CH4含量变化存在显著的差异.     

大气甲烷的冰芯记录

冰芯包裹气体的提取分析提供了历史时期大气CH₄含量变化最直接的信息.“三极(南极、格陵兰及青藏高原)”冰芯的大气甲烷记录的恢复,刻画了自然变化时期大气CH₄含量的详细变化情景及不同纬度间的变化差异,并以此可进一步分析大气CH₄含量变化与气候变化的关系以及陆地CH₄排放随时间的变化特征.冰芯研究揭示,工业革命以来大气CH₄含量的急剧增长及其现阶段的大气含量是过去几十万年来任何气候变化时期从未发生过的.     

过去1 000 a大气中主要温室气体冰芯记录研究概述

对南北两极和中低纬度山地冰芯中开展的温室气体的相关研究进行了回顾.结果显示:在1000aBP到工业革命阶段,大气中CO2,CH4和N2O等温室气体的浓度及气体稳定同位素受各种自然来源影响显著,平均含量较低,浓度波动也较小;工业革命之后,随着人类工农业等活动对环境的影响的加剧,大气中3种温室气体的含量呈现出剧烈的上升趋势.2007年IPCC第四次评估报告显示,目前CO2、CH4和N2O气体浓度的全球大气平均含量分别达到379mL·m-3、1774μL·m-3和319μL·m-3.对影响工业革命前南极、格陵兰及青藏高原冰芯中温室气体的含量的因素总结发现,由于受不同的温度、杂质含量等条件的影响,温室气体含量区域差异较大.1800A.D.以前,格陵兰冰芯中CO2的含量较南极冰芯高出9mL·m-3,青藏高原达索普冰芯CH4平均含量较南极和格陵兰冰盖高出15%～20%,格陵兰冰芯中的N2O含量也明显高于南极冰芯.工业革命以后,冰芯中3种气体浓度表现出强烈的上升趋势,并均达到1000A.D.以来的最高值.     

融化-再凝结法对冰芯气泡中甲烷的提取分析

用融化-再凝结方法对达索普冰芯气泡中的CH4进行了提取分析. 大约80 g的冰芯样品在真空容器中融化,通过特殊方式,使融水自容器底部向上结冰,并经气相色谱仪对释放出气体中的CH4含量进行测试. 空白测试结果表明,该方法仅产生15±4 nmol*mol-1的污染;对每个样品3次重复测试结果的标准偏差上限为±25 nmol*mol-1. 中国和法国的对比实验结果具有相当好的重现性.     

温室气体浓度变化及其源与汇研究进展

对工业革命以来大气中主要温室气体浓度变化和增长趋势作了简介。概述了冰芯研究的最新成果:420 ka BP以来CO2浓度变化情况及其揭示的气候变化机制;全新世期间CH4浓度的波动;气候事件中N2O浓度的快速波动及工业化前的水平。总结了全球温室气体源与汇的研究现状,重点介绍了全球碳循环研究中的未知汇问题,列举了根据不同资料和模型估计的陆地碳汇位置和幅度以及影响因素对陆地碳汇的贡献等认识上的差异。简单介绍了国内有关温室气体源与汇研究,如稻田CH4排放、岩溶系统碳循环和黄土中温室气体组分特征等方面的研究成果和认识。     

雪冰中的黑碳记录研究的历史回顾

黑碳(Blackcarbon)是一类大气气溶胶,也是重要的气候驱动因子之一,它与人类活动密切相关.迄今发现,雪冰是保存和记录历史时期黑碳变化的最好介质.根据前人对南极冰芯、格陵兰冰芯、中低纬度山地冰川冰芯以及雪坑样品中的黑碳记录的研究成果,讨论了不同研究地区雪冰中黑碳含量的变化,黑碳对气候环境突变、大气环流变化的响应,总结了人类活动与雪冰黑碳记录之间的关系.雪冰黑碳记录还可以获得如森林大火这样的特殊事件的信息.     

我国中低纬度末次冰消期气候转暖 与高纬度气候变化的关系*

末次冰消期转暖的过程和机制一直是古气候研究的热点,然而对于末次冰消期全球气候在时间、空间上的变化以及热带低纬度地区在其中发挥的作用仍不明确。文章根据我国中低纬度地区的湖光岩玛珥湖、渭南黄土剖面和东海DGKS9603孔沉积物中的植硅体等环境指标的分析,研究了末次冰消期在这些地区的变化特点,并结合古里雅冰芯和南京葫芦洞石笋氧同位素记录与南极BYRD冰芯、北极格陵兰GRIP冰芯氧同位素记录进行了对比。结果表明,各地区转暖的时间并不同步,明显受印度洋季风或东南季风影响的古里雅、湖光岩地区是气候转暖较早的地区,格陵兰地区的快速转暖滞后于我国中低纬度转暖1.5~2.0ka以上。如何理解高纬度和热带低纬度地区气候转暖的差异性问题及其原因和机制有待于更多高分辨率气候记录研究和模型的检验。     

极地冰芯不溶性微粒研究进展

极地冰芯包含了大气循环的各种信息,微粒作为其中一个重要的参数,在揭示古环境和古气候信息中起着很重要的作用。冰芯中微粒的含量变化可用于年层的划分,矿物和粒径特征可以用于源区以及大气本底值的研究。另外,微粒记录中还包含了火山、沙尘暴以及人类活动等特殊事件的信息。在过去的50年间,在几大冰芯研究的基础上,极地冰芯微粒的分析工作已取得了很大的成果。近年来,得益于测试水平的迅速提高,微粒研究工作有了长足进展。展望未来,人们将会开拓更新的研究领域。     

北京斋堂黄土中主要温室气体组分特征

根据极地冰芯等资料已经重建了过去大气温室气体（主要是CO₂,CH₄）浓度的变化。由于人类活动的影响,温室气体的含量自工业革命以来有了明显的上升,其影响表现为全球变暖。如果维持现在的CO₂产放水平,根据气候模式预测到下个世纪末全球温度将增加l-3.5℃,可能极大地改变人类生存的环境。但是预测结果还存在着很大的不确定性,其中一个重要因素是对温室气体的源和汇的理解还不完善,有相当数量的CO₂声向不明（即未知汇）.目前倾向认为,在北半球的中纬度地带可能存在着一个巨大的陆地生态系统汇（植被和土壤）.中国黄土分布在北半球中纬度,实际上是在干旱一半干旱气候条件下形成的一套巨厚的成土作用较弱的黄土一古土壤序列。     

雪冰中生物有机酸研究的历史与现状

生物有机酸的研究有助于认识C、H、O等生源元素的生物地球化学循环 ,有助于认识大气酸雨的形成及其防治 .雪冰是记录大气中生物有机酸过去信息的良好载体 ,对其中生物有机酸记录的研究是认识过去大气中相应化合物的含量及其变化 ,认识有机酸的生物地球化学循环 ,进而恢复过去区域生态、环境乃至气候变化的有效途径 ,也是雪冰化学研究的前沿课题之一 .雪冰中常见的有机酸有甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丙酮酸、草酸和羟基乙酸等 ,其中甲酸和乙酸是最主要的两种有机酸类 .过去十多年来 ,雪冰中生物有机酸的研究多集中在格陵兰地区 ,其次是南极 ,最近两年开始向中低纬度的山地冰川转移 .格陵兰冰芯中甲酸、乙酸的平均含量均不足 10ng·g-1,草酸含量则更低 .其有机酸主要来自北半球的森林大火和植物生长过程中的释放 ;南极洲雪冰中的甲酸平均含量不足 2ng·g-1,乙酸含量在 0 .15ng·g-1以下 ,它们主要源于不饱和有机物的大气氧化 ;格陵兰冰芯中MSA平均在 5ng·g-1以下 ,而南极洲的MSA平均不低于 7ng·g-1.它们的来源都与海洋浮游生物释放的不饱和有机物有关 .气候的变化影响两极地区生物有机酸的来源 ,进而影响冰芯中有机酸的记录 .我国天山乌鲁木齐河源 1号冰川为中纬度的山地冰川 ,其冰芯中的甲酸、乙酸分别是格陵     

Ice-core records of global climate and environment changes

Precipitation accumulating on the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets records several key parameters (temperature, accumulation, composition of atmospheric gases and aerosols) of primary interest for documenting the past global environment over recent climatic cycles and the chemistry of the preindustrial atmosphere. Several deep ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland have been studied over the last fifteen years. In both hemispheres, temperature records (based on stable isotope measurements in water) show the succession of glacial and interglacial periods. However, detailed features of the climatic stages are not identical in Antarctica and in Greenland. A tight link between global climate and greenhouse gas concentrations was discovered, CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations being lower in glacial conditions by about 80 and 0.3 ppmv, respectively, with respect to their pre-industrial levels of 280 and 0.65 ppmv. Coldest stages are also characterized by higher sea-salt and crustal aerosol concentrations. In Greenland, contrary to Antarctica, ice-age ice is alkaline. Gas-derived aerosol (in particular, sulfate) concentrations are generally higher for glacial periods, but not similar in both the hemispheres. Marine and continental biomass-related species are significant in Antarctica and Greenland ice, respectively. Finally, the growing impact of anthropogenic activities on the atmospheric composition is well recorded in both polar regions for long-lived compounds (in particular greenhouse gases), but mostly in Greenland for short-lived pollutants.     

近1000年来青藏高原南部和北部 大气尘埃载荷变化的冰芯记录*

依据青藏高原目前所取得冰芯的尘埃分析结果,初步分析了近1000年来青藏高原南北大气尘埃载荷的时空变化特征。研究表明,高原南部达索普冰芯记录的高尘埃含量时期为1270s~1380s和1870s~1990s,而北部马兰冰芯记录的高尘埃含量时期为1130s~1550s和1770s~1940s。近1000年来青藏高原南北冰芯中尘埃含量呈现不同程度的增加总趋势,这可能指示了环境的变干趋势。青藏高原冰芯记录还反映出,高原北部地区大气中的尘埃载荷明显高于南部地区;高原北部地区大气尘埃载荷春季最大,而南部地区非季风季节最大。另外,通过对高原南北冰芯中尘埃含量记录与δ¹⁸ O记录之间相关关系分析,揭示出大气尘埃载荷变化与气温变化之间关系在高原北部地区呈显著负相关,而在南部地区却呈显著正相关。这说明青藏高原南北气候环境变化的差异性。     

West Antarctica's sensitivity to natural and human‐forced climate change over the Holocene

The location and intensity of the austral westerlies strongly influence southern hemisphere precipitation and heat transport with consequences for human society and ecosystems. With future warming, global climate models project increased aridity in southern mid‐latitudes related to continued poleward contraction of the austral westerlies. We utilize Antarctic ice cores to investigate past and to set the stage for the prediction of future behaviour of the westerlies. We show that Holocene West Antarctic ice core reconstructions of atmospheric circulation sensitively record naturally forced progressive as well as abrupt changes. We also show that recent poleward migration of the westerlies coincident with increased emission of greenhouse gases and the Antarctic ozone hole has led to unprecedented penetration, compared with >100,000 years ago, of air masses bringing warmth, extra‐Antarctic source dust and anthropogenic pollutants into West Antarctica. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow of metals into the global atmosphere

Concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb, ²²⁶Ra, U, V, Pb, Cd and Hg have been measured in firn and ice deposited during the past three decades in accumulation zones of glaciers and also in pre-industrial glacier ice collected in Spitsbergen, Northern Norway, Alaska, Southern Norway, Alps, Himalayas, Ruwenzori, Peruvian Andes, and at King George Island in Antarctica. Except for Hg, the geographical distribution of mean concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, U and stable heavy metals in contemporary ice is not uniform, with the lowest concentrations found in Northern Norway, Alaska and Antarctica, and the highest in continental locations at equatorial and middle latitudes. We did not find evidence of changes in rate of metal deposition during the last three decades, as compared with pre-industrial period, however, our samples of pre-industrial ice might be contaminated in part by contemporary fallout migrating from the exposed surface of old parts of glaciers into the deeper ice layers. Using the data on annual injections of ¹³⁷Cs into the global atmosphere and mean global concentrations of radionuclides and heavy metals found in contemporary ice the global annual flows of ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, U,V, Pb, Cd and Hg were estimated as 6.6 kCi, 485 kCi, 12kt, 4870kt, 590 kt, 180 kt and 190 kt, respectively. These estimates are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than estimates based on primary paniculate emissions. The anthropogenic contribution is a small fraction of the flows, which are dominated by natural processes leading to enrichment of metals in airborne dust.     

极地和山地冰川雪冰中重金属的研究进展

地球系统中含量甚微的重金属元素是评价人类活动对大气环境影响的良好指标,研究极地和山地冰川地区过去和现代雪冰中重金属的历史记录,可以重建这些元素在过去大气环境中的循环过程,对认识地球大气环境中重金属污染的规模和历史、揭示这些污染物质的来源及中长距离的输送过程具有重要的作用.概述了格陵兰、南极、阿尔卑斯山和青藏高原等地区雪冰中重金属的研究进展,并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

格陵兰冰芯记录的大气环流变化及其与南极冰芯的比较(英)

The GISP2, central Greealand, glaciochemical series (sodium, potassium, ammonium,calcium, magnesium, sulfate, nitrate and chloride) provides a unique view of the chemistry of the atmosphere and the history of atmospheric circulation over much of the Northern Hemisphere. Interpretation of this record reveals the controls on both high and low frequency climate events of the last 110 000 years.Changes in insolation on the order of the major orbital cycles control the long-term behavior of atmospheric circulation patterns through changes in ice volume (sea level) and related positive feedbacks.Events such as the Heinrich events (massive discharges of icebergs first identified in the marine record)are found to operate on a 6 100 year cycle due largely to the lagged response of ice sheets to changes in insolation and consequent glacier dynamics Rapid climate change events (massive reorganizations of atmospheric circulation) are demonstrated to operate on 1 450 year cycle possibly in response to internal oscillations in the ocean-atmosphere system or due to changes in solar output. Changes in insolation and associated positive feedbacks related to ice sheets assist in explaining favorable time periods and controls on the amplitude of these massive rapid climate change events.Comparison of the GISP2 glaciochemical series with an ice record from Taylor Dome in Antarctica indicates considerable similarity suggesting that both polar regions experience marked changes in climate. While preliminary evidence points to similar phasing of several major climate events in the two polar regions exact phasing cannot as yet be determined, because dating of Antarctic ice core records is not as well-established as the dating for Greenland ice cores.