西藏自治区土壤侵蚀特点及现状

西藏自治区地域辽阔,土壤侵蚀复杂多样。本文在野外调查的基础上,对西藏自治区土壤侵蚀特点作了全面论述,并对西藏自治区不同类型土壤侵蚀区的土壤侵蚀现状做了较全面的分区评价。同时取雅江中游地区19个县作为典型区域,利用1999年1:20万TM遥感图像土壤侵蚀解译结果,对该典型区域的土壤侵蚀现状作了定量评价。最后根据评价结果,对西藏自治区土壤侵蚀的发展趋势做了预测。     

不同土地-气候情景下三江源地区产水和水土流失评价（英文）

探讨三江源地区产水和土壤保持对整个青藏高原地区、黄河流域、长江流域及澜沧江流域的生态稳定和人类社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。以4期(2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年)土地利用现状数据、降水及气温日值数据集、1∶1000000中国土壤数据库为研究的数据源,结合居民点、道路、河流等矢量数据及人口、经济栅格数据集和CCSM4通用气候模式预测成果数据,以三江源地区为案例区,基于FLUS模型和降尺度校正方法设计4种土地利用发展情景和2种气候变化情景,应用InVEST模型对研究区域2030年不同情景下的产水和土壤侵蚀进行定量模拟。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用发展情景下,草地仍然是三江源地区的优势土地利用类型,面积占比始终大于67%。(2)RCP4.5气候情景下,年产水量和土壤侵蚀量增加幅度分别超过7%和3.9%;RCP8.5气候情景下,年产水量和土壤侵蚀量的减少幅度分别超过3.3%和1.3%。(3)气候变化在产水量和土壤侵蚀量变化中起主导作用。气候变化对产水量变化的贡献率高达89.97%–98.00%,对土壤侵蚀模数变化的贡献率在60.49%–95.64%之间;而土地利用类型变化对区域产水量变化的贡献率仅在2.00%–10.03%之间,对土壤侵蚀模数变化的贡献率在4.36%–39.91%之间。因此,三江源地区土地开发策略应综合考虑区域发展、退耕还林还草的投入及产生的生态效益等多方面问题。     

三江源地区2000-2015年土壤侵蚀变化及生态恢复潜在影响研究（英文）

土壤侵蚀对于生态环境的保护恢复以及人与自然的和谐发展产生了巨大威胁。本文采用修正的通用土壤流失方程(Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, RUSLE模型)对三江源区2000–2015年的土壤侵蚀进行定量模拟,通过对研究区土壤侵蚀强度的时空变化特征进行分析,比较了不同生态系统土壤侵蚀的差异,探讨了气候变化对研究区土壤侵蚀的影响作用,评价了该区域生态保护和恢复工程对土壤保持的作用效果。模型模拟结果可以通过地面观测站点验证,对模拟数据和验证数据的相关分析结果显示,模型的拟合效果良好,其复相关系数达到0.62。2010–2015年的土壤侵蚀模数比2000–2005年增加了6.2%,比2005–2010年下降了1.2%。基于叠加分析,影响土壤侵蚀的主要驱动因素是气候(约64%),特别是降水的作用明显,其次是植被覆盖度(约34%)。虽然模型和数据存在一些不确定性,但本研究量化了全球气候变化下生态恢复工程的相对贡献,同时也认识到了生态恢复工程是一项复杂、艰巨、长期的任务。在未来,持续的地面观测、进一步的参数化以及获取更高质量的输入数据是减少模拟结果不确定性的必要方式。     

三江平原东北部土地利用变化的生态效应分析

土地利用／土地覆被变化对区域生物多样性和重要生态过程影响深刻。以1987～2000年间的Landsat／TM影像作为基本信息源,利用GIS空间分析和地统计分析功能,从景观生态学角度构建生态效应指数来反映三江平原东北部地区土地利用／土地覆被变化所带来的生态效应,并且定量评价了该区生态效应与土地利用、土壤以及土壤侵蚀之间的关系。结果表明,与1987年相比,2000年研究区水田和耕地面积都增加了2000km^2以上,毁林、毁草和将沼泽湿地开垦为耕地等人类活动导致该区生态系统更加脆弱;研究区2000年的全区平均生态效应指数比1987年高0．02;2000年,研究区中同江市的生态风险最高;土壤类型与生态效应指数的对应关系显示,泥炭土区和黑土区存在较大的生态风险;土壤侵蚀等级越大,生态效应指数越高,2000年各等级土壤侵蚀强度的生态效应指数均高于1987年。     

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征

以中国退耕还林生态工程重点区域陕北地区作为研究区,基于耕地遥感监测数据集,分析了陕北地区2000-2013年耕地的时空变化特征;基于梯田空间分布,对RUSLE模型进行改进,模拟生成陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数栅格数据并进行精度验证;最后结合耕地变化数据集对陕北地区退耕还林（草）地及未退耕地的土壤侵蚀变化特征进行对比分析,以明确工程对全区土壤侵蚀变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2010年,陕北退耕农田内部侵蚀模数减少了22.70 t/hm ²,是退耕农田区2000年土壤侵蚀模数的47.08%。同期,陕北地区未退耕农田侵蚀模数减少了10.99 t/hm ²,占未退耕农田区域2000年土壤侵蚀模数的28.60%。从陕北全区的角度看,各种土地利用类型2000-2010年土壤侵蚀模数平均减少了14.51 t/hm ²,占2000年全区土壤侵蚀模数的41.87%。由此可见,退耕还林还草工程可以有效减少土壤侵蚀模数,达到土壤保护的作用。其中,由耕地转为林草所导致的侵蚀减少最为显著,对土壤保护的贡献作用最大。但是,2010年以后（2010-2013年）为退耕还林还草巩固时期,因此该阶段陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量变化较前10年显著降低。     

对我国水土流失调查评价方法若干问题的思考

历时3 a(2010—2012年)的全国第一次水利普查工作圆满结束,同步开展的我国水土保持情况普查取得了一系列的成果,为国家生态环境建设宏观决策提供了科学依据。在总结经验的同时,为了使今后的普查工作更符合我国实际、科学性,提出5点需要加强研究及改进的建议。1.建议分类调查评价,自然侵蚀区开展"潜在土壤侵蚀危险度"调查,20 a为一个调查周期,加速侵蚀区则应缩短调查周期;2.建议水蚀调查将点、面结合,将实地单元格调查、模型评价法与遥感调查结合,优势互补,完成区域土壤侵蚀强度空间格局分布图;3.将坡面侵蚀调查与侵蚀沟道调查结合,纠正侵蚀沟道发育区可能产生的侵蚀强度偏低的问题;4.建议加强水、风、冻复合侵蚀区土壤侵蚀调查与评价方法的研究;5.建议加强冻融作用对土壤侵蚀影响的研究。     

金沙江下游近40年来土壤侵蚀变化--以云南彝良为例

云南金沙江流域是我国水土流失最为严重的区域之一，尤其以金沙江下游区最为突出。为揭示该区域土壤侵蚀动态变化的基本规律，为今后水土保持和土地资源可持续利用提供依据，选择该区域较为典型的彝良县作为研究实例，采用航片判读、实地调查、GIS等方法编制了1960、1980和2000年土壤侵蚀图，据此分析该县1960～2000年的土壤侵蚀变化特点，并应用马尔柯夫模型预测在当前土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀动态变化趋势，为该县制定水土保持措施和土地利用规划提供了重要依据。     

西藏高原土壤侵蚀评价体系及监测方法

西藏高原土壤侵蚀营力多样,侵蚀类型复杂,其评价与动态监测方法一直为人们所关注,根据多年对西藏高原土壤侵蚀的调查研究,从西藏高原土壤侵蚀区域分布特征出发;提出西藏高原土壤侵蚀应划分为自然侵蚀区和人为加速侵蚀区,分别采用土壤侵蚀潜在危险及土壤侵蚀分类分级的评价体系.前者采用人机交互式遥感动态监测方法,后者采用土壤侵蚀因子数据库与土壤侵蚀模型法相结合进行动态监测.     

近40年来金沙江南岸干热河谷区的土地利用变化及其土壤侵蚀治理研究 ——以云南宾川县为例

云南金沙江流域生态环境极为脆弱,在人为作用下土地利用/土地覆被变化较为显著,水土流失严重,生态环境日益恶化,目前已被我国政府列为全国生态环境建设的重点区域。本文选择金沙江中游中山高原与干热河谷区较为典型的宾川县作为研究实例,采用航片判读、实地调查与GIS等方法编制1960、1980和2000年土地利用与土壤侵蚀图,据此分析了该县1960 ~ 2000年的土地利用/土地覆被变化及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化特征,重点揭示区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的基本规律及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化过程,并提出土壤侵蚀治理的工程与技术措施。     

20世纪末中国土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征

通过对中国2000年第二次土壤侵蚀遥感调查成果的分析,讨论了20世纪末中国土壤侵蚀空间分布特点。结果表明,水土流失仍然是我国持续影响面最大的环境问题。西部是我国土壤侵蚀的主要分布地区,轻度侵蚀对整个土壤侵蚀格局影响最大。水蚀的分布明显体现出地形的影响,轻度水蚀基本上分布在山地丘陵区 (含黄土地形区),严重水蚀近半分布在黄土地形区。轻度水蚀主要分布在耕地、林地、草地。严重水蚀、轻度风蚀面积均约半数分布在草地,各类草地的保护与整治均应是水、风蚀区水土保持的重要内容。土壤资源中,黄绵土是受到土壤侵蚀威胁最严重的类型。但对我国土壤侵蚀的进一步分析还需要更多对方法和相关数据分析的研究工作。     

Soil erosion and its response to the changes of precipitation and vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau

Soil erosion is a major threat to our terrestrial ecosystems and an important global environmental problem. The Loess Plateau in China is one of the regions that suffered more severe soil erosion and undergoing climate warming and drying in the past decades. The vegetation restoration named Grain-to-Green Program has now been operating for more than 10 years. It is necessary to assess the variation of soil erosion and the response of precipita- tion and vegetation restoration to soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. In the study, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） was applied to evaluate annual soil loss caused by water erosion. The results showed as follows. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau between 2000 and 2010 averaged for 15.2 t hm-2 a 1 and was characterized as light for the value less than 25 t hm-2 a-1. The severe soil erosion higher than 25 t hm-2 a-~ was mainly distributed in the gully and hilly regions in the central, southwestern, and some scattered areas of earth-rocky mountainous areas on the Loess Plateau. The soil erosion on the Loess Plateau showed a deceasing trend in recent decade and reduced more at rates more than 1 t hm 2 a 1 in the areas suffering severe soil loss. Benefited from the improved vegetation cover and ecological construction, the soil erosion on the Loess Plateau was significantly declined, es- pecially in the east of Yulin, most parts of Yah＇an prefectures in Shaanxi Province, and the west of Luliang and Linfen prefectures in Shanxi Province in the hilly and gully regions. The variation of vegetation cover responding to soil erosion in these areas showed the relatively higher contribution than the precipitation. However, most areas in Qingyang and Dingxi pre- fectures in Gansu Province and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were predomi- nantly related to precipitation.     

南方红壤区林下水土流失的遥感判别——以福建省长汀县为例

针对林下水土流失缺乏有效判别方法的问题,提出了一种遥感判别方法。该方法以植被覆盖度、植被健康度、土壤裸露度和坡度为判别因子,采用规则法来建立林下水土流失遥感判别模型,并将其应用于福建省长汀县。结果发现,长汀县有311.66 km²的林地发生不同程度的林下水土流失,其中有13.35%的土壤侵蚀强度达到中度。通过遥感方法识别出的林下水土流失区的空间分布位置可为该县今后深入治理水土流失提供目标靶区。     

The consequences of land-cover changes on soil erosion distribution in Slovakia

Soil erosion is a complex process determined by mutual interaction of numerous factors. The aim of erosion research at regional scales is a general evaluation of the landscape susceptibility to soil erosion by water, taking into account the main factors influencing this process. One of the key factors influencing the susceptibility of a region to soil erosion is land cover. Natural as well as human-induced changes of landscape may result in both the diminishment and acceleration of soil erosion. Recent studies of land-cover changes indicate that during the last decade more than 4.11% of Slovak territory has changed. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of land-cover and crop rotation changes over the 1990–2000 period on the intensity and spatial pattern of soil erosion in Slovakia. The assessment is based on principles defined in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) modified for application at regional scale and the use of the CORINE land cover (CLC) databases for 1990 and 2000. The C factor for arable land has been refined using statistical data on the mean crop rotation and the acreage of particular agricultural crops in the districts of Slovakia. The L factor has been calculated using sample areas with parcels identified by LANDSAT TM data. The results indicate that the land-cover and crop rotation changes had a significant influence on soil erosion pattern predominately in the hilly and mountainous parts of Slovakia. The pattern of soil erosion changes exhibits high spatial variation with overall slightly decreased soil erosion risks. These changes are associated with ongoing land ownership changes, changing structure of crops, deforestation and afforestation.     

The effects of loess erosion on soil nutrients, plant diversity and plant quality in Negev desert wadis

Severe erosion, initiated by climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene period and resultant declines in dust deposition, causes the formation of waterfalls during the winter floods in many wadi systems in the central Negev desert of Israel. In some areas, erosion of the original loess substrate has been complete, so that the underlying rock has been exposed. We examined the effects of this erosion in four wadis in the central Negev desert on soil nutrients, plant community structure and plant quality. We predicted that erosion has caused reductions in soil nutrients. Reductions in soil nutrients should result in reductions in plant cover. Furthermore, reduced soil nutrient availability should cause reductions in the nutrient status and quality of the plants growing there. In addition to the loss of biodiversity that may result, this erosion may result in economic hardship for the Bedouin peoples whose herds depend on these resources. In this study, there were significant negative effects of erosion on soil organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen and water-holding capacity, but not on soil phosphorus, conductivity or pH. Furthermore, there was a negative effect of soil erosion on an overall measure of soil quality derived from a principal components analysis in three of the four wadis we studied. Erosion resulted in an increase in plant species richness and significantly altered plant community structure in eroded areas of wadis. Increased plant species richness in eroded sites is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis of plant community structure. Plants growing in eroded areas did not differ in two quality indices (nitrogen content and digestibility), although plants typical of eroded areas had significantly lower levels of common digestion inhibitors (total polyphenols) and toxins (alkaloids) than plants from undisturbed sites. These last-mentioned results are contrary to our prediction and are consistent with the notion that plants growing in disturbed (e.g. eroded) sites maximize growth at the expense of investments in defense.     

云南纵向岭谷区土地利用的侵蚀环境效应——以黑惠江、龙川江、盘龙河流域为例

土地利用直接改变土壤侵蚀的方式和强度,具有突出的侵蚀环境效应.以黑惠江、龙川江、盘龙河流域为例,探讨了云南纵向岭谷区土壤侵蚀对土地利用的响应关系.研究表明,本区土地利用类型的内部转化和相互转化引起土壤侵蚀程度的明显变化;耕地向林地、草地的转化使侵蚀强度指数显著降低;林地向耕地、草地转化,均显著增加侵蚀强度指数;耕地、林地、草地的内部转化对土壤侵蚀也有少量影响.另外,以土地利用为主的人类活动明显影响河流悬移质含量,林地面积提高和土壤侵蚀减弱的区域,年输沙量也相应减少,相反则增加.     

中国北方农牧交错带土壤风蚀时空分布

土壤风蚀是干旱、半干旱地区土壤退化的主要过程，定量评价土壤风蚀是分析土壤退化的重要手段。中国北方农牧交错带是土壤风蚀的典型治理区。采用张春来风蚀预报经验模型，以半月为步长，计算中国北方农牧交错带2000-2012年的土壤风蚀模数。结果表明：中国北方农牧交错带的土壤风蚀状况整体有好转；沙地的土壤风蚀最严重，农田次之，草地的土壤风蚀最低；土地利用方式、风速和植被盖度均对土壤风蚀有一定的影响。     

定西地区1995-2000年间土壤侵蚀的变化与治理对策

严重的土壤侵蚀是定西地区生态环境恶化的主要原因,也是社会经济发展的主要限制性因素之一。利用数字遥感影像人机交互解译技术对1995年和2000年的土壤侵蚀进行调查,结果显示5 a来定西地区土壤侵蚀面积减少1 446.39 km²,减少了7.36%。其中轻度侵蚀减少5.63%,中度减少1.4%,强度减少0.03%,极强度减少0.30%。侵蚀程度整体上有所减轻,表明水土保持工作取得了一定成效。但土壤侵蚀面积仍然占土地总面积的80%以上,而且强度和极强度侵蚀面积减少不明显,土壤侵蚀仍然十分严重,水土保持的任务还相当艰巨。积极开展水土保持是定西地区实现山川秀美、脱贫致富和可持续发展的根本途径。     

Amplifying (or Reversing) the Territorial Disparities in Land Vulnerability to Soil Degradation: The Case of Italy

This article analyzes the territorial disparities in the level of land vulnerability (TDLV) to soil degradation caused by five processes (soil erosion, salinization, sealing, contamination, and compaction) as well as by climate variations in Italy in 1990 and 2000. The analysis reveals, for each soil degradation process, a typical spatial distribution across Italy. Three processes (soil salinization, compaction, and sealing) contribute significantly to the increase in land vulnerability, which is mainly concentrated in risky areas. The observed disparities highlight a growing environmental divide between northern Italy (an economically developed region, not at risk of desertification) and southern Italy and the two main islands (dry, disadvantaged regions at risk of desertification). The knowledge of such a territorial divide and of the underlying soil degradation processes is regarded as important for environmental policies at the country and regional scales aimed at sustaining the economic and socioenvironmental cohesion between areas that are either vulnerable or nonvulnerable to soil degradation. The proposed approach should be seen as part of a decision-making tool informing policies and supporting the design of management solutions, hopefully reversing disparities in land vulnerability to soil degradation.