东昆仑断裂带东端的构造转换与2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震孕震机制

2017年四川九寨沟M_S7.0地震是继2008年汶川M_S8.0地震和2013年芦山M_S7.0地震之后,青藏高原东缘在不到十年的时间内发生的第三个震级M_S7.0以上的强震.这次地震发生在东昆仑断裂带东端,作为青藏高原东北缘的一条大型左旋走滑断裂带,东昆仑断裂带与东端其它构造之间的转换关系仍不清楚,因区内地质构造和地形复杂,东昆仑断裂带东端的主要构造仍缺少深入的研究.本文在总结区域地震构造活动特征、历史地震和现代地震基础上,通过东昆仑断裂带东端已有的和最近开展的活动构造定量研究结果,并结合现今GPS变形场资料和2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震灾害特征分析,发现东昆仑断裂带最东段塔藏断裂上的左旋走滑除了一小部分继续向东传播转移到文县断裂带上外,大部分转化为其南侧的龙日坝断裂带北段、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂上的近东西向地壳缩短,这可能是岷山隆起的构造机制,而2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震正是左旋走滑的东昆仑断裂带在东端继续向东扩展的结果.     

九寨沟M_S7.0地震对巴颜喀拉块体东北缘活动断裂影响的有限元模拟

在详细调研地震地质资料的基础上,构建了巴颜喀拉地块东北缘三维有限元模型。以九寨沟M_S7.0地震同震位错为荷载,模拟计算了九寨沟地震的发生对巴颜喀拉块体东北缘主要活动断裂加卸载效应的影响。模拟结果显示,九寨沟地震的发生对龙日坝断裂、虎牙断裂、青川-平武断裂西段、迭部-白龙江断裂西段和东段、临潭-宕昌断裂东段,以及处于甘青川交界危险区内的东昆仑断裂东段、塔藏断裂西段,处于六盘山南-西秦岭东危险区的西秦岭北缘断裂东段表现为库仑应力加载;对岷江断裂、塔藏断裂东段库仑应力卸载效应显著。     

FOCAL FAULTS AND STRESS FIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE IN 2017

On August 8, 2017, Beijing time, an earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with the epicenter located at 33.20°N 103.82°E. The earthquake caused 25 people dead, 525 people injured, 6 people missing and 170000 people affected. Many houses were damaged to various degrees. Up to October 15, 2017, a total of 7679 aftershocks were recorded, including 2099 earthquakes of M ≥ 1.0. The M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred in the northeastern boundary belt of the Bayan Har block on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where many active faults are developed, including the Tazhong Fault(the eastern segment of the East Kunlun Fault), the Minjiang fault zone, the Xueshan fault zone, the Huya fault zone, the Wenxian fault zone, the Guanggaishan-Daishan Fault, the Bailongjiang Fault, the Longriuba Fault and the Longmenshan Fault. As one of the important passages for the eastward extrusion movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(Tapponnier et al., 2001), the East Kunlun fault zone has a crucial influence on the tectonic activities of the northeastern boundary belt of Bayan Kala. Meanwhile, the Coulomb stress, fault strain and other research results show that the eastern boundary of the Bayan Har block still has a high risk of strong earthquakes in the future. So the study of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake' seismogenic faults and stress fields is of great significance for scientific understanding of the seismogenic environment and geodynamics of the eastern boundary of Bayan Har block. In this paper, the epicenter of the main shock and its aftershocks were relocated by the double-difference relocation method and the spatial distribution of the aftershock sequence was obtained. Then we determined the focal mechanism solutions of 24 aftershocks(M ≥ 3.0)by using the CAP algorithm with the waveform records of China Digital Seismic Network. After that, we applied the sliding fitting algorithm to invert the stress field of the earthquake area based on the previous results of the mechanism solutions. Combining with the previous research results of seismogeology in this area, we discussed the seismogenic fault structure and dynamic characteristics of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our research results indicated that:1)The epicenters of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence distribute along NW-SE in a stripe pattern with a long axis of about 35km and a short axis of about 8km, and with high inclination and dipping to the southwest, the focal depths are mainly concentrated in the range of 2~25km, gradually deepening from northwest to southeast along the fault, but the dip angle does not change remarkably on the whole fault. 2)The focal mechanism solution of the M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake is:strike 151°, dip 69° and rake 12° for nodal plane Ⅰ, and 245°, 78° and -158° for nodal plane Ⅱ, the main shock type is pure strike-slip and the centroid depth of the earthquake is about 5km. Most of the focal mechanism of the aftershock sequence is strike-slip type, which is consistent with the main shock's focal mechanism solution; 3)In the earthquake source area, the principal compressive stress and the principal tensile stress are both near horizontal, and the principal compressive stress is near east-west direction, while the principal tensile stress is near north-south direction. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake is a strike-slip event that occurs under the horizontal compressive stress.     

九寨沟地震发震断层属性及青藏高原东南缘现今应变状态讨论

九寨沟地震(M_s7.0或M_w6.5)震中位于青藏高原巴颜喀拉块体东缘东昆仑断裂带东端塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂交汇部位,中国地震局相关科研机构的研究人员曾将该震中区判定为玛沁—玛曲高震级地震危险区.地震应急科学考察期间没有发现地震地表破裂带,但地震烈度等震线长轴方位、极震区基岩崩塌和滑坡集中带、重新定位余震空间展布和震源机制解等显示出发震断层为NNW向虎牙断裂北段,左旋走滑性质,属东昆仑断裂带东端分支断层之一.此外,汶川地震后,在青藏高原东缘和东南缘次级活动断层上发生了包括2017年九寨沟地震(Mw6.5)、2014年鲁甸(M_w6.2)、景谷(M_w6.2)、康定(M_w6.0)等多次中强地震,显示出青藏高原东缘至东南缘各块体主干边界活动断层现今处于中等偏高的应变积累状态,即在巴颜喀拉、川滇等块体主干边界活动断层上具备了发生高震级(M_w≥7.0)地震的构造应力-应变条件,未来发生高震级地震的危险性不容忽视.     

STUDY ON THE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANQIU AND JUXIAN ELECTROMAGNETIC STATIONS IN THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

The Yishu fault zone is one of the branch faults of the Tanlu fault zone in its central part. Moderate and strong earthquakes occurred in the Yishu fault zone repeatedly. Due to its complex structure, the Yishu fault zone attracts much attention from earthquake researches. The Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations in Shandong Province locate near the Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, which are branches of the Yishu fault zone, respectively. Geoelectric field and geomagnetic field observation were carried out in these two stations. The Wudi electromagnetic station is in the west of Tanlu fault zone in the Jidong-Bohai block and 230km from Anqiu electromagnetic station. This paper firstly describes the crustal structure near the electromagnetic stations by using magnetotelluric(MT)method. By processing the data carefully, we obtain the MT data in good quality near the stations. The MT data of each electromagnetic station and its nearby area suggests that the electrical structure and geological structure of the station are comparable. This paper applied 1-D and 2-D inversion for MT data and obtained the crustal electrical structure model beneath the Anqiu and Juxian seismic station. The shallow electrical structure from the MT method was compared with the results of symmetrical quadrupole electrical sounding. The model suggests that the electrical structure beneath the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations is complex and shows the feature of block boundary. The Wudi electromagnetic station is located inside a basin, the crustal structure shows layered feature typical for the stable blocks. Beneath the Anqiu electromagnetic station, there is a 1km-thick relative low resistivity layer in the shallow crust and a high resistivity body beneath it with a depth of 13km. There is a high resistivity structure in the crust beneath the Juxian electromagnetic station. The crustal structures are divided into two different parts by Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, respectively. More conductive layers appear to the west of the two faults. Plenty of fluid possibly exists within the conductive body to the west of Changyi-Dadian Fault, which plays important role in the earthquake generation. There is a relative low resistivity layer in the crust within 1~2km beneath the Wudi electromagnetic station. Beneath the relatively low resistivity layer, a relatively high resistivity layer extends to a depth of around 15km, and the resistivity value decreases with the increase of depth. The electrical resistivity model suggests the seismic activity of the Yishu fault zone around the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations should be taken into account seriously, and monitoring and research on it need to be strengthened. The results of this paper provide a certain reference value for the crustal structure research to similar stations.     

2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0地震及余震震源机制解与发震构造分析

2017年8月8日在青藏高原东缘四川省九寨沟县发生M7.0级强烈地震,极震区烈度达Ⅸ度,但无明显地表破裂,一定程度上限制了发震构造的确定和后续地震危险性判定.本文基于截止至2017年8月14日的地震资料,采用多阶段定位方法,对主震及余震进行了重新定位,同时,利用CAP波形反演方法,获得了M7.0主震与13次M_L ≥ 4.0级余震的震源机制解和震源矩心深度,进而初步分析了本次地震的发震构造.结果显示,九寨沟M7.0地震的矩震级M_W6.4,震源矩心深度5 km,表明主震发生在上地壳浅部,与2003年伊朗巴姆（Bam）M_W6.5地震特征极为相似;12次M_L ≥ 4.0级余震的震源矩心深度6~12 km,显示这些余震发生在主震下部,仅1次例外.重新定位后的余震震中呈NW-SE向窄带展布,位于近NS向的岷江断裂与近EW向的东昆仑断裂带东端分支塔藏断裂所夹持的区域,余震带长轴长约38 km,主震位于余震带中部.根据余震震中分布、主震及余震震源机制解等,推测本次九寨沟M7.0地震及其余震的主发震构造为位于岷江断裂与塔藏断裂之间的树正断裂.震源机制解揭示,树正断裂呈左旋走滑,走向约152°,近SE,倾向SW,倾角约70°,该断裂应属于东昆仑断裂东端的分支断裂之一,或与东南侧的虎牙断裂构成统一断裂系.     

利用GIS方法研究南北地震带和中央造山带交汇区活动断裂与地震的关系

基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术研究南北地震带和中央造山带交汇区断裂带分布与地震活动的关系,对区内16条主要断裂带,以25km为缓冲区宽度,进行叠加,分析各断裂带的地震活动性及其特征.结果表明,主要的发震断裂有西秦岭北缘断裂的西段、礼县-罗家堡断裂西南段以及临潭-宕昌断裂的东南段、文县断裂西南段、虎牙断裂和雪山断裂;虎牙断裂和雪山断裂地震活动性最强,其次是塔藏断裂、礼县-罗家堡断裂以及光盖山-迭山北麓断裂;按震源深度可将研究区划分为4个区域,区内的震源深度由北向南逐渐加大,震源深度剖面图反映了断层的几何形态和力学性质,进一步揭示出了青藏高原向东挤压、物质向东向南逃逸的运动模式.     

STUDY ON SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE 8 AUGUST 2017 M7.0 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE AND ITS AFTERSHOCKS,NORTHERN SICHUAN

On August 8, 2017, a strong earthquake of M7.0 occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Prefecture, northern Sichuan. The earthquake occurred on a branch fault at the southern end of the eastern section of the East Kunlun fault zone. In the northwest of the aftershock area is the Maqu-Maqin seismic gap, which is in a locking state under high stress. Destructive earthquakes are frequent along the southeast direction of the aftershocks area. In Songpan-Pingwu area, only 50~80km away from the Jiuzhaigou earthquake, two M7.2 earthquakes and one M6.7 earthquake occurred from August 16 to 23, 1976. Therefore, the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was an earthquake that occurred at the transition part between the historical earthquake fracture gap and the neotectonic active area. Compared with other M7.0 earthquakes, there are few moderate-strong aftershocks following this Jiuzhaigou earthquake, and the maximum magnitude of aftershocks is much smaller than the main shock. There is no surface rupture zone discovered corresponding to the M7.0 earthquake. In order to understand the feature of source structure and the tectonic environment of the source region, we calculate the parameters of the initial earthquake catalogue by Loc3D based on the digital waveform data recorded by Sichuan seismic network and seismic phase data collected by the China Earthquake Networks Center. Smaller events in the sequence are relocated using double-difference algorithm; source mechanism solutions and centroid depths of 29 earthquakes with M_L≥3.4 are obtained by CAP method. Moreover, the source spectrum of 186 earthquakes with 2.0≤M_L≤5.5 is restored and the spatial distribution of source stress drop along faults is obtained. According to the relocations and focal mechanism results, the Jiuzhaigou M7.0 earthquake is a high-angle left-lateral strike-slip event. The earthquake sequence mainly extends along the NW-SE direction, with the dominant focal depth of 4~18km. There are few shallow earthquakes and few earthquakes with depth greater than 20km. The relocation results show that the distribution of aftershocks is bounded by the M7.0 main shock, which shows obvious segmental characteristics in space, and the aftershock area is divided into NW segment and SE segment. The NW segment is about 16km long and 12km wide, with scattered and less earthquakes, the dominant focal depth is 4~12km, the source stress drop is large, and the type of focal mechanism is complicated. The SE segment is about 20km long and 8km wide, with concentrated earthquakes, the dominant depth is 4~12km, most moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in the depth between 11~14km. Aftershock activity extends eastward from the start point of the M7.0 main earthquake. The middle-late-stage aftershocks are released intensively on this segment, most of them are strike-slip earthquakes. The stress drop of the aftershock sequence gradually decreases with time. Principal stress axis distribution also shows segmentation characteristics. On the NW segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 91.39°, the average elevation angle is about 20.80°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NE-SW, and the average elevation angle is about 58.44°. On the SE segment, the dominant azimuth of P axis is about 103.66°, the average elevation angle is about 19.03°, the dominant azimuth of T axis is NNE-SSW, and the average elevation angle is about 15.44°. According to the fault profile inferred from the focal mechanism solution, the main controlling structure in the source area is in NW-SE direction, which may be a concealed fault or the north extension of Huya Fault. The northwest end of the fault is limited to the horsetail structure at the east end of the East Kunlun Fault, and the SE extension requires clear seismic geological evidence. The dip angle of the NW segment of the seismogenic fault is about 65°, which may be a reverse fault striking NNW and dipping NE. According to the basic characteristics of inverse fault ruptures, the rupture often extends short along the strike, the rupture length is often disproportionate to the magnitude of the earthquake, and it is not easy to form a rupture zone on the surface. The dip angle of the SE segment of the seismogenic fault is about 82°, which may be a strike-slip fault that strikes NW and dips SW. The fault plane solution shows significant change on the north and south sides of the main earthquake, and turns gradually from compressional thrust to strike-slip movement, with a certain degree of rotation.     

近震全波形反演2017年九寨沟M7.0地震序列震源机制解

搜集了四川地震台网的波形资料,采用全波形反演2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0地震序列震源机制解.反演结果显示,九寨沟主震矩震级为M_W6.36,震源深度为22 km,节面I走向为150°,倾角为80°,滑动角为-20°;节面Ⅱ走向为244°,倾角为70°,滑动角为-169°.余震主要分布在14~22 km深度范围内,震源机制以走滑型为主,其中正断型地震2个,逆冲型地震2个,走滑型地震24个,混合型地震8个.断层面优势方向为SSE向,与塔藏断裂和虎牙断裂走向基本一致,但与塔藏断裂最南段存在明显差异.倾角变化集中在60°~80°,滑动角主要分布在0°附近,表明九寨沟地震序列主要受SSE走向、近似直立的左旋走滑断层控制.P轴优势方位为SEE向,仰角主要分布在30°以内,与区域应力场基本一致.震源区的机制类型和应力状态均存在空间分段差异.本文推测此次九寨沟M7.0地震序列可能发生在虎牙断裂向北延伸的隐伏断裂上,但不排除地震引起了塔藏断裂南段和虎牙断裂以北隐伏断裂同时破裂的可能.     

河北石家庄地区深部结构大地电磁探测

石家庄位于太行山隆起带和华北平原冀中坳陷盆地接触区,西邻太行山山前断裂带,1966年在其东南曾发生邢台7.2级强震.为研究该区的深部构造背景,并为分析地震活动性趋势提供基础资料,2010年10月采用宽频带大地电磁法对该区的深部结构进行探测研究.大地电磁剖面穿过石家庄南侧区域,长约167km,获得了64个测点数据.采用远...     

西秦岭造山带(中段)及其两侧地块深部电性结构特征

本文对跨过西秦岭造山带(中段)的阿坝—若尔盖—临潭—兰州大地电磁剖面(WQL-L1)所采集到的数据进行了精细化处理分析和二维反演研究,结合跨过2013年岷县漳县地震区的WQL-L6剖面大地电磁探测结果和以往的地质与地球物理资料,对西秦岭造山带(中段)的深部电性结构、主要断裂带延伸状况以及与南北两侧地块的接触关系等进行了分析研究,结果表明:东昆仑断裂带塔藏段、迭部—白龙江断裂和光盖山—迭山断裂带共同组成了东昆仑断裂系统,分隔了松潘—甘孜地块和西秦岭造山带(中段);西秦岭北缘断裂带为主要的高角度南倾大型电性边界带,延伸深度穿过莫霍面;临潭—宕昌断裂带具有电性边界带特征,其延伸情况具有东、西差异.西秦岭造山带(中段)自地表到深度约20km范围表现为东北和西南浅、中部深的倒"梯形"高阻层,在高阻层之下广泛发育低阻层,低阻层与高阻层相互契合,呈现相互挤压堆积的式样,其西南侧的松潘—甘孜地块中下地壳存在西南深、东北浅低阻层,其东北侧的陇西盆地具有稳定的成层性结构,显示出西秦岭造山带(中段)正处于松潘—甘孜地块向北挤压和陇西盆地向南的阻挡挤压作用中.松潘—甘孜地块从西南向东北推挤、东北侧陇西盆地相对阻挡的相互作用是2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震发生的外部动力学机制,同时地震震源区特殊介质属性是该次地震发生的内部因素.西秦岭造山带(中段)中上地壳倒"梯形"高阻体埋深西薄、东厚的分段差异与该段内部中强地震分布差异有关.东昆仑断裂玛沁段和塔藏段内部的深部电性结构差异和延伸状况与东昆仑断裂自西向东走滑速率减小有内在联系.     

东昆仑断裂带东段强震形势分析

围绕东昆仑断裂带强震构造背景及巴颜喀拉断块动力学环境,分析了1900年以来断块边界强震活动及强震周期性特征,探讨了东昆仑断裂带东段的强震危险性。     

东昆仑断裂滑动速率变化及其对2017年九寨沟地震的应力加载

为了解东昆仑断裂活动对2017年8月8日九寨沟M_S7.0地震的影响,本文选取1999—2007年、2013—2017年GPS速度场作为约束,基于块体-位错模型反演计算东昆仑断裂两个时间段的块体运动速率、断裂滑动速率和滑动亏损率,并进一步研究青藏高原东缘最大剪应变率场和九寨沟震区的震间库仑应力累积速率.结果显示,东昆仑断裂中西段左旋走滑速率较高,东段走滑速率较低,自西向东逐步递减,存在明显的梯度.在两个时间段,阿坝块体刚性运动的方向顺时针偏转0.2°,运动速率由12.22mm·a^-1增大到15.96mm·a^-1;东昆仑断裂左旋走滑速率升高,其中西段较为明显(升高约1.2±0.3mm·a^-1);东昆仑断裂东段闭锁深度和闭锁程度增加;2013—2017年,东昆仑断裂滑动引起的九寨沟震区库仑应力累积速率是1999—2007年的3倍,最大剪应变率也明显升高.因此本文认为:2008年汶川地震和2013年芦山地震后,龙门山断裂部分解锁,阿坝地块活动性增强,东昆仑断裂滑动速率增大,导致九寨沟震区库仑应力加载速率增加,加速了九寨沟地震的孕育过程.     

唐山地震区地壳结构和构造:深地震反射剖面结果

1976年7月28日,在唐山地区发生了7.8级大地震.为了研究该区的地壳结构和断裂的深浅构造关系,2009年,我们在唐山市南部的丰南地区,跨唐山断裂带完成了1条道间距40m、炮间距200m、50次覆盖的深地震反射探测剖面.结果表明:研究区的地壳厚度为32 ～ 34km,莫霍面自东向西逐渐加深,在丰南县和宣庄镇之间,中-...     

2001年昆仑山口西M_S 8.1地震前背景形变场的模拟研究

文中以东昆仑断裂带周围分布的27个GPS站点的地壳运动速率矢量为约束,利用半无限弹性空间三维断裂位错模型,反演了东昆仑断裂、柴达木盆地北缘断裂、玛尼-玉树断裂和玛尔盖茶卡断裂带在2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震之前的运动速率,并认为这些断裂带以反演出的运动速率错动所形成的形变场可以作为震前的背景地壳形变场。基于这一具有构造意义的背景速度场资料,计算了区域地壳应变率场和地震矩累积率场。结果表明,昆仑山口西地震前,东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段和玛尼-玉树断裂西段为该区域2个最显著的地震矩累积率高值区,其中东昆仑断裂的东西大滩段高值区为后来的昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的发震段     

Coseismic Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the 2017M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake,and its relationship with the 2008Wenchuan earthquake

On August 8, 2017, a M7.0 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, China, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. Therefore, it is critical to identify the areas of potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settling people to avoid future disasters. Based on the elastic dislocation theory and a multi-layered lithospheric model, we calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the Wenchuan and Jiuzhaigou earthquakes, discuss the relationship between the Mw7.9 Wenchuan and M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes, and analyze the influence of the aftershock distribution and stress changes on the major faults in this region caused by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The co-and post-seismic stress changes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake significantly increased the stress accumulation at the hypocenter of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Therefore,the occurrence of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was probably stimulated by the Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock distribution is well explained by the co-seismic stress changes of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The stress accumulation and corresponding seismic hazard on the Maqu-Heye segment of the East Kunlun fault and the northern extremity of the Huya fault has been further increased by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.     

Preliminary analysis on the source properties and seismogenic structure of the 2017 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

At GMT time 13:19, August 8, 2017, an M_s7.0 earthquake struck the Jiuzhaigou region in Sichuan Province, China, causing severe damages and casualties. To investigate the source properties, seismogenic structures, and seismic hazards, we systematically analyzed the tectonic environment, crustal velocity structure in the source region, source parameters and rupture process, Coulomb failure stress changes, and 3-D features of the rupture plane of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Our results indicate the following: (1) The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on an unmarked fault belonging to the transition zone of the east Kunlun fault system and is located northwest of the Huya fault. (2) Both the mainshock and aftershock rupture zones are located in a region where crustal seismic velocity changes dramatically. Southeast to the source region, shear wave velocity at the middle to lower crust is significantly low, but it rapidly increases northeastward and lies close to the background velocity across the rupture fault. (3) The aftershock zone is narrow and distributes along the northwest-southeast trend, and most aftershocks occur within a depth range of 5–20 km. (4) The focal mechanism of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake indicates a left-lateral strike-slip fault, with strike, dip, and rake angles of 152°, 74° and 8°, respectively. The hypocenter depth measures 20 km, whereas the centroid depth is about 6 km. The co-seismic rupture mainly concentrates at depths of 3–13 km, with a moment magnitude (M_w) of 6.5. (5) The co-seismic rupture also strengthens the Coulomb failure stress at the two ends of the rupture fault and the east segment of the Tazang fault. Aftershocks relocation results together with geological surveys indicate that the causative fault is a near vertical fault with notable spatial variations: dip angle varies within 66°–89° from northwest to southeast and the average dip angle measures ~84°. The results of this work are of fundamental importance for further studies on the source characteristics, tectonic environment, and seismic hazard evaluation of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.     

THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AWANCANG FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY,THE SUB-STRAND OF THE EASTERN KUNLUN FAULT

It is well known that the slip rate of Kunlun Fault descends at the east segment, but little known about the Awancang Fault and its role in strain partitioning with Kunlun Fault. Whether the sub-strand(Awancang Fault) can rupture simultaneously with Kunlun Fault remains unknown. Based on field investigations, aerial-photo morphological analysis, topographic surveys and ¹⁴C dating of alluvial surfaces, we used displaced terrace risers to estimate geological slip rates along the Awancang Fault, which lies on the western margin of the Ruoergai Basin and the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau, the results indicate that the slip rate is 3mm/a in the middle Holocene, similar to the reduced value of the Kunlun Fault. The fault consists of two segments with strike N50° W, located at distance about 16km, and converged to single stand to the SE direction. Our results demonstrate that the Awancang fault zone is predominantly left-lateral with a small amount of northeast-verging thrust component. The slip rates decrease sharply about 4mm/a from west to east between the intersection zone of the Awancang Fault and Kunlun Fault. Together with our previous trenching results on the Kunlun Fault, the comparison with slip rates at the Kunlun fault zone suggests that the Awancang fault zone has an important role in strain partitioning for east extension of Kunlun Fault in eastern Tibet. At the same time, the 15km long surface rupture zone of the southeast segment was found at the Awancang Fault. By dating the latest faulted geomorphologic surface, the last event may be since the 1766±54 Cal a BP. Through analysis of the trench, there are four paleoearthquake events identified recurring in situ on the Awancang Fault and the latest event is since (850±30)a BP. The slip rate of the Awancang Fault is almost equivalent to the descending value of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault, which can well explain the slip rate decreasing of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault(the Maqin-Maqu segment)and the characteristics of the structure dynamics of the eastern edge of the Tibet Plateau. The falling slip rate gradient of the eastern Kunlun Fault corresponds to the geometric characteristic. It is the Awancang Fault, the strand of the East Kunlun Fault that accommodates the strain distribution of the eastward extension of the east Kunlun Fault. This study is helpful to seismic hazard assessment and understanding the deformation mechanism in eastern Tibet.     

东昆仑断裂带东部塔藏断裂地震地表破裂特征及其构造意义

东昆仑断裂带作为青藏高原中东部的巴颜喀拉地块北缘边界断裂带, 研究其强震破裂行为对于认识断裂带活动性及分析川西北地区未来地震危险性具有重要意义。 通过沿断裂发育的大量断错地貌勘查、 典型微地貌DGPS测量及样品年代测定, 认为东昆仑断裂带向东的强震活动性延伸至若尔盖盆地北侧, 即东昆仑断裂带东部塔藏断裂的罗叉段。 此段在卫星影像上呈清晰的灰黑色、 灰黄色线性条带, 地震形变带主要表现为断层陡坎、 坡中谷、 冲沟和阶地位错、 植物异常呈线性分布、 跌水、 断层泉、 断塞塘以及伴随地表错动而出现的滑坡、 垮塌和倒石堆。 这些破裂现象沿先存断层断续分布, 组成长约50 km的“L”形地震形变带。 断裂活动造成冲沟和阶地左行运动, 位错量主要集中在5.5～6.0 m、 18～23 m、 68～75 m和200～220 m范围。 最近地震发生在(340±30)～(500±30)BP间, 宏观震中位于本多村西北5～7 km, 震级为M_W7.3左右, 同震位移最大值为6 m, 水平位错量为5.5～6.0 m, 垂直位错量一般为0.2～0.5 m, 其比例为51～101。 对地震形变带中的各种变形遗迹和地震地表破裂特征的研究表明, 塔藏断裂是这次地震的发震构造。 确定了塔藏断裂为全新世活动断层, 近期断层在压剪切作用控制下以左行运动为主, 兼有少量逆冲分量, 同东昆仑断裂带其他段的活动性质相似, 认为东昆仑断裂带延伸至若尔盖盆地北侧, 研究结果支持“大陆逃逸”模型。     

Coseismic Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the 2017 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis>7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake,and its relationship with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

On August 8, 2017, a M7.0 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, China, resulting in significant casualties and property damage. Therefore, it is critical to identify the areas of potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settling people to avoid future disasters. Based on the elastic dislocation theory and a multi-layered lithospheric model, we calculate the Coulomb failure stress changes caused by the Wenchuan and Jiuzhaigou earthquakes, discuss the relationship between the M_w7.9 Wenchuan and M7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquakes, and analyze the influence of the aftershock distribution and stress changes on the major faults in this region caused by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The co- and post-seismic stress changes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake significantly increased the stress accumulation at the hypocenter of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. Therefore, the occurrence of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake was probably stimulated by the Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock distribution is well explained by the co-seismic stress changes of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake. The stress accumulation and corresponding seismic hazard on the Maqu-Heye segment of the East Kunlun fault and the northern extremity of the Huya fault has been further increased by the Jiuzhaigou earthquake.