黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被与地下水位埋深的 定量关系

干旱区植被生长与地下水的依存关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。由于降水稀少,中国西北地区植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了我国黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被发育与地下水埋深的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为2~5 m,当地下水埋深超过5.5 m时,由于植被根系缺水,不能维持冠层正常生长,几乎没有植被发育。     

新疆焉耆盆地绿洲水盐双梯度下天然植被多样性分异特征

通过对焉耆盆地河畔带、荒漠带、湖畔带土壤水盐及地下水位和天然植被关系的分析,研究了干旱绿洲水盐过程与分异天然植被生长和绿洲生态的影响.结果表明:绿洲天然植被生物多样性取决水盐双梯度影响,盐分不断向湖畔积聚是引起焉耆盆地湖畔生态系统生境恶化的主导因子.绿洲内部河畔带物种多样性与地下水埋深关系表明,在埋深1.5m区域,随着地下水埋深的加大,物种多样性减少;在埋深1.5～3m区域内,随着地下水埋深加大,其物种多样性在增加;而当埋深在3～4m之间时,随着地下水埋深的加大,植物多样性呈明显减少趋势;而在埋深4m区域内,多样性指数波动不大.调查表明,随着埋深的变化,地表的天然植被草本、灌木、乔木也呈现明显的分异,地下水水盐条件制约植被分布、生存和演替,各种植被类型适应不同的地下水位和盐分特征.     

黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲与水资源的关系

简要介绍了黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲自然概况,分析了黑河下游地表水、地下水近20年的变化趋势,进而对额济纳绿洲植被生长、植物种群演替、植被覆盖度以及绿洲的存亡与当地地下水埋深的关系作了剖析,并对规划年绿洲变化作了预测.指出了水资源是黑河下游额济纳经济社会可持续发展和生态环境建设的依托,如何稳定绿洲和使绿洲有适度规模发展,是生态保护的核心问题,具有重要的战略意义.     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲退化规律及其控制因素

本文针对黑河下游的额济纳绿洲，借助遥感方法利用气象卫星数据定量确定了绿洲的多年动态变化规律，通过地下水数值模拟得到地下水水位埋深分布，提出植被覆盖率的概念较好地描述了植被生长状况与地下水位埋深的定量关系，最终给出了能从宏观上研究干旱区绿洲和水资源定量关系的实用方法。     

中国西北地区额济纳绿洲植被盖度与黑河流量的滞后效应研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北干旱地区,由于降水稀少,绿洲是当地人类生存和发展的主要依托。近年来,随着黑河流域中游地区用水量的逐年加大,下游来水量减少,使得下游额济纳绿洲的面积不断减小,湖泊干涸,沙漠化严重,生态环境恶化。由于绿洲植被的生长与水有极为密切的关系,因此,研究河流流量与绿洲植被生长之间的定量关系,对改善黑河流域生态环境、协调用水矛盾和合理配置水资源具有重要意义。将遥感数据与黑河径流量数据相结合,在区域尺度上定量研究额济纳绿洲植被生长与河流径流量的关系。结果表明,绿洲植被对黑河径流以及地下水有很强的依赖关系,而且黑河径流对额济纳绿洲的影响存在一年的滞后期,而地下水则通过这种滞后作用将两者联系起来。     

银川平原植被生长与地下水关系研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北内陆干旱地区降水稀少,植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了中国银川平原地区地下水埋深及矿化度与植被生长的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为1~6m,当地下水位埋深为3.5m左右时,植被长势最好。而在水位埋深为3.5m左右的地区,植被生长的相对好坏又受地下水矿化度的影响。当地下水矿化度为0.9g/L时对该地区植被的生长最为有利。     

民勤绿洲天然植被生长与地下水埋深变化关系

甘肃石羊河流域民勤盆地水资源短缺,生态环境脆弱,弄清地下水埋深与天然生态植被生长的关系,是精准调控地下水开采、针对性制定生态保护政策的重要理论依据。利用民勤盆地2000—2017年LANDSAT遥感数据,计算归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）年均值,结合85眼监测井的地下水埋深实测数据,分析了植被生长与埋深的关系。结果显示:研究区植被NDVI较低,多年均值约0.1,2012年后NDVI趋于增大,反映人工造林等措施成果明显。地下水埋深总体趋于增大,2008年后增幅减缓,目前埋深西部大于20 m,东部、北部小于20 m。区内适宜植被生长的埋深范围为2.5~3.9 m,多年平均适宜生态水位约2.66 m;埋深小于4 m时,NDVI与埋深表现为高度负相关(R<-0.8),即埋深越小,NDVI越高;埋深大于4 m时,两者无明显关系。较前人成果,文章从长序列时间、盆地空间尺度分析了民勤绿洲区天然植被生长与地下水埋深的变化,得到浅埋区生态水位,进而圈定了生态治理重点靶区。     

地下水对银川平原植被生长的影响

植被是反映区域性生态环境状况的重要指标之一,而地下水对植被的生长有着重要的影响。结合MODIS-NDVI遥感数据与地下水位观测数据,从大尺度上研究了银川平原地下水与植被的关系,并结合实测的数据,利用最小二乘法拟合出地下水位埋深与NDVI变化率的关系曲线,定量分析了地下水位埋深对植被生长的影响,并对适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深进行了探讨。研究结果表明：地下水位埋深在3 m时,植被长势最好;而适宜植被生长的地下水位埋深范围是1~5 m;当地下水位埋深超过5 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的影响逐渐减弱;当水位埋深超过8 m时,地下水位埋深对植被的生长没有影响。     

柴达木盆地生态植被的地下水阈值

生态植被的地下水阈值是指植被依赖地下水生长的最大水位埋深和溶解性总固体含量（TDS）。控制地下水开采生态风险的基础是弄清生态植被与地下水的依存关系并给出地下水阈值。文章利用遥感数据集MOD13Q1和水文地质调查获得的实测数据,统计分析了柴达木盆地主要平原区生态植被与潜水的水位埋深、TDS的关系。结果表明:天然植被依赖地下水的阈值是水位埋深为5.3 m、TDS为7.5 g/L;埋深＞5.3 m地带的天然植被基本与地下水无关;埋深＜1.1 m是水生植被、湿生植被与湿生耐盐碱植被适宜生长的水位埋深区间;埋深1.4~3.5 m是耐盐植被及中生植被与旱生植被适合生长的水位埋深区间;TDS≤1.5 g/L适宜植被生长,1.5 g/L＜TDS≤5 g/L较适宜植被生长,5 g/L＜TDS≤7.5 g/L基本不适宜植被生长,TDS＞7.5 g/L不适宜植被生长。     

中国典型地区地下水位对环境的控制作用及阈值研究

研究采用理论分析和实践成果相结合、区域宏观分析与典型地区深入剖析相结合的研究方法,从地下水不合理开发利用引起的环境问题出发,选取华北地区、西北地区以及沿海地区作为典型区,分析地下水位对环境的控制作用,提出了具有针对性的地下水位控制阈值。华北平原有利于山前调蓄的地下水位埋深为10m、中东部平原浅层控制土壤盐渍化水位埋深为2~3 m、防止地裂缝的水位埋深为7 m、深层控制地面沉降水位埋深为50 m、浅埋岩溶区地下水位应控制在岩溶含水层上覆的松散岩类的底板高程(2 m)之上;西北地区控制天然植被衰败的地下水位埋深为2.0~4.5 m和人工绿洲灌溉期控制土壤盐渍化的地下水位埋深为1.2~1.5 m,非灌溉期中冻结期地下水位埋深1.3~1.5 m,冻融期为2.2~2.7 m;沿海地区防止海水入侵的地下水位阈值应控制在漏斗中心水位高程-5~-6 m,最大不超过-8 m。上述地下水位控制阈值的确定,为实施地下水总量控制和水位控制管理提供了科学依据。     

银川平原土壤盐渍化与植被发育和地下水埋深关系

土壤盐渍化是制约银川平原内部植被生长最主要的生态环境地质问题,也是影响区域农业生产的第一障碍性问题。基于遥感数据,结合表层土壤含盐量及地下水位观测资料,对银川平原土壤盐渍化与植被和地下水的关系进行了定量研究。结果表明：随着表层土壤含盐量的增大,NDVI(归一化植被指数)逐渐减小,植被发育较好的区域土壤含盐量均小于3 g/kg;植被主要生长在没有盐渍化或轻微盐渍化的地区,在中度和重度盐渍化地区几乎没有植被发育;在枯水季节,研究区土壤盐渍化最严重的地下水位埋深为1.5 m,而土壤盐渍化较为严重的地下水位埋深范围为1~3 m。     

Modelling the response of vegetation restoration to changes in groundwater level,based on ecologically suitable groundwater depth

Groundwater-level fluctuations at a large scale have a significant effect on the preservation and restoration of vegetation. This study determined suitable groundwater depth within which natural vegetation grows well, and analysed the effect of groundwater regulation on vegetation restoration in Tianjin City, northern China. Normal and lognormal distributions were used to fit the curve of the relation between vegetation and groundwater depth. The groundwater depth range corresponding to the higher frequency of vegetation distribution was regarded as the ‘suitable water depth’ range for vegetation growth. The suitable groundwater depth for shrub growth was 3–5 m and for grass growth 1–3 m. A groundwater flow model predicted the future changes of groundwater depths in the vegetation distribution area under the condition that the current levels of groundwater extraction are maintained. The results showed that there is potential for the extraction of groundwater in shrubland areas, but for grassland areas the water-table elevation showed a downward trend, meaning that water shortages in some areas may be more severe in the future. Finally, based on the current groundwater extraction regime, two regulation schemes were developed: (1) for shrubland, groundwater extraction was reduced by 10% in the ecological water deficit areas, and extraction was increased by 10% in the ecological water surplus and suitable areas, and (2) for grassland, groundwater recharge was increased by the restoration of the wetland areas. In conclusion, the groundwater depths in most of the area would be more suitable for vegetation growth under the regulation schemes.     

The changes of vegetation cover in Ejina Oasis based on water resources redistribution in Heihe River

The Ejina Oasis (EO), located in arid northwest China, is a typical arid area in the world. The ecosystem in the oasis has become worse since the 1990s. However, it began to improve after the Chinese government took the mandatory measure to redistribute the water in Heihe in 2000. To understand this change, the remote sensing images in 1990, 2000 and 2006 were selected, and exertion related Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) model was employed. Results showed that: (1) non-vegetation cover was the main body of the vegetation cover in oasis, showing a trend of increase at the beginning and diminution later, while low, medium and high vegetation cover was the other way around; (2) the area of low, medium and high vegetation cover in 2006 was less than that in 1990; the status and trend index P _t of oasis vegetation cover was 0.62 in 1990–2000, which means that the oasis ecosystem of Ejina was getting worse and was under an unbalanced status; P _t was 0.27 in 2000–2006 indicating that the oasis ecosystem was restored obviously and the whole system tended to be balanced; (3) all of these changes should be attributed to the water resources redistribution in Heihe River, which played a leading role, as well as the measures and relevant policies taken by the local government, which promoted the rapid recovery of the medium and high vegetation.     

Changes in soil quality in the critical area of desertification surrounding the Ejina Oasis,Northern China

The critical area around an oasis where desertification occurs determines the ecological security and stability of the oasis. In this study, the soil quality in the critical area of desertification surrounding the Ejina Oasis was evaluated by using a soil quality index (SQI). The soil surface moisture content was related to vegetation cover; it remained high to a distance of 600 m from the oasis, decreased at distances of 600 to 1,700 m, and then gradually increased to a distance of 1,900 m. The sand content and soil bulk density gradually decreased to a distance of 300 m from the oasis; however, the silt and clay contents, soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and total and available nutrients increased away from the oasis. From 300 to 1,900 m, the sand content and soil bulk density increased; however, values of other soil properties decreased. Thus, a distance of 300 m from the edge of the oasis represents an obvious demarcation point for soil properties. SOM and the clay content were the key factors that determined soil quality. SQI increased from 0.284 at the edge of the oasis to 0.793 at 300 m, decreased to 0.262 at 1,400 m, and then decreased further to 0.142 at 1,900 m. SQI was lowest at distances of 1,400–1,900 m. The area beyond 300 m from the oasis was most vulnerable to desertification, and is thus the area where desertification control measures should be strengthened.