海水中钢铁锈层的微生物成因及其环境效应

研究了海水环境中钢铁腐蚀产物即锈层中的厌氧微生物群落和锈层矿物特征及其相关性。微生物富集培养和初步的分子生物学分析结果表明,海水钢铁锈层中至少生存有硫酸盐还原细菌和铁还原细菌两种厌氧细菌。使用扫描电子显微镜和电子能谱、X-射线衍射仪等对锈层样品进行了矿物学观察和分析。在外锈层和中间锈层,主要是α,β,γ-FeOOH等铁(水合)氧化物。铁水合硫酸盐即绿锈则主要出现在内锈层。初步讨论了厌氧细菌作用下的铁腐蚀矿物生成和转化过程,并提出钢铁锈层微生物和矿物在海洋环境的微生物修复中可能具有重要作用。     

厌氧微生物作用下沉积物中砷的形态转化与环境行为研究

为了研究厌氧微生物作用下沉积物中砷的形态转化及固液界面的分配过程对砷的环境行为与归趋的影响,通过采集锦州湾清洁沉积物进行负载砷,利用微生物培养与非生物培养实验,对比研究厌氧微生物作用下砷铁硫共还原条件下污染体系中砷的环境行为与归趋。实验结果表明在培养的42 d周期内,液相的总砷量首先砷浓度保持降低趋势,而后再次升高。在培养第3~7 d时液相的As5+迅速被还原,约26%的溶解态砷从液相移除,97%以上的As5+被还原为As3+。同时微生物作用下固相中90%以上铁氧化物矿物逐渐转化为次生的亚铁矿物,固相中结晶态铁氧化物发生明显活化,而硫酸盐还原产物硫离子综合调控体系中游离的亚铁离子和As3+。因此,厌氧微生物还原条件下,砷,铁,硫同步发生还原,硫离子调控体系中砷和铁环境行为,硫化亚铁成为亚铁矿物的主要形态,硫化砷是砷的主要归趋。     

微生物胞外聚合物特征组分影响黄铁矿分解作用的实验研究

为探讨微生物胞外聚合物(EPS)对矿物分解的影响,以查明微生物-矿物直接接触形式对硫化物分解的显著促进作用,分别采用葡萄糖、精氨酸、葡糖醛酸、柠檬酸等EPS的特征组分,配制浓度相同的系列反应溶液,与黄铁矿颗粒持续反应29 d(30℃).通过检测反应溶液中的全铁含量来近似表征黄铁矿的溶解速率,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察黄铁矿溶解前后的形貌变化.实验发现,在微生物-矿物相互作用的过程中,EPS中的部分组分,如葡糖醛酸、柠檬酸,可能起着关键的作用,而分子量相对较大的糖类和缺少化学活动性基团的葡萄糖、精氨酸等则会降低黄铁矿分解的速率,可能与其在黄铁矿表面的覆盖有关.     

微生物对硅酸盐矿物风化作用研究进展

微生物对硅酸盐矿物风化的影响研究取得了一系列重要进展。在贫营养环境中,微生物风化硅酸盐矿物获取营养物质,加速了硅酸盐矿物的风化;由于微生物的作用,矿物的风化会不遵循正常的矿物化学风化序列,表现出稳定矿物比不稳定矿物更易风化的特征。微生物风化硅酸盐矿物时会在硅酸盐矿物表面留下痕迹,即富集或转移相应的元素和矿物,而且还能改变硅酸盐矿物的化学组成和结构。微生物的上述行为受营养基质含量、有机酸、生物膜、胞外聚合物以及氧化还原作用的影响。     

柴达木盆地新近纪叠层石中微生物化石组合的发现与钙化方式研究

在柴达木盆地西部新近纪叠层石纹层中第一次明确发现了保存完好的微生物化石,其中包括微米级别的微生物球状构造,亚微米级的生物颗粒构造以及矿化的席状和片状有机组织。结合目前国内外的研究成果可以确定暗层中微米级球状构造为类似于Coccoid的硫还原微生物,亚微米的球状颗粒一方面是叠层石微生物席胞外聚合物质(EPS)的重要组成部分,另一方面也是极端条件下微生物体脱水收缩以后的产物,而片状和席状构造则是矿化的EPS以及微生物膜。通过对亮层和暗层中生物构造、石英、石盐以及方解石矿物的分析,可以确定叠层石的形成过程分为暗层有机主动矿化和亮层无机原地沉淀,其中的暗层矿化则分为上层封闭酸性环境中的光合作用,以及下层相对封闭环境中的硫还原和EPS的降解钙化作用,上部的亮层则主要为原地沉淀无机成因并在成岩过程中受到了暗层中有机质的影响。     

Cronobacter sakazakii还原针铁矿的实验研究

铁元素在地壳中含量丰富,常以多种氧化态的形式广泛存在。在缺氧或者厌氧的环境中,部分微生物能够利用含铁矿物中的Fe(Ⅲ)作为电子受体进行厌氧呼吸从而保证生命活动的正常进行(Lovley,1997),具有这种能力的微生物被称作     

铁氧化物对有机质厌氧产甲烷过程的影响及其机制

甲烷(CH?)不仅是自然界产生的重要温室气体,也是人类已经推广利用的可再生能源之一.作为自然界广泛存在的矿物,铁氧化物同厌氧微生物的交互作用对产甲烷过程具有显著的影响.主要针对不同铁氧化物-厌氧微生物体系内的产甲烷效率,铁氧化物及微生物群落演化,铁氧化物的作用机制等进行总结分析.铁氧化物在微生物的作用下会发生溶解、还原并可能产生新的矿物.而铁氧化物的直接和间接影响微生物群组成,进而影响产甲烷过程,主要体现在4个方面:(1)铁氧化物溶解及生物还原产生的Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)影响微生物活性和体系氧化还原电位;(2)铁还原菌和产甲烷菌竞争产甲烷基质;(3)铁氧化物对产甲烷菌的直接抑制毒性;(4)具有导电性能的铁氧化物可以作为电子传递媒介促进铁还原菌或脂肪酸氧化菌与产甲烷菌之间的直接电子传递过程.最后,探讨了铁氧化物促进产甲烷过程尚需解决的主要问题及研究趋势,以期推动铁氧化物-厌氧微生物交互作用及其环境效应方面的研究工作.     

柴达木盆地南翼山地区微生物碳酸盐岩结构与矿化作用

为明确柴达木盆地西部地区新生界微生物碳酸盐岩微观结构及主要造岩矿物的成因机理,本文利用岩芯观察、薄片分析、扫描电镜及电子探针分析等实验测试方法,对南翼山地区上油砂山组微生物碳酸盐岩微观结构、矿物特征差异性及矿化作用开展研究。分析认为南翼山地区上油砂山组发育厚层泥晶碳酸盐岩,单层厚度3～5 m;局部发育薄层微生物碳酸盐岩,单层厚度以30～50 cm为主,单层最大厚度2 m。微生物碳酸盐岩类型以凝块石为主、局部发育叠层石,二者混合共生,通过扫描电镜在微生物碳酸盐岩中发现了大量钙化的细胞外聚合物(EPS)组构与少量微生物化石,为湖相微生物碳酸盐岩的形成提供了生物学证据。研究结果表明：(1)微生物碳酸盐岩主要矿物类型为方解石,微观组构复杂、类型多样,包括球粒、团粒、菱面体以及片状结构等。球粒粒径分布范围50～80 nm。团粒由若干纳米级球粒聚合黏结形成,粒径为几微米至几十微米。片状方解石往往大小不等、形态各异,粒径通常为1～10μm。(2)发现大量钙化EPS组构及疑似微体化石,包括球状、杆状及丝状体。杆状体微生物化石直径约0.4μm,长0.5～1μm。丝状体微生物化石直径约0.3～0.5μm,...     

微生物成矿

微生物对生命元素如碳、氮、硫、氧和金属离子的代谢作用能显著的改变微生物周边的外部环境和其内部环境。在一系列的生物地球化学过程中,微生物参与了矿产的沉积(生物成矿)或参与了矿石和岩石的溶解(生物风化)。生物成矿作用有两个途径：一个叫生物诱导成矿,通过这个过程,微生物分泌出代谢产物导致了之后的矿物颗粒的沉积;另一个叫生物控制成矿,在这个过程中,微生物在控制矿物成核和生长上起到了显著作用。微生物成因的矿物总体来说颗粒都很小和／或有着独特的同位素特征。最普遍的生物成因矿物有碳酸盐、硫化物和铁的氧化物。细胞表面和其分泌的胞外聚合物的结构可以为离子的浓缩、聚合和矿化提供模板,并起到重要作用。地球材料的仿生合成帮助我们了解了在人工条件下的生物成矿机制。此外,在地质环境中生物成因的矿物还可以作为一种生物信号,用来重建地球和其他行星的起源和演化。     

江汉平原高砷地下水原位微生物的铁还原及其对砷释放的影响

微生物参与铁氧化物矿物的还原性溶解是高砷地下水形成的关键过程,其中具有砷还原功能的微生物如何参与含水层砷释放的生物地球化学过程亟待研究.利用从江汉平原典型高砷含水层中厌氧条件下分离出的四株细菌(Citrobacter sp.JH-1、Clostridium sp.JH-6、Exiguobacterium sp.JH-13、Paenibacillus sp.JH-33),通过室内厌氧模拟培养实验,查明其砷、铁还原能力,并通过分别与铁氧化物矿物及原位沉积物共同培养,探究原位含水层微生物参与的砷释放机理.结果表明:四株细菌均具有厌氧条件下砷、铁还原功能,Citrobacter sp.JH-1砷还原能力最强,96 h内还原的As(Ⅴ)浓度为2.22 μmol/L.其中Citrobacter sp.JH-1不仅可在厌氧和有氧条件下还原溶液中的As(Ⅴ),还可在厌氧条件下还原溶液中的Fe(Ⅲ)和无定型的水铁矿,在与含水层沉积物共培养12 d后,沉积物中铁与砷的释放量分别为510 mg/kg及1 150 μg/kg.江汉平原含水层中的原位微生物兼具砷/铁还原功能,在厌氧条件下可还原沉积物中的铁氧化物矿物并促进砷的释放,为深入揭示高砷地下水成因机理与地下水砷污染的防控提供重要科学依据.      

Activated sludge properties in a submerged membrane bioreactor: effect of COD/TKN ratio of wastewater

The properties of activated sludge are very important in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in terms of membrane fouling. The most important parameters affecting the membrane fouling can be listed as mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration, soluble microbial products (SMPs), extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), floc size, aeration and viscosity of both supernatant and activated sludge. The COD/TKN ratio also affects the physical properties of sludge in MBR system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chemical oxygen demand-to-total Kjeldahl nitrogen (COD/TKN) ratio of feed wastewater treated in an MBR on biological components of activated sludge. The activated sludge characteristics were determined by quantitative analyses such as MLSS, EPS, SMP, floc size distribution, zeta potential, relative hydrophobicity and capillary suction time in a submerged MBR treating simulated wastewater having different COD/TKN ratios (16, 56 and 107). The COD and TKN removal efficiencies were found to be almost equal in the sMBRs having different COD/TKN ratios. However, it was seen that the EPS content and SMP concentration in the supernatant increased with increasing COD/TKN ratio. The results indicated that the COD/TKN ratio of feed should be considered as an effective parameter on activated sludge properties in sMBR systems.     

偏高岭土增强石灰-水泥固化淤泥的耐久性研究

淤泥富含有机质，分解后产生腐殖酸，进而影响淤泥固化效果。仅掺入12%水泥固化淤泥，当标准养护期超过60 d，其强度不增反减。联合掺入3%石灰和12%水泥，固化淤泥的pH值持续180 d处于10.5以上；无侧限抗压强度由750 kPa（养护期28 d）提升到1 500 kPa（120 d），说明借助石灰营造强碱性环境，可以提高水泥固化淤泥的强度；但养护到180 d后，其强度又降到1 250 kPa；钙离子浓度变化规律表明，这是由于腐殖酸溶蚀水泥和石灰的水化胶结物所致。借助偏高岭土卓越的火山灰反应能力，掺入3.0%偏高岭土，提升石灰（3%）?水泥（12%）固化淤泥的耐久性，发现180 d养护期内，其强度始终处于增长趋势，究其原因是偏高岭土富含无定形硅、铝氧化物，具有快速捕获氢氧化钙溶液中钙离子的能力，形成稳定的胶结物，而且不易受腐殖酸的侵蚀作用，证明偏高岭土能够有效提升石灰?水泥固化淤泥长期强度。     

Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from activated sludge using sodium oxalate

In this study, sodium oxalate was employed to extract extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from activated sludge samples. The optimum dose of sodium oxalate was 1.34 g/g VSS (volatile suspended solids), and the extraction time was 60 min at pH 7. The total EPS contents obtained under the optimized conditions were approximately 191 mg/g VSS, and they predominantly consisted of proteins, polysaccharides and humic substances. The extraction efficiencies of the chosen method for the major biopolymers were 39, 43 and 410 % higher compared with the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cation exchange resin and control methods. Cell lysis measured in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid, and unidentified EPS were approximately 50 % lower in the sodium oxalate method than in the NaOH and EDTA methods. The EPS composition and the ratio of proteins/polysaccharides (1.38–2.21) were extremely dependent on the operating conditions maintained during the extraction. The inductively coupled plasma spectroscopic results demonstrated that the release of divalent metals, such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, from the sludge matrix was directly correlated with higher EPS extraction efficiencies in the sodium oxalate protocol. Moreover, the precipitation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ as metallic oxalates disrupted the floc structure and subsequently enhanced the EPS recovery. Fourier transform infrared studies revealed the presence of functional groups due to EPS molecules in all extracted samples.     

碱溶液预降解淤泥有机质的效果与机制讨论

淤泥富含大量有机质,受微生物作用,有机质会逐步分解出腐殖酸;同时,腐殖酸又会影响有机质降解,进而影响淤泥固化效果。为此,通过维持恒定的碱性缓冲溶液环境（pH=9.0）,将淤泥浸泡其中,观测其有机质含量的变化过程。结果表明,碱性缓冲溶液既能加快有机质分解,也能消耗腐殖酸,使溶液保持为碱性状态;当有机质分解完成,腐殖酸也释放结束,降解过程大约持续28 d。通过掺入水泥和石灰固化淤泥,发现含有机质的固化淤泥,其强度随养护时间会先增长后衰减,但预降解有机质的固化淤泥强度不会衰减。由此说明,通过碱性缓冲溶液预降解淤泥有机质,可以提升固化土耐久性。     

Chemical variables influencing microbial properties in composted tannery sludge-treated soil

Repeated applications of composted tannery sludge to arable soils have the potential to greatly alter soil chemistry and thus potentially influence the soil microbial community over time. This study performed multivariate analyses using the data of soil microbial biomass, respiration, and enzymes activities obtained during 5 years (2010–2014) in a long-term experiment with composted tannery sludge amendment. The correlation between the soil microbial and chemical properties, via the analysis of similarity matrices, revealed calcium as the main single factor influencing the microbial properties, in 2010 and 2011. Afterward, chromium was the most important chemical variables driving the microbial properties in 2012, 2013, and 2014. The non-metric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that the soil microbial properties changed with composted tannery sludge application from 2010 to 2014. Multivariate analysis from soil microbial data with composted tannery sludge amendment, during 5 years, showed calcium and chromium as being the most significant variables influencing the soil microbial properties in composted tannery sludge-treated soil.     

川渝地区煤的石墨化潜势研究

煤及煤系石墨化利用对于增强石墨矿产的战略保障能力、促进煤系矿产资源高效利用和推动煤炭企业转型升级等均具有重要意义。在能源矿产改革转型的关键时期,为了厘清川渝地区煤的石墨化潜势,在梳理分析煤的石墨化、煤基碳材料前驱体选择和川渝地区煤田地质概况的基础上,通过对川渝地区主要赋存煤类、煤质和显微组分特征的分析,从影响煤石墨化的内在因素和煤基碳材料的需求出发,采用主成分分析法探讨了川渝地区煤基碳材料前景和煤系石墨资源赋存潜力。结果表明:研究区煤的显微组分以镜质组为主,低灰、低硫,演化程度更高的无烟煤更易于石墨化,煤石墨化后的产物则是制备碳材料的极佳前驱体;根据主成分分析的定量评价结果,可将川渝地区煤系石墨资源潜力区带划分为Ⅰ级优势区、Ⅱ级良好区和Ⅲ级潜力区。四川雅安?攀西Ⅰ级区带三叠系上统须家河组煤具有变质程度高、低灰、低硫特征,龙门山构造岩浆带是煤石墨化的外在条件,是煤系石墨矿产资源优势赋存区和制备煤基碳材料的优选资源;渝东北Ⅱ级区带和渝东南Ⅱ级区带具有构造条件复杂、煤演化程度高的特点,为煤系石墨资源赋存良好区;南桐松藻Ⅲ级区带和四川芙蓉?古叙Ⅲ级区带则为煤系石墨资源的潜力区。煤系石墨的潜力研究是能源矿产由粗放型利用向高端新型材料精细化应用转变的重要桥梁,为实现煤炭资源高价值、绿色开发利用提供了指导方向。      

Fingerprinting of soil organic matter as a proxy for assessing climate and vegetation changes in last interglacial palaeosols (Veldwezelt, Belgium)

Soil characteristics in palaeosols are an important source of information on past climate and vegetation. Fingerprinting of soil organic matter (SOM) by pyrolysis-GC/MS is assessed as a proxy for palaeo-reconstruction in the complex of humic layers on top of the Rocourt pedosequence in the Veldwezelt-Hezerwater outcrop (Belgian loess belt). The fingerprints of the extractable SOM of different soil units are related to total organic carbon content, δ¹³C and grain-size analysis. Combined results indicate that the lower unit of the humic complex reflects a stable soil surface, allowing SOM build-up, intensive microbial activity and high decomposition. Higher in the profile, decomposition and microbial activity decrease. This is supported by a shift in the isotopic signal, an increased U ratio and evidence of wildfires. Although the chemical composition of the extracted SOM differed greatly from recent SOM, fingerprinting yielded detailed new information on SOM degree of decomposition and microbial contribution, allowing the reconstruction of palaeo-environmental conditions during pedogenesis.     

马达加斯加Antanisoa石墨矿床成因分析

马达加斯加是世界优质大鳞片石墨矿重要产地之一,随着大鳞片石墨在诸多新兴领域发挥着越来越大的作用,对马达加斯加石墨矿床的研究显得越来越重要。矿床成因研究对石墨矿床的找矿勘查具有指导作用,然而目前关于马达加斯加石墨矿床的研究程度较低,人们普遍认为马达加斯加的石墨矿床是沉积变质成因。文章将Antanisoa石墨矿床作为研究对象,通过对矿区内石墨片岩的岩相学研究以及矿物化学特征研究,发现沉积变质成因的说法并不妥当。野外地质调查和岩相学研究显示出较多与流体充填有关的现象,矿物化学特征表明石墨片岩中与石墨共生的云母为金云母,浅色电气石为镁电气石。结合前人对马达加斯加岛地质背景研究结果与认识,认为马达加斯加Antanisoa石墨矿床更有可能与幔源流体充填有关,有待进一步研究。     

Analysis of the structure of dissolved marine humic substances and their phytoplanktonic precursors by H and C nuclear magnetic resonance

The structure of dissolved marine humic material and the intracellular and extracellular material from the diatom Phacodactylum tricornutum has been investigated by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. The results show that carbohydrates, highly-branched alkyl chains and to a lesser extent aromatic materials are important contributors to the structure of marine humic substances and aqueous extracts of P. tricornutum. There is a close relationship between the chemical structure of P. tricornutum exudate and dissolved marine humic material.     

Microbial,redox and organic characteristics of compacted clay-based buffer after 6.5 years of burial at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory

Many countries are considering options for long-term management of nuclear waste. One common aspect among deep geological disposal options in granitic host rock is the use of clay-based buffer materials to limit radionuclide migration in case of container failure. The isothermal test (ITT) involved placing ∼2.4 m³ of clay-based buffer in a borehole at the 240 m level of AECL's Underground Research Laboratory to study the response of buffer to resaturation by groundwater over a 6.5-year period. Results are reported here on measurements taken at the end of the test for microbial, redox and organic characterization of the buffer. Results from enumerations and biomass determinations suggested that the viable population of cells in the buffer was several orders of magnitude larger than could be cultured. It is postulated that, due to the constrictive and nutrient-poor buffer environment, viable and active cells became stressed during burial and lost activity and culturability but not viability. Culturable microbial populations at interfaces in the ITT were about an order of magnitude larger than in comparable bulk buffer samples, suggesting that interfaces may be preferred sites for microbial activity and transport. The presence of culturable SO₄-reducing bacteria and an increase in solid sulphide concentrations in the buffer suggested SO₄ reduction, which appeared to be very variable locally. Only about 0.02–0.5% of SO₄ was converted to sulphide, suggesting that SO₄ reduction was not (yet) a dominant process. No methanogens could be enumerated from the ITT, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles did not suggest their presence. Gas analysis of samples recovered from the ITT suggested some reduction in O₂ near the top of the experiment, but deeper samples did not show a significant decrease in O₂ and had only a small increase in CH₄ and H₂ levels. This suggested that microbial processes were depressed in the buffer but may have been more active near the concrete/buffer interface. The suggestion of low microbial activity in the buffer was corroborated by the results from the PLFA analysis, which indicated low biomass turnover rates and starvation biomarkers. The combination of enumerations, PLFA and gas analysis results suggested that no significant evolution towards reducing conditions occurred during the duration of the ITT. Fulvic acids made up the largest fraction of water-leachable humic substances but accounted for only about 2% of the total C inventory of the buffer material. The complexing capacity of these humic substances, based on carboxylic functional groups, ranged from 24 to 32 meq/g dissolved organic C. This may provide buffer porewater with considerable complexing capacity for radionuclides.