Patterns of vegetation greenness during flood,rain and dry resource states in a large,unconfined floodplain landscape

Floodplains are multi-state systems in which vegetation distribution is associated with the presence or absence of water as a resource. Less is known about the associations between the presence and absence of water and vegetation productivity. We examined patterns of vegetation productivity in a large (10 519 km²) unconfined floodplain during flood, rain and dry resource states. Mosaics of vegetation greenness were derived at two scales using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: a whole-of-landscape scale and a geomorphic unit scale with a riparian and floodplain unit. The NDVI was also calculated within a-priori vegetation community types within the floodplain. In all resource states over 50% of the floodplain showed no discernible vegetation greenness. When water is added as rain or flooding vegetation greenness increases, but the highest greenness occurs in the flood state. Trees situated in the riparian geomorphic unit maintain greenness during the dry resource state, whereas grasses situated in the floodplain contribute greenness during rain and flood resource states, with the highest greenness in the flood resource state. Aligned with views that dryland floodplains are boom-bust ecosystems, we suggest that flooding is a fundamental driver of vegetation productivity in this unconfined floodplain, contributing functional heterogeneity to the landscape.     

三北防护林工程区植被绿度对温度和降水的响应

探究三北防护林工程区植被绿度对温度和降水的响应可为该区植被建设提供科学依据。基于2000—2015年的MODIS NDVI数据和气象数据,采用通径分析法分析了不同生长阶段气温和降水对三北防护林工程区植被绿度的直接和间接影响。研究发现：生长季多年平均植被绿度整体上呈现东部高西部低的空间格局,且林地>耕地>草地;生长季植被绿度呈现增长趋势,植被覆盖状况得到改善,其中耕地植被增长趋势最大。生长季升温抑制植被生长,降水量增加促进植被生长,降水量是影响三北防护林工程区生长季植被生长的关键气候因子。在不考虑降水变化影响时,升温促进植被生长,但生长季温度升高带来的降水量减少使得升温对植被生长表现为抑制作用。生长季不同时期降水量增加对植被生长均是促进作用,表现为末期>中期>初期;而气温的影响则表现为生长季初期升温促进植被生长,中期和末期升温不利于植被生长。生长季末期升温对植被生长的负效应以直接作用为主,而中期主要通过降水量变化的间接作用体现。识别生长季不同时段气温和降水对植被绿度影响的差异性,有助于全面认识和评估植被对气候变化的响应。     

The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre-lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi-cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系

利用GIMMS NDVI数据和地面气象站台观测数据,对青藏高原1982~2013年高寒草地覆盖时空变化及其对气象因素的响应进行研究,结果表明：青藏高原高寒草地生长季NDVI表现为从东南到西北逐渐减少的趋势,近32 a来,整个高原草地生长季NDVI呈上升趋势,增加速率为0.000 3/a (p<0.05);高寒草地生长季NDVI年际变化具有空间异质性,整体为增加趋势,呈增加趋势的面积约占研究区域面积的75.3%,其中显著增加的占26.0% （p<0.05）,类型主要为分布在青藏高原东北部地区的高寒草甸;比例为4.7%,草地类型主要为高寒草原,主要分布在高原西部地区;基于生态地理分区的分析显示,青藏高原草地与降水、温度的相关关系具有明显的空间差异,高寒草地生长季NDVI均值与降水呈显著正相关,对降水的滞后效应显著;高原东北部温度较高,热量条件较好,降水为高寒草地生长季NDVI变化的主导因子;东中部地区降水充沛,温度则为高寒草地生长的制约因子;南部地区降水和温度都较适宜,均与高寒草地生长季NDVI相关性显著(p< 0.05),共同作用于草地的生长;中部和西部地区,气候因子与高寒草地生长季NDVI关系均不显著。     

A Geo‐spatial study for analysing temporal responses of NDVI to rainfall

Climate change has become a serious concern worldwide owing to its multifaceted impact upon the physical as well as socio‐economic environment (IPCC, 2013). Vulnerability to climate change is much higher in the developing countries like India, where the economy is mainly agro‐based and productivity from the agricultural sector is dependent upon summer monsoon rainfall. Hence, assessing the quantitative relationship between vegetation patterns and climatic influence has become an increasingly important study conducted on regional and global scales. As vegetation cover plays a key role in conserving the natural environment, studying the spatio‐temporal trend of vegetation is crucial in identifying changes in the natural environment. We analysed the spatial responses of SPOT‐VGT NDVI to TRMM based rainfall during a sixteen year period (1998–2013) in the Bundelkhand region of Central India. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has proven to be a strong indicator of global vegetation productivity. Among climatic factors, rainfall robustly influences both spatial and temporal outline of NDVI. In this study, we used linear regression for analysing the statistical relationship among NDVI and rainfall and their trends. The study reveals a varying pattern of vegetation dynamics in response to rainfall over the area.     

基于阈值分割的黑龙江省森林类型遥感识别

全球变化背景下,准确获取森林覆盖是监测森林资源动态、实现林业可持续发展的重要基础。为将省级尺度森林资源清查面积资料空间化,以黑龙江省为例,利用1999-2003年该省森林资源清查面积数据,结合2000年500 m分辨率的MODIS数据,构建了基于阈值分割的森林类型遥感识别方法。该方法利用不同地表覆被类型归一化植被指数时间序列的季节分异特征,以森林资源清查面积为标准,设定森林类型的划分阈值,识别了黑龙江省森林类型的空间分布。最后,基于分层随机抽样和精度评价方法,表明森林类型识别结果与地面参考数据具有较高的一致性,总体分类精度为78.1%;特别是季节特征明显的落叶林,精度可达80%以上。本文所构建的方法可将森林清查统计数据进行准确的空间定位,同时结合多期森林资源连续清查资料和遥感信息,可为识别并量化区域生态系统生物量和碳库变化等提供科技支撑。     

1982～2010年中国东北地区植被NPP时空格局及驱动因子分析

应用逐像元线性回归模型方法,整合应用MODIS和AVHRR NDVI数据集,构建1982~2010年覆盖东北地区的8 km空间分辨率的NDVI数据集,进而应用CASA模型估算得到东北地区29 a NPP数据集,模拟精度在75%以上。29 a平均的东北地区植被NPP总量为6.5×108tC/a。植被NPP的分布受植被类型、气候、地形因素的综合影响。NPP地域差异明显,山地区植被>平原区植被>高原区植被,变化最大的植被类型为草地植被。过去29 a间,植被NPP呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01)。气候变化和土地利用变化均是影响植被时空格局的重要因素。     

近10年蒙古高原植被覆盖变化及其对气候的季节响应

利用2001~2010年间MODIS NDVI数据、同期气象数据和MODIS土地覆盖分类产品,探讨蒙古高原植被覆盖变化趋势及其对气温和降水量的季节响应特征。结果表明,10 a来,蒙古高原植被覆盖度呈增加趋势和呈下降趋势的面积基本持平;春季和夏季植被覆盖度呈下降趋势,而秋季呈上升趋势,降水量是最主要的影响因子;在秋季5种植被类型均呈增加趋势,而在春季和夏季不同植被类型的增减趋势因植被类型而异。     

A dynamic relationship between the leaf phenology and rainfall regimes of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems: A remote sensing approach

Hypertemporal MODIS time series data provide a unique opportunity to investigate a dynamic relationship between leaf phenology and the climatic pattern of diverse, cloud‐prone Hawaiian ecosystems. Harmonic analysis summarized the complex greenness signals of Hawaiian tropical ecosystems into two main phenological wave forms – a moisture‐limited and a light‐limited type. Greenness maximums occurred during the wet season in dry and mesic ecosystems, and during the dry season in wet forests. The magnitude and periodicity of greenness fluctuations were also rainfall‐dependent. The annual greenness amplitude increased with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP) in dry and mesic ecosystems. In wetter environments where MAP was greater than 3000 mm, however, annual greenness amplitude decreased with MAP. Annual greenness periodicity was stronger in drylands than in wet forests, and it weakened as annual precipitation increased. This result shows that rainfall is less important as a limiting factor in wet forests than it is in drylands. Therefore, leaf phenology is not governed by rainfall seasonality as forest wetness increases in the region.     

近30 年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应

基于1981-2006 年的GIMMS NDVI数据和2000-2009 年的MODIS NDVI数据反演呼伦贝尔地区草地变化,结合1981-2009 年该地区7 个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从年际变化、季节变化和月变化角度分析该地区草地变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明,从年际变化来看,降水是驱动草地植被年际变化的主要因素;从季节变化来看,草地植被生长在不同季节对水热条件变化的敏感性不同,春季草地植被生长对气温变化的敏感性较降水变化高,夏季和秋季草地植被的生长对降水变化的敏感性则高于对气温变化的敏感性,其中以夏季最为显著;从月变化来看,4 月和5 月草地植被变化受气温变化影响较明显;5-8 月与前一月降水变化关系密切,说明植被生长对降水变化具有一定的滞后性;4 月正值草本植物萌芽期,而4 月份草地生长与年气温变化关系最为密切,一定程度上说明4 月份表征植被生长的NDVI值增加可能是由于气候变暖引起的草地植被生长季提前产生的。综上所述,通过植被与气候要素月变化的关系可以具体地揭示气温和降水对草地植被生长的季节韵律控制。     

气候和土地利用变化对塔里木河干流区植被覆盖变化的影响

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,利用1998—2008年SPOT-VEGETATION归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据对塔里木河干流区1998—2007年植被覆盖的时空变化进行了监测,并从气候变化和土地利用变化双重角度分析了植被覆盖变化的原因。研究表明,塔里木河干流区植被覆盖变化经历了两个阶段:1998—2001年植被覆盖严重退化时期;2002—2007年植被覆盖度由急剧上升到缓慢下降再到持续升高时期,NDVI明显高于20世纪末期水平。塔里木河干流区植被覆盖变化存在显著的空间差异,绿洲农业灌溉区和退耕还林还草生态恢复区的植被覆盖度显著提高,天然草地植被区的植被退化严重。塔里木河干流区植被覆盖变化是气候和土地利用变化共同作用的结果。温度对植被覆盖变化的影响表现为对植被生长年内韵律的控制和秋季植被生长期的延长,年降水量的波动式上升是导致塔里木河干流区植被覆盖变化两个阶段呈现差异的主导因素。     

气候变化对中国植被可能影响的模拟

依据我国植被和气候的关系对生物地理模式MAPSS中的某些参数和过程进行了调整。将改进后MAPSS模拟的当前气候状况下潜在植被类型及叶面积指数的分布与我国植被区划图和多年平均的NDVI（NOAA／AVHRR）比较，发现结果有了很大的改进。将大气环流模式HadCM2对未来气候变化的预测结果应用于改进后的MAPSS对我国植被未来的变化进行了模拟。考虑到未来大气升高的CO2浓度对植物水分利用率（WUE）的可能影响，进行了WUE变化和不变化2种预测。结果发现未来气候变化可能导致我国东部森林植被带的北移，尤其是北方的落叶针叶林的面积减少很大，以至可能移出我国境内；华北地区和东北辽河流域未来可能草原化；西部的沙漠和草原可能略有退缩，相应被草原和灌丛取代；高寒草甸的分布可能略有缩小，将被萨瓦纳和常绿针叶林取代。同时模拟的结果表明模型对WUE非常敏感。最后对结果的不确定性进行了讨论。     

黄河流域植被覆盖度动态变化与降水的关系

利用8km分辨率Pathfinder NOAA-NDVI数据，对黄河流域1982－1999年地表植被覆盖的空间分布及时间序列变化进行了分析，并通过计算不同时段降水量与年最大NDVI之间的相关系数分析了降水对流域植被覆盖的影响。结果发现近20年来黄河流域平均植被覆盖度有增加趋势，但青藏高原上有所减小；汛期降水量的多少对地表植被覆盖度的年际变化起主要作用，其中草原地区影响最显著，而在森林植被区及部分灌溉农作区，降水的年际变化对地表覆盖的影响比较小。     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is used as an indicator to monitor vegetation changes. GIMMS NDVI from 1981 to 2006 and MODIS NDVI from 2000 to 2009 were adopted and integrated in this study to extract the time series characteristics of vegetation changes in Hulun Buir Grassland. The responses of vegetation coverage to climatic change on the yearly, seasonal and monthly scales were analyzed combined with temperature and precipitation data of seven meteorological sites. In the past 30 years, vegetation coverage was more correlated with climatic factors, and the correlations were dependent on the time scales. On an inter-annual scale, vegetation change was better correlated with precipitation, suggesting that rainfall was the main factor for driving vegetation changes. On a seasonal-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors showed that the sensitivity of vegetation growth to the aqueous and thermal condition changes was different in different seasons. The sensitivity of vegetation growth to temperature in summers was higher than in the other seasons, while its sensitivity to rainfall in both summers and autumns was higher, especially in summers. On a monthly-interannual scale, correlations between vegetation coverage change and climatic factors during growth seasons showed that the response of vegetation changes to temperature in both April and May was stronger. This indicates that the temperature effect occurs in the early stage of vegetation growth. Correlations between vegetation growth and precipitation of the month before the current month, were better from May to August, showing a hysteresis response of vegetation growth to rainfall. Grasses get green and begin to grow in April, and the impacts of temperature on grass growth are obvious. The increase of NDVI in April may be due to climatic warming that leads to an advanced growth season. In summary, relationships between monthly-interannual variations of vegetation coverage and climatic factors represent the temporal rhythm controls of temperature and precipitation on grass growth largely.     

基于SPOT VEGETATION数据的中国西北植被覆盖变化分析

 基于遥感和地理信息系统的技术,利用SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)数据对我国西部地区植被覆盖的情况进行了动态监测。采用MVC（Maximum Value Composites）、一元线性回归趋势分析和变化幅度百分比等方法分析西部地区植被变化特征,并结合西北五省土地利用类型图,分析不同植被类型的年最大化NDVI(MNDVI)变化趋势及特点。其结果是:近7 a来植被覆盖存在普遍退化的趋势,且2000-2001与2001-2002年度的变化幅度较大。在局部区域植被有改善的趋势, 但总的改善幅度小于退化幅度。分析结果表明, 植被改善的区域主要分布在陕西和宁夏的大部分地区以及新疆西北部和西南部地区。大部分地区植被退化。而且不同植被的MNDVI在相同的年份表现出相似的变化特点和趋势。     

30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被对气候变化的响应(英文)

Global warming has led to significant vegetation changes especially in the past 20 years. Hulun Buir Grassland in Inner Mongolia, one of the world’s three prairies, is undergoing a process of prominent warming and drying. It is essential to investigate the effects of climatic change (temperature and precipitation) on vegetation dynamics for a better understanding of climatic change. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), reflecting characteristics of plant growth, vegetation coverage and biomass, is...     

Holocene environmental dynamics of south-eastern Brazil recorded in laminated sediments of Lago Aleixo

Environmental changes of the last 9,300 years were reconstructed by geochemical and pollen analyses of a 14-m-long, laminated sediment core from Lago Aleixo, south-eastern Brazil. Fossil pollen assemblages indicate open savannah vegetation (campo cerrado) and gallery forests until approximately 6,900 cal. BP. During that time, siderite laminae were deposited under anoxic conditions at the lake bottom. Then, increased rainfall and a shorter annual dry period allowed gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests to expand, leading to more closed cerrado vegetation. High-intensity rainfall events during this period are recorded as peaks in K and Ti concentrations. The sediment facies during this period consists of alternating layers of diatoms and minerogenic matter. C/N ratios imply that algae and perhaps soils, too, were the main contributors to sediment organic matter. Biogenic silica and δ¹³C_org variations indicate increasing primary productivity, which was related to higher nutrient flux from intensified leaching of soils, as shown by rising K/Al ratios. Around 800 cal. BP, a closed, semi-deciduous forest developed under present-day climate conditions. Slope stabilization diminished erosion processes in the catchment and caused reduced input of minerogenic matter into the basin. Human impact is evident in the topmost homogeneous sediments, as removal of the stabilizing forest cover amplified soil erosion. The continuous trend to more humid conditions during the Holocene probably reflects increased influence of the Amazon Basin as a moisture source. We conclude that the Lago Aleixo sediment archive was a sensitive recorder of environmental dynamics in tropical South America, which were mainly controlled by changes in precipitation patterns.     

The dynamic response of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions in the Funiu Mountains of western Henan Province

This paper uses HJ-1 satellite multi-spectral and multi-temporal data to extract forest vegetation information in the Funiu Mountain region. The S-G filtering algorithm was employed to reconstruct the MODIS EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index) time-series data for the period of 2000–2013, and these data were correlated with air temperature and precipitation data to explore the responses of forest vegetation to hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that: (1) the Funiu Mountain region has relatively high and increasing forest coverage with an average EVI of 0.48 over the study period, and the EVI first shows a decreasing trend with increased elevation below 200 m, then an increasing trend from 200–1700 m, and finally a decreasing trend above 1700 m. However, obvious differences could be identified in the responses of different forest vegetation types to climate change. Broad-leaf deciduous forest, being the dominant forest type in the region, had the most significant EVI increase. (2) Temperature in the region showed an increasing trend over the 14 years of the study with an anomaly increasing rate of 0.27°C/10a; a fluctuating yet increasing trend could be identified for the precipitation anomaly percentage. (3) Among all vegetation types, the evergreen broad-leaf forest has the closest EVI-temperature correlation, whereas the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest has the weakest. Almost all forest types showed a weak negative EVI-precipitation correlation, except the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest with a weak positive correlation. (4) There is a slight delay in forest vegetation responses to air temperature and precipitation, with half a month only for limited areas of the mixed evergreen and deciduous forest.     

1992—2020年横断山区植被分布与植被活动变化

横断山区位于青藏高原东缘和多条重要江河的上游,是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区和生态保护的优先区域之一,区域植被对维系区域生态安全和可持续发展起着十分重要的作用。20世纪90年代以来,中国在横断山区实施了多项重大生态恢复和建设工程,但囿于资料和调查不足,对于横断山区全域性、长时段的植被变化及其与海拔关系研究相对较少。鉴此,本文结合使用1992—2020年间多种基于卫星遥感资料生产的土地覆被数据和2000—2020年间MODIS的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,采用转移矩阵、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析与偏相关分析等方法研究不同植被类型转换、植被覆被面积与平均海拔变化关系以及植被活动的时空变化趋势,并分析时空变化的主要影响因素。结果表明：① 横断山区分布最广泛的植被类型是常绿针叶林与灌丛—草地镶嵌类型。植被发生变化的区域集中分布在河谷和南部低海拔区域,草地多向森林特别是常绿针叶林转换,植被覆被逐渐向好。这表明封山育林、植树造林、退耕还林等生态保护政策起到重要积极作用。时间序列数据显示,植被覆被面积变化剧烈的时期往往处在政策实施的起始阶段。② 植被活动整体呈现增强趋势。在植被类型未变化的区域中,75%以上区域植被活动增强,其中超20%的区域显著增强（P < 0.05）,且森林植被活动增强趋势大于草地。③ 对植被活动影响较大的环境因子主要是气候变化和地形条件。尽管大部分区域植被活动受气候变暖影响而增强,但在干热河谷的植被活动明显受到降水减少的限制。有近1/4面积的植被活动在减弱,主要分布在山地东坡或南坡,或与降水较多、山高坡陡而造成滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害有关。这些发现可为横断山区生态保护政策效益评估、自然灾害综合风险评估和未来气候变化影响下的植被变化预测提供参考。