新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。     

冲积扇砾岩储层构型特征及其对储层开发的控制作用——以准噶尔盆地西北缘某区克下组冲积扇储层为例

冲积扇砾岩储层作为陆相沉积储层十分重要的类型之一, 一直是我国油气勘探开发的重点领域。以准噶尔盆地西北缘某区下克拉玛依组为例, 根据砾岩储层相变快、储层非均质性强等特点, 在沉积相分析的基础上, 对储层构型特征进行了精细分析, 将储层划分为槽流砾石体、槽滩砂砾体、漫洪内砂体、漫洪内细粒、片流砾石体、漫洪外砂体、漫洪外细粒、辫流水道、辫流砂砾坝、漫流砂体、漫流细粒、径流水道和水道间细粒共13种构型单元, 其中以槽流砾石体、片流砾石体、辫流水道和辫流砂砾坝占主导。构型解剖结果显示:研究区砾岩储层槽流砾石体平面呈条带状, 剖面厚度大, 为2~8 m;片流砾石体沉积厚度大, 一般为2~7 m;辫流水道构型单元宽度为80~400 m, 剖面呈透镜状, 厚度为2~7 m;辫流砂砾坝沉积厚度较大, 为2~7 m。上述构型单元受北部和西北部方向物源控制明显。储层构型特征能有效反映储层非均质性、连通性等属性, 对油田开发具有较强的控制作用。     

柴达木盆地切12区沉积层序及对油气富集的控制作用

柴达木盆地昆北油田切12区发育厚层砂砾岩油藏。砂砾岩成因类型及分布规律认识不清是制约油藏开发的关键地质因素。综合利用地质、测井、地震及开发动态等资料,在等时层序地层格架内,系统研究砂砾岩的成因类型、分布规律及其对油气富集的控制作用。研究结果表明,切12区下干柴沟组下段发育冲积扇沉积,可划分出辫状水道、泥石流、漫流沉积、径流水道及洪泛平原5种沉积微相类型,可建立“泛连通体”夹间歇性水道、稳定水道形成的叠置分隔复合水道、辫状水道与漫流沉积侧向相间、径流水道镶嵌于洪泛平原泥岩4个沉积构型单元。垂向上,冲积扇整体表现为粒度下粗上细、湖进退积型的沉积序列;平面发育6个冲积扇体,呈由北向南迁移的规律。沉积相带对油气分布具明显控制作用,沉积构型单元控制油气纵向富集,扇体变迁控制油气平面聚集。     

阵发性洪水条件下辫状河型冲积扇构型研究:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

白杨河冲积扇是由阵发性洪水期的碎屑流沉积物与间洪期辫状河沉积物组成的复合型冲积扇,其构型与碎屑流扇的构型和河流型扇的构型有很大的不同。本研究选取准噶尔盆地西北缘干旱气候下发育的现代白杨河冲积扇作为解剖实例,对103个天然剖面和9个人工大型探槽进行了详细测量,在沉积微相及不同级别的沉积构型的观测和分析的基础上,分析了阵发性洪水条件下间歇性辫状河型冲积扇体的地貌单元的演化过程和沉积构型特征,研究不同流态的阵发性洪水条件下各种建造和改造机制,明确受阵发性洪水控制的间歇性辫状河型冲积扇的沉积特征,建立了其沉积构型模式。认为: 在洪水期,阵发性洪流(碎屑流)形成席状化的片流(或片洪)沉积,在洪退期,随着洪水强度的减弱,又转变为辫流沉积,而在间洪期,仍有持续的辫状流体(牵引流)在限制性的水道中流动,并对洪水期的碎屑流沉积物进行改造,形成了限制性的(条带状的)辫状河道沉积,2个时期的沉积物在时空上频繁叠置,形成了一种更加复杂的沉积构型。该模式对油田地下冲积扇砂砾储集层的成因识别、预测及对比具有一定的参考价值。     

多种建模方法耦合建立冲积扇三维构型模型:以克拉玛依油田六中东区下克拉玛依组为例

以克拉玛依油田六中东区下克拉玛依组为例,通过对8口小井距的密闭取心井及周围24口井的构型特征分析,建立了研究区目的层段的三维构型模型。分析得到冲积扇不同亚相实用的构型建模方法：冲积扇扇根为泛连通体,各级构型展布范围不大,主要为片流砂砾体,三维构型建模适合用基于目标的模拟方法;扇中主要构型单元为漫流细粒、辫流水道和漫流砂体,辫流水道与漫流砂体有明显的接触分带关系,适合用截断高斯模拟方法;扇缘主要构型单元为漫流细粒,少量分布径流水道和漫流砂体,适合用序贯指示及基于目标的模拟方法。最终建立的三维构型模型能较好地体现了各级构型单元在平面上和垂向上的展布范围和接触关系。为后期剩余油分布的预测、井网调整及剩余油挖潜提供了准确的依据。     

克拉玛依油田七中东区克下组沉积微相及演化

通过对区域地质背景、岩心相、测井相分析,并结合分析化验等资料,认为克拉玛依油田七中、东区克下组沉积相为山麓-洪积相.将本区划分为扇根内带、扇根外带、扇中和扇缘4个亚相.从下到上,克下组沉积相平面分布从以扇根砂砾岩为主,演化为以扇中砂砾岩与泥岩互层为主,最终转变为扇缘泥岩夹少量砂砾岩.划分了槽流砾石体、片流砂砾体、漫洪砂体、漫洪细粒沉积、辫流水道、径流水道、漫流砂体和漫流细粒共8个沉积微相,描述了各微相岩石学特征、结构特征、构造特征和电性特征,指出沉积相平面展布及垂向演化特征,建立了研究区沉积模式.     

辫状河型冲积扇片流带特征与支撑砾岩成因研究

冲积扇砂砾岩油藏是准噶尔盆地勘探热点,尤其是玛湖凹陷特大型砂砾岩油藏的发现,更加表明砾质冲积扇储层研究的必要。选取白杨河冲积扇为研究对象,对砾质辫状河型冲积扇内部片流带以及支撑砾岩的沉积特征和分布规律进行研究,结果表明:1）扇内片流带沉积介于扇根补给水道与扇中辫状水道沉积环境之间,与二者呈过渡接触,片流带规模可达千米级别,内部支撑砾岩的发育改善了片流带储层物性;2）识别出三类支撑砾岩,分别是片流支撑砾岩、沿层理面发育的支撑砾岩以及沟槽底部支撑砾岩,前两者均为超临界水流淘洗成因,后者则为径流改造成因;3）片流支撑砾岩发育于片流沉积,具有较好的成层性以及较高的线密度;沿层面发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状沟槽沉积环境,形态受限于沟槽规模,可与交错层理砾岩匹配形成大规模优质岩相组合;沟槽底部发育的支撑砾岩发育于辫状水道底部,规模小但连通性好。综上,基于野外露头片流带以及支撑砾岩研究可以为井下砂砾岩油藏开发提供理论支撑。     

干旱条件下冲积扇的沉积构型和演化过程: 基于水槽模拟实验

利用延时相机以及3D激光扫描仪等设备,通过水槽实验获得了74组扇面地貌数据,并采用定量化的软件对这些数据进行了精细的沉积学分析,明确了干旱条件下冲积扇的沉积演化过程及其控制的沉积构型。研究表明: (1)干旱条件下冲积扇沉积演化过程中水动力、水流样式、扇体增生规律等均存在明显的差异性,根据这些差异将整个模拟实验分为早期、中期、晚期3个阶段。(2)实验早期,扇体水动力较强,主控沉积作用为片流沉积,根据片流沉积的分布范围,可将其分为整体片流沉积和局部片流沉积。(3)实验中期,扇体中远端水动力及扇面扩大速率均有所减小,主控沉积作用为非限定性水道,主要沉积体为朵体沉积,非限定性水道主要分布在近源端,而朵体主要分布在水道末端的开阔地带。(4)实验晚期,受巨大的扇体影响,水动力进一步减小,主控沉积作用为限定性水道沉积。(5)通过实验研究,建立了具有明显3层结构的干旱条件下冲积扇沉积构型模式,其中底层是片流朵体复合体、中层为非限制性水道与末端朵体复合体、顶层是水道和小型末端朵体复合体。     

东非鲁伍马盆地深水X气藏海底扇储层构型研究:重力流—底流交互作用的指示意义*

底流在陆缘深水环境下广泛存在,可对深水沉积过程及砂体分布产生重要影响。前人对重力流与底流的交互作用机制及沉积产物开展了大量研究,但目前有关底流改造型的海底扇储层构型模式仍然研究不够深入。东非鲁伍马盆地是当前重力流—底流交互作用研究的热点地区,文中以其代表性的下始新统海底扇水道体系为例,综合岩心、测井及三维地震资料开展储层构型精细表征,建立重力流—底流交互作用下的海底扇水道体系构型模式。研究表明,目标水道体系内部发育水道、溢岸及朵叶3种构型要素,其中水道可分为水道复合体、单一水道及其内部不同级次的构型单元。底流对细粒物质的搬运可形成非对称的溢岸沉积,导致水道复合体之间呈逆底流侧向迁移叠置样式,其间泥岩隔层容易保存; 单一水道之间呈顺水道纵向迁移或逆底流侧向迁移样式,其中纵向迁移部位水道切叠连通,而侧向迁移部位容易保存泥质侧向隔挡体。受重力流沉积演化的影响,单一水道内部充填由砂泥交互型逐渐演化为富砂型,且在水道弯曲段的轴部砂体最为发育。     

砾质辫状河型冲积扇沉积微相及沉积模式:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6km²)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。     

The significance and timing of sheetflood vs braided channel deposition on lacustrine fan deltas,Junggar Basin,NW China

The fan-delta reservoir play has become an important exploration target within the Junggar Basin, especially in the Mabei area within the Mahu Sag, where a fan-delta oil and gas pool has been recently discovered. The sedimentary characteristics, distribution patterns and formation mechanisms of the fan-delta clastic bodies in Lower Triassic Baikouquan Formation (T1b) were studied using seismic, well log and core data accompanied by a flume tank experiment and a modern analogue depositional study. The T1b in the Mabei area is composed of a fan delta consisting of fan-delta plain (including debris flow deposits, sheetflood deposits, braided channel deposits, and floodplain deposits), fan-delta front (including subaqueous reworked sheetflood deposits and distal sheetflood deposits) and muddy lake deposits. The sheetflood deposits, characterised by moderately sorted conglomerates with brown matrix, form during the peak flooding. They are widespread and sheet-like, occupying the major portion of the fan-delta plain. The braided channel deposits are characterised by well-sorted and clast-supported conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, formed later during the falling flow stage. Owing to the decline in volume and velocity, and the formation of continuously braided fluid flow, the sediments of the flood period are reworked, generating the braided channels. Laterally, the braided channels occur as belts of clastic bodies surrounded by continuous sheetflood deposits. Vertically, the braided channels are interbedded between the sheetflood deposits. The subaqueous reworked sheetflood deposits are characterised by greyish-green, well-sorted and clast-supported conglomerates, whereas the distal sheetflood deposits are characterised by well-sorted sandstones, intercalated with mudstone. The subaqueous reworked sheetflood and distal sheetflood deposits are a distal partly subaqueous extension of the main sheetflood deposits, albeit reworked by basinal currents and waves. The distal sheetflood deposits form on distal fringes of the sheetfloods and are more thoroughly reworked by longshore and wave currents. The braided channel, subaqueous reworked sheetflood and distal sheetflood deposits can form high-porosity reservoirs. These findings challenge the common view and suggest that the channelised facies on the fans are not the main flood events; rather, the more extensive sheetfloods are the major flood events.     

黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征

综合运用钻井岩心、测井、三维高分辨率地震等资料,对渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷北部马头营凸起馆陶组砂体成因及展布特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明:馆陶组沉积前期发育2条规模大、延伸较远,呈近NS、NNW—SSE展布的沟槽,指示物源主要来源于北部燕山褶皱带。馆陶组为冲积扇-辫状河-曲流河沉积序列;馆三下段为冲积扇扇中辫状河道和河道间漫流相,发育扇中辫状河道成因砂体;馆三上段为辫状河道和泛滥平原相,发育河床滞留沉积和心滩成因砂体;馆二段和馆一段为曲流河沉积,河床滞留沉积、边滩、决口扇和天然堤是主要的砂体成因类型。馆陶组可划分为3个长期旋回,7个中期旋回,16~19个短期旋回;以短期旋回为单元,建立了馆二段等时地层对比的高分辨层序地层格架;层序格架控制着砂体的分布模式,馆二段短期旋回的下部砂岩发育,是主要的储集层。层控测井约束反演提高了馆二段薄互层河道砂体预测的精度,馆二段各砂层组反演预测平面砂地比反映河道砂体呈NE—SW向的展布特征。     

天山北缘辫状河型洪积扇沉积特征及其对准噶尔盆地 西北缘古代洪积扇油气勘探的指导意义

通过天山北缘白杨河及玛纳斯河现代辫状河沉积作用为主的洪积扇的研究,认为此类洪积扇以活动的辫流带和洪水 期才发生沉积的漫洪带为特征。扇面上不能全区同时发生沉积,而是选择扇面低势能区发生沉积。辫状河道呈条带状分 布,与常规砾质辫状河沉积特征类似,并向扇缘散开,沉积的砾石条带物性好。洪积扇的发育受构造、气候、水系的共同 控制,这些条件决定了洪积扇的沉积特征及发育规模。准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系古代洪积扇以辫状河道沉积作用为主,是 发育在盆地边缘低坡度洪积扇,更倾向于辫状河沉积特征。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷曙二区大凌河油层湖底扇沉积特征与沉积模式探讨

利用成熟探区翔实的岩芯、录井和测井等资料,研究了辽河盆地西部凹陷曙二区大凌河油层湖底扇沉积特征与沉积模式。研究表明,大凌河油层湖底扇具有较为发育的水道体系（主沟道或辫状沟道）,平面上相带展布、扇体的分布面积、砂体延伸方向和分布模式受水道及古地貌变化的控制。水道体系及其控制的沉积体呈顺源、带状展布。主沟道向前延伸逐渐变为规模较大的辫状沟道沉积,两侧发育辫状沟道侧缘,呈条带-舌形展布,向湖方向逐渐演变为多支小型末端辫状沟道沉积。湖底扇内部平面微相序列表现为“主沟道→主沟道堤→深湖泥”或“辫状沟道→辫状沟道侧缘→辫状沟道间（或末梢）→深湖泥”的变化特征。每支辫状沟道控制形成的带状沉积体间均为明显深湖-半深湖泥岩沉积分割,呈带状-舌状沉积体向湖盆中心延伸较远。     

The effects of fluctuating base level on the structure of alluvial fan and associated fan delta deposits: an example from the Tertiary of the Betic Cordillera, Spain

The Villanueva Complex is a lacustrine alluvial fan - fan delta system which accumulated on the northern margin of the Guadix Basin during the Pliocene. Five transitional zones can be distinguished from proximal to distal areas: proximal alluvial fan, mid-fan, fan fringe (transition zone), proximal fan delta and distal fan delta (lacustrine). This paper focuses on sedimentation in the fan fringe and the proximal fan delta areas, where the effects of fluctuations in the base level (lacustrine level) are more easily observed. The stratigraphical succession is here characterized by an alternation of fine lacustrine sediments (mudstones and siltstones) and gravels. The gravels appear as isolated channels, stacked channels, lenses and sheets. The isolated channels, which have a V-shaped profile and better developed wings towards the top, appear in the fan fringe zone and in the fan delta. The stacked channels originate in the fan fringe zone and evolve laterally and distally to isolated channels. The lenticular gravel bodies (lenses) are well represented throughout the fan delta and present small channels at the base, indicating a radial flow pattern. Finally, the sheets are characteristic of the fan fringe zone. The first episodes of channel incision occurred at lowstand lake level. The channels and lenses developed in rising lake level conditions, and sheet deposit took place at highstand lake level. Although the final form of the lithosome was heavily controlled by the fluctuations in lake level, it depended on the relative proportions of gravel and silt sedimentation. The gravel-siltstone interface therefore represents an equilibrium surface between the proportions of sedimentation of these lithologies. The bodies mentioned above are organized in coarsening and thickening upwards sequences tens of metres thick, in which a distal to proximal evolution can be observed from isolated channels to lenses or from stacked channels to sheets. The building and thickness of these sequences were controlled by fluctuations in the lake level. An initial fall in base level caused lengthening of the channels and entrenchment from distal to proximal areas, and a continuous increase in supply due to erosion in the drainage basin installed on the subaerial fan. When the lake level rose, lobes were formed at the channel endings and overbank processes were made possible, thus generating radial channels, whose levees were formed by amalgamation with the levees of the main lens channels. At the same time, sheets were formed in proximal areas, where the available amount of sediment was greater.     

鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组—太原组扇三角洲沉积与油气聚集的关系

利用盆地北部大量钻井资料、岩心及露头观察结果,结合古地质背景,以及粒度、岩矿等分析资料,对晚石炭—早二叠世广泛分布的含砾砂岩体沉积特征进行了深入的分析。结果表明:它们属于扇三角洲体系,并以河道化冲积的形式前积到陆表海盆地中,平面上分带性和纵向上退积结构较清楚,重力流沉积特征不明显,而水道化的牵引流成因沉积特征明显。以高能辫状水道、水下分流河道砂砾岩为主要骨架,河口坝不发育。而且,这些水道作用居重要地位的扇三角洲高能水道砂体因受物源、古地貌及潮汐等影响,往往被潮汐改造而形成障壁砂坝,也是有利储集体。它们之间因沉积特征不同,储集空间、储集性能和含油性也各具特色,但都以高能化水道形成的厚石英砂带为有利相带。