唐山地区Ms6.9和Ms6.5地震前后S波分裂的变化

依据蓟县地震台和滦南地震台短周期地震仪２３０ 个小震记录,获得了唐山地区西南部１９７６年８ 月～１９７８ 年３ 月的Ｓ波分裂图像,研究结果表明：ΔＴＳＶ－ ＳＨ值在１９７６ 年１１ 月１５ 日ＭＳ６．９ 和１９７７ 年５ 月１２ 日ＭＳ６．５ 地震前显著增大,前兆开始于主震前２０～３０ 天,在震前１～１１ 天出现最大的变化,到时差达到０．０２～０．０４ ｓ／ｋｍ ,并且在主震后几小时内恢复到正常水平;最大的ΔＴＳＶ－ ＳＨ值出现在主震震中附近,且随距主震距离增加而减小。研究结果还表明：在张应力区,ΔＴＳＶ－ ＳＨ＞ ０;在压力区,ΔＴＳＶ－ ＳＨ＜ ０,这与理论模式一致     

1988年澜沧地震(M=7.6)震源时空扩展参数的研究

通过远震记录ＳＨ波位移脉冲的二阶矩的计算,得到了１９８８年澜沧地震（ＭＳ＝７．６）震源扩展参数．采用最小二乘原理反演了震源过程的持续时间Ｔ、断层长度Ｌ和方向性参数Ｄ,并得到Ｔ＝１１．７７ｓ、Ｄ＝１５．０５ｋｍ·ｓ、Ｌ＝７０．９４ｋｍ．结果表明,１９８８年澜沧地震为对称双侧破裂,两侧破裂长度均为３５ｋｍ．结合余震分布分析表明,在两个主震破裂区的连接部位存在着一个主震时未破裂的区域．由于主震时的位错,应变将重新调整．连接部位具有足够的强度,以储存可以激发较大余震的应变能     

永登地震前后P波出射角和方位角的异常变化研究

给出了中国数字地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）兰州台数字化地震记录在１９９５年７月２２日永登５．８级地震前后Ｐ波出射角与方位角的异常变化：主震前数月出射角出现明显上升异常变化,方位角出现明显下降异常变化。探讨了利用出射角和方位角异常进行大地震预报的可能途径和方法。     

海城地震前后地震波速比的变化

本文分析了1975年2月4日海城7.3级地震前后147次地震的资料。结果表明,主震前地震波速比有明显的异常变化。纵横波速比V_p/V_s表现为“下降-回升”的异常形态,负异常至少在主震前四年已出现,最大异常幅度为10％左右,负异常结束后十个月发生主震。主震前波速比异常区较大;而震源附近的小区域,仅在全区波速比回升后的临震前才出现了急剧的负异常。主震前横波速度变化不大,纵波和虚波速度出现异常变化。在一次4.8级强余震前两个月,波速比也出现了负异常。 本文还分析了8次人工爆破,但未发现主震前波速比的异常变化。 关于波速比异常的原因,初步认为是岩石在构造应力的集中作用下,弹性性质发生变化、内部出现大量微裂隙而造成的。     

托来6.0级地震前波速比异常与中短期预报指标讨论

本文阐述了１９９３年１０月２６日青海托来６．０级地震前河西祁连山中西部的波连比异常并进一步讨论了中短期预报指标。通过托来地震研究得到，波速比低值集中区边缘与低波速比异常值地震条带交汇区可能为未来主震位置，波速比低值在多次中强震后仍然继续异常以及波速比在震前１─６个月显著回升可分别作为较强地震趋势异常和地震发生的短期指标。     

INDEX OF VOL.10,1995

ＩＮＤＥＸＯＦＶＯＬ．１０，１９９５ＳＯａｋＥＲＯＳＩＯＮＡＮＤＳＥＤ￣ＮＴＹＩＥＬＯＩＮａｌＬＡＮｓＳＯｉｌｌｏｓｓｉｎｄｕｅｎｏｄｂｙｓｌｏｐｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｌｌｙ．ｌｏｅｓｓｒｅｇｉｏｎ，ＣｈｉｎａｂｙＣＡＩＱｉａｎａｌｓａｎｄｓｈ...     

新丰江6.1级水库地震前后的波速比变化

广东省新丰江水库区于1962年3月19日发生6.1级地震。本文分析了1961年以来十四年间,特别是主震前后纵、横波速比V_p/V_s的变化过程。结果表明:波速比V_p/V_s在主震前出现了明显的负异常,总异常时间约为十一个月,于震前一个半月返回正常值,在主震震源附近的深水峡谷区异常幅度最大,异常时间和空间范围比一般构造地震的要小.后期几次强余震前也有异常变化。虚波速度在主震前存在某些异常特征。上述波速比的变化可以用扩容模式较好地解释。 波速比值是由两个台站的记录得到的。对虚波速度的计算采用了联合地震参数的方法。     

波速比异常空间演化与主震位置预测

以组合模式为基础,应用“交会法”探讨了甘肃省及邻区几次中强地震前ｕｐ／ｕｓ正负异常区的动态演化特征与主震位置的关系,发现主震发生在ｕｐ＝ｕｓ正负异常区的边界附近或多个异常区之间的联接地区,认为波速比异常的成因与调整背地里元的运动有密切的关系。本的讨论再次证明了“交会法”在预测主震位置中的普适性。     

南加州洛杉矾盆地北部S波分裂的观测结果

发生在洛杉矶盆地下面，深度为５－１８ｋｍ结晶基岩处的地震，在三分向地震图上，观测到了２０－１２０ｍｓ的Ｓ波的分裂。发生在５ｋｍ厚沉积层底部上术基岩中的浅震Ｓ波分裂现象不明显，而较深的地震Ｓ波分裂现象刚随深度逐渐明显，快Ｓ波的偏振方向为南北方向，与地震和接收点之间射线的方位角无关。     

Sompi谱分析方法在处理数字地震记录中的初步应用

使用数字地震记录，应用Ｓｏｍｐｉ谱分析方法，对１９８９年１月－１９９０年７月发生在唐山地区２０个地震５和１９８８年７月－１９８９年１０月发生在大同周围地区１０个地震波谱进行了分析，从而对１９９０年７月２３日唐山ＭＬ４．９震和４．９地震和１９８９年１０月１９日大同ＭＬ６．１地震Ｐ、Ｓ波频谱异常变化特征进行了研究。所得结果表明：地震前Ｐ、Ｓ波频谱的卓超频率ｆｄ可能呈现出较明显的下降异常变化。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.