Advances in Polar Science

Progress and prospects in Chinese Antarctic surveying, mapping and remote sensing studies E Dongchen ＆ ZHANG Shengkai The intensity ratio / （557.7 nm）//（427.8 nm） at Zhongshan Station in Antarctica HU Guoyuan, AI Yong ＆ ZHANG Hong The distribution and demography of Euphausia superba in Prydz Bay during the austral summer 2002 LIU Yongqin, SUN Song, ZHANG Yongshan ＆ LIU Huilian     

Advances in Polar Science CONTENTS(Volume 25,2014)

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Progress in application of MODIS for remote sensing in Polar Regions

The remote sensing technique is widely used in Polar Regions, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete (MODIS) is one of the most important satellite sensors in the domain of remote sensing. In this article, MODIS sensor, including the information of its satellites, its system constitutes, its hardware characteristic, its large spectra and usual applications are briefly introduced first. Then, there is a particular introduction of MODIS's use in Polar Regions, which refers to the polar physiognomy, polar atmosphere and polar ocean, with citing many examples. At last, views about the development of MODIS and its series sensors in the future, including the improved applications in Polar Regions are given.     

极地地区多模GNSS精密单点定位精度分析

基于多模全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）与精密单点定位(PPP)技术,分析极地多模GNSS精密单点定位策略。通过一天一站解和一天多站解,对11种不同导航卫星系统组合下的精密单点定位结果进行实验分析。结果表明：1）各组合中BDS和Galileo组合的定位结果最差,与平均值相比定位精度的差值范围在0.4~1.3 cm之间;2）极地地区各组合N方向收敛时间的平均值为7~11 min,定位精度的平均值优于1.3 cm,明显优于E方向和U方向;3）相同环境下三系统组合较双系统组合在E、N、U方向的收敛时间分别缩短10.3%、14.1%、7.3%,在定位精度上分别提升9.6%、4.6%、11.7%;四系统组合较三系统组合在E、N、U方向的收敛时间分别缩短6.8%、－2.1%、2.0%,在定位精度上分别提升4.9%、－7.1%、5.3%。研究结果表明,三系统组合的定位性能较双系统组合提升明显,四系统组合较三系统组合定位性能改善不明显。     

极地地区北斗三号单点定位精度分析

为分析BDS-3在极地地区的定位精度,选取两极地区10个MGEX站连续7 d的观测数据进行SPP和PPP实验。结果表明,BDS-3在两极地区可见卫星数及PDOP基本一致,平均可见卫星数约为9颗,PDOP约为2.3。BDS-3各频点间定位精度相差不大,南极地区SPP定位精度略优于北极,特别是U方向。北极地区E、N、U方向定位精度分别优于1 m、1 m和5 m,南极地区E、N、U方向定位精度分别优于1 m、1 m和2 m。BDS-3在两极地区PPP定位精度相当,与GPS定位精度基本一致,各频点组合定位精度在E、N、U方向均优于2 cm。     

The research of Polar sea ice and its role in climate change

As an important part of global climate system, the Polar sea ice is effccting on global climate changes through ocean surface radiation balance, mass balance, energy balance as well as the circulating of sea water temperature and salinity. Sea ice research has a centuries - old history. The many correlative sea ice projects were established through the extensive international cooperation during the period from the primary research of intensity and the boaring capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled model. Based on these reseamhes, the sea ice variety was combined with the global climate change. All research about sea ice includes： the physical properties and processes of sea ice and its snow cover, the ecosystem of sea ice regions, sea ice and upper snow albedo, mass balance of sea ice regions, sea ice and climate coupled model. The simulation suggests that the both of the area and volume of polar sea ice would be reduced in next century. With the developing of the sea ice research, more scientific issues are mentioned. Such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system, the seasonal and regional distribution of polar sea ice thickness, polar sea ice boundary and area variety trends, the growth and melt as well as their influencing factors, the role of the polynya and the sea/air interactions. We should give the best solutions to all of the issues in future sea ice studying.     

北极熊栖息地稳定性的遥感评估方法

北极熊是北极最重要的哺乳动物之一,近年来数量却在减少。海冰作为北极熊狩猎、活动和繁殖的平台,是其栖息地的重要组成部分。因此其种群栖息地变化主要依赖于海冰变化。本文基于美国雪冰中心的海冰密集度和NOAA提供的ETOPO1基岩数据,分析了北极海冰密集度、开阔水域面积、海冰消退时间、海冰出现时间、开阔水域季节长度的年际变化,进而评价北极熊栖息地的稳定性。结果表明,海冰密集度呈现降低的趋势,开阔水域面积增大,多年冰数量减少,大多变为一年冰。海冰消退时间提前,海冰出现时间延后,开阔水域季节长度大幅增加,与1992年相比增加了72 d。19个栖息地中,巴伦支海是开阔水域面积和季节长度变化贡献最大的海域,增加速度分别为9.71×10³ km²/a和71.69 d/10a。以开阔水域季节长度变化率为依据,将北极熊栖息地划分为稳定、次稳定和不稳定3个等级。总共有3个稳定栖息地,包括分布在相对其他栖息地而言纬度较低的楚科奇海、西哈得孙湾和南哈得孙湾。13个次稳定栖息地,包括拉普捷夫海、喀拉海、东格陵兰、巴芬湾、戴维斯海峡、福克斯湾、布西亚湾、麦克林托克海峡、梅尔维尔子爵海峡、挪威湾、北波弗特、南波弗特和兰开斯特海峡。3个不稳定栖息地,均位于70°N以北,包括北极盆地、巴伦支海和凯恩盆地。稳定区主要位于低纬度,不稳定区全部位于高纬度。该分级结果表明高纬度地区虽然海冰覆盖多,但是年际变化十分显著,不稳定的3个区域内北极熊对海冰变化适应时间更少,年际迁移变化大,对北极熊的生存发展更为不利。     

A mesoscale model used in the Polar regions： modification and verification

1 IntroductionChina has been carrying out 23 field experiments over the Antarctic since 1984 andmany observations on the aspect of oceanography were conducted. The changes of tempera-ture and precipitation in the polar regions have effecton global climate…     

Call for Papers for Two Special Issues of Advances in Polar Science

Dear Colleagues, We invite you to submit a article, a review, a letter, or a trend to a special issue on＂The rapid change of Arctic sea ice and its possible effects on high- and mid-latitude weather and climate＂, or another special issue on ＂The current status on the ecosystem of Antarctic Peninsula＂ of the Journal Advances in Polar Science （APS）.     

Water chemistry and hydrometeorology in a glacierized catchment in the Polar Urals,Russia

This study aims to determine the relationships between local meteorological conditions,proglacial river discharge and biogeochemical processes operating in a periglacial basin located in the Polar Ural mountain range, Russia. Fieldwork was conducted in the catchment of Obruchev Glacier(13 km2) during the summer peak flow period in 2008. River discharge was dominated by snowmelt and changed from 3300 l s-1 to less than 1000 l s-1. The mean daily air temperatures of stations situated in the mountain tundra and near Obruchev Glacier from July 11 th to August 1st 2008 were 14.4°C and 10.3°C, respectively. The glacial river had low total dissolved solids varying from 4.5 to 9 mg l-1 and coefficients of correlation between Na+ and Cl-, K+ and Cl-, as well as NH4+ and Cl- were 0.94, 0.90 and 0.84, respectively. Rainfall events affected the snowmelt initiation and provided an essential part of the discharge during the intense snowmelt period, which occurred from July 11 th to July 18 th 2008. Data showed that Na+ and K+ in the surface water derived from snowmelt rather than chemical weathering of silicates. Also, it was obtained that NO3- derived from the melting snowpack, whereas ammonification occurring under the snowpacks was the primary source for NH4+.     

塔河油田奥陶系原油极性化合物浓度分布及运移趋势

根据原油中的3类极性化合物(烷基咔唑类化合物、烷基二苯并噻吩类化合物和烷基苯酚类化合物)在运移过程中与固
相的吸附机理及其吸附性特征,探讨了这3种极性化合物与固定相通过氢键或者范德华力等作用力而被吸附,并导致原油中极性
化合物浓度随着运移距离的增大逐渐降低的现象。通过对塔河油田22个奥陶系原油样品中3类极性化合物进行定量分析,结果
显示其浓度具有从南向北、从东向西逐渐降低的规律,指示出塔河油田奥陶系原油的运移具有从南部和东部指向主体区的趋势。      

Latitudinal and temporal shifts in the radial growth-climate response of Siberian larch in the Polar Urals

This paper presents a dendroclimatic analysis of Siberian larch trees sampled along a latitudinal 260-km transect located in the Polar Urals,Russia. Three standardised chronologies were built over a length of 230–293 years using 79 individual tree-ring chronologies collected in the southern,middle and northern parts of the Polar Urals.Bootstrapped correlation functions showed that the annual growth of the larches was mainly influenced by the air temperatures in June and July. The relative role of the temperatures increased from south to north. Daily air temperature data analysis revealed that the duration of the growing season in the northern part of the Polar Urals is 24 days less than that in the southern part. At the present time, air temperatures exceeded threshold of 8~℃, 5 days earlier than it did in the beginning of the 20 th century In response to the increase in the duration of the growing season and the changing winter conditions in the Polar Urals over the last 130 years, radial growth–temperature relationships in larches have weakened;this effect was strongly pronounced in the southern part of the Polar Urals.     

北斗在南/北极地区的基本定位性能评估

基于BDS、GPS系统的星座结构，对当前的BDS二代导航系统（BD2）、全部建成后的BDS系统在极地科考站（黄河站、昆仑站、中山站、长城站）和北极圈的可见卫星数、DOP值、定位精度等进行评估，并将建成后的BDS、GPS及其组合系统在南/北极的基本定位性能进行对比分析。仿真结果表明，当前的BD2只实现了极地的部分覆盖，对极地提供导航定位的能力有限，大范围内的定位精度大于30.0 m； BDS在极地的定位精度将与GPS相当，可见卫星数可达13颗左右，PDOP值优于1.6，定位精度优于8.0 m；GPS/BDS组合后在极地的PDOP值优于1.4，定位精度优于6.0 m。
     

以“3S”集成技术为基础的“LBS”极地应用研究

分析了极地环境特点,并根据极地的基本情况确定极地位置服务(LBS)的系统架构,详细介绍了在极地位置服务中所用到的技术内容及技术特点,主要包括车辆和人员的监控技术、基于PDA的定位技术及极地的通讯技术等.     

Relationship of Arctic sea ice and Northern Hemispheric 500 hPa Polar vortices

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly 500 hPa height data on a 2.5 latitude-longitude grid and 1°×1° sea ice data,the polar vortex area,intensity index and arctic sea ice area index are calculated respectively,and the meridional distribution,period variation and the abrupts in the long range trend are analyzed to study their relationship.The results show that the meridional distribution of sea ice and polar vortex h-ave distinctive difference,the relative positions of them are different in the eastern and western hemispheres,and exept they have periods of 4 months,quasi half year,quasi year,4-5 years and 10 years commonly,and each of them has its own respective variation as well.The sea ice area is decreasing apparently since 1980's,so is the polar vortex area,but their abrupt changge time are different totally.The area of sea ice and polar vortex has prominent positive correlation,but the relationship of sea ice intensity,polar vortex intensity,polar vortex area is complicated.     

基于动态极坐标参数化的遥感影像匹配方法

图像匹配作为三维重建至关重要的环节,其精度直接影响了平差优化、正射校正等模块的精度。对于城镇、农场等特征密集型区域,特征距离小,相似性强,易于匹配图像;而针对草地、沙漠等特征不明显区域,特征距离大,如果使用特征点匹配的方法,严格阈值下难以获得足够数量的匹配对,放宽阈值又将引入较多误匹配对,这也是导致稀疏点云不够均匀的原因之一。在此场景下,本文提出了基于动态极坐标参数化的无人机正视影像匹配算法,首先对图像做极坐标参数变化,采用动态策略解决极轴方向采样不均匀的问题,使用最小二乘法对得到的极坐标影像对做位移方向上的匹配,匹配后得到的旋转量和平移量,将该结果和SIFT算法的结果做比较。本文设计了2组实验,即参数已知的解算实验和参数未知的解算实验,且每组实验进行3次。在同等配置的计算机上,对两张7360像素×5400像素,32位的影像,本文方法的位姿解算时间相比SIFT的时间减少约57%,二者求得的位姿差通常小于1%。结论表明二者的结果在精度上表现相当,在时间上明显优于SIFT算法,具有实际的应用价值。     

Ice-Class Propeller Strength and Integrity Evaluation Using Unified Polar ClassURI3 Rules

A systematic method was developed for ice-class propeller modeling, performance estimation, strength and integrity evaluation and optimization. To estimate the impact of sea ice on the propeller structure, URI3 rules, established by the International Association of Classification Societies in 2007, were applied for ice loading calculations. An R-class propeller(a type of ice-class propeller) was utilized for subsequent investigations. The propeller modeling was simplified based on a conventional method, which expedited the model building process. The propeller performance was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method. The simulation results were validated by comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic pressure was transferred into a finite element analysis(FEA) module for strength assessment of ice-class propellers. According to URI3 rules, the ice loading was estimated based on different polar classes and working cases. Then, the FEA method was utilized to evaluate the propeller strength. The validation showed that the simulation results accorded with recent research results. Finally, an improved optimization method was developed to save the propeller constituent materials. The optimized propeller example had a minimum safety factor of 1.55, satisfying the safety factor requirement of ≥1.5, and reduced the design volume to 88.2% of the original.     

地球极移参数高精度双差分LS+AR预报方法研究

提出基于双差分最小二乘LS+AR模型的高精度极移参数预报方法。首先,对极移数据进行双差分处理,用以增强数据平稳性,获取差分极移数据,并采用LS方法对差分极移数据进行拟合,获取极移残差数据;其次,利用AR模型对极移残差数据进行预报;然后,综合LS外推预报值与AR模型预报值获取差分极移预报值;最后,对差分极移预报结果进行逆双差分处理,获取高精度的极移预报值。将该方法应用于实际极移参数预报中,结果表明,1d的极移X分量(PMX)预报精度优于0.25mas,极移Y分量(PMY)预报精度优于0.2mas。将该预报结果与国际EOP_PCC预报结果对比表明,极移短期预报精度与EOP_PCC预报结果相当,1d的预报精度略优于EOP_PCC预报结果。     

极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享研究

本文以SOA开放式架构与OGC标准规范,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享服务体系。服务体系以"模型服务"为核心,探讨了模型服务接口和模型服务的互操作问题。为了简化极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型的分布式共享过程,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型共享服务平台的概念。共享服务平台处于模型与模型应用客户端之间,可以实现两者之间的数据转化和功能协同,以及实现模型算法与其他功能的分离,使模型开发者可以专注于模型算法的设计和实现。最后,以海冰密集度遥感反演模型和冰间湖识别模型为例,实现了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享方法。