青藏高原冬春季积雪异常与我国夏季低温的关系

利用改进后的大气环流谱模式,进行长时间积分,模拟青藏高原积雪的年际变化。分别对模拟结果的多雪年和少雪年夏季温度场进行分析,结果表明：青藏高原冬春多雪年,我国北方大部分地区夏季气温比常年低,而南方地区夏季气温比常年偏高,少雪年则结论相反。同时结合历史实况资料的分析,可以看出东北夏季低温易发生在青藏高原多雪年,而长江中下游及南方地区夏季低温与青藏高原积雪异常的关系不明显。     

春季欧亚积雪异常影响中国夏季降水的数值试验

 利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.1版本模式,研究了欧亚大陆春季积雪异常对北半球大气环流和中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明,春季积雪异常通过改变其后夏季的土壤湿度和温度分布,造成对流层厚度场的异常,激发一个从欧洲西部到东亚的500 hPa高度场异常波列。我国南、北方处于符号相反的高度场异常区,同时降水也呈现南北相异的态势,这表明春季欧亚积雪异常是影响我国夏季降水分布的一个重要因子。     

东北及邻近地区累积积雪深度的时空变化规律

利用东北及邻近地区1960-2006年123个地面测站逐日积雪观测资料和同时期气象要素资料,采用面积权重、EOF、小波分析和功率谱方法分析了东北全年及各季节累积积雪深度的时空变化特征,结果表明:近50年来东北及邻近地区累积积雪呈缓慢增加趋势,具体到各个季节上,秋季积雪趋势基本稳定,冬季积雪显著增加,春季积雪显著减少,年...     

青藏高原积雪的分布特征及其对地面反照率的影响

通过对１９８３年７月至１９９０年６月青藏高原主体５８个格点积雪资料进行ＥＯＦ分析发现，青藏高原主体积雪分布以西部兴都库什山脉。天山山脉以及南部喜马拉雅山脉为主；高原中部唐古拉山脉、北部昆仑山脉和东部巴颜喀拉山脉的积雪相对较少，青藏高原西部、南部的积雪变化与中部、北部和东部的积雪变化趋势存在反位相关系。另外，本文还对积雪对高原地面反照率的影响作了简单分析。     

青藏高原南、北积雪异常与中国东部夏季降水关系的数值试验研究

青藏高原冬、春积雪有着显著的南、北空间差异,本文利用通用地球系统模式（CESM）设计了增加高原南、北冬、春积雪的敏感性试验,结果表明:当高原南部冬、春积雪异常偏多,长江及其以北地区夏季降水偏多,华南大部分地区夏季降水偏少;而当高原北部冬、春积雪异常偏多,华北及东北地区夏季降水偏多,长江下游南部地区夏季降水偏少,雨带更偏北。青藏高原南、北部冬、春积雪异常影响中国东部夏季降水的物理机制的分析结果表明,高原不同区域（南部和北部）冬、春积雪异常引起的非绝热加热异常效应都可持续到夏季,且北部积雪异常持续时间更长。高原南部和北部积雪异常偏多均会减弱高原北侧上空大气的水平温度梯度,进而减弱高原北侧西风急流的位置及强度,进而影响下游出口区处急流的强度和位置,且高原北部积雪异常偏多的影响更大。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,急流出口区的西风急流加强且偏南;而高原北部积雪异常偏多,出口区的西风急流减弱且偏北。相应地,对流层中层500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压减弱,低层850 hPa异常反气旋环流,影响中国东部地区水汽输送,从而影响了中国东部地区夏季雨带的变化。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流位于东海附近,有利于更多水汽输送至长江流域,华南水汽输送减少;当高原北部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流相对偏北,更有利于华北及东北水汽输送,雨带偏北。     

RegCM4区域气候模式对新疆地区冬季地表状态的模拟分析

利用区域气候模式Reg CM4.3(Regional Climate Mode version 4.3)对新疆地区冬季的地表状态进行了模拟分析,通过与ERA40再分析资料的对比分析发现,温度分布形势模拟较好,地面热力状态受地形影响显著,陡峭地形附近由于热性质差异大和非均匀性强会导致较大模拟误差;模式较好模拟出降水和潜热通量北疆多南疆少,山区多盆地少的分布特征,模拟出通过反照率影响,地表吸收的短波辐射呈现出沙漠腹地吸收多而天山地区吸收少的分布,对北疆呈感热通量汇而南疆呈感热通量源的感热分布形势也模拟较好;模拟的雪水当量与降水分布有较好的一致性,春季融雪径流与冬季雪水当量分布及降水均有较好的对应关系。通过模拟分析也发现,现有方案实际感热通量计算中以地面温度代替地面位温,造成感热通量偏小,因此会低估南疆感热源效应和高估北疆感热汇效应。此外,积雪量和地面温度模拟偏高可能是春季北疆主要积雪区径流偏强的原因。     

中国主要河流流域极端降水变化特征

利用中国1956-2008年逐日降水量资料,以全国主要河流流域为研究区域,分析了年最大日降水量、年暴雨（日降水量≥50.0 mm）日数的多年平均状况及长期变化趋势。分析表明,近53年,全国平均年最大日降水量没有明显的线性变化趋势,但全国范围内多数气象站点年最大日降水量呈现出增加趋势,并存在南方流域增加、北方流域减少的变化趋势,这种变化特征在2001年以来表现更加突出。全国平均年暴雨日数呈不显著的增多趋势,20世纪90年代最多,70年代最少。空间上,我国南北方流域年暴雨日数呈现相反的变化特征,南方流域多呈上升趋势,北方流域呈减少趋势。     

Connecting physical watershed characteristics to climate sensitivity for California mountain streams

California mountain streams provide critical water resources for human supplies and aquatic ecosystems, and have been affected by climatic changes to varying degrees, often within close proximity. The objective of this study is to examine stream flow timing changes and their climatic drivers through 2009, identify sub-regional patterns in response and sensitivity, and explore whether the differences in the sensitivity of a stream to climatic changes can be partially explained through the physical characteristics of a watershed. To this end, changes in streamflow timing for each watershed were assessed through several runoff timing measures, and overall sensitivity to historic climatic changes through a composite sensitivity index. Elevation, aspect, slope, geology, and landcover distributions, as well as climate information were assembled for each watershed; and were analyzed in conjunction with the sensitivity index. Results showed that the basins most sensitive to climatic changes are on the western Sierra Nevada slopes, while eastern and southern Sierra Nevada, as well as Klamath mountain watersheds exhibit little or no response to climatic shifts to date. Basin sensitivity was not found to be connected to any individual physical watershed characteristic other than elevation. However, it is suggested that basin-to-basin differences in sensitivity, observed in spite of regional-scale warming and similar watershed elevations, can be explained by differences in elevation ranges and combinations of physical watershed characteristics. Results about stream differences in climate sensitivity could aid in prioritizing stream preservation efforts.     

2011—2019年安徽南部山区与北部平原闪电分布特征

利用2011年1月至2019年12月安徽省ADTD闪电定位系统监测资料, 对安徽南部山区与北部平原的闪电频次、极性、雷电流强度等参数进行对比分析。结果表明: 安徽南部山区总闪电频次约为北部平原的2.84倍, 北部平原正闪比高于南部山区, 这与两地区强对流天气类型有关。两地区闪电频次的月、日变化均呈单峰分布, 春季、夏季闪电活动明显多于秋季、冬季, 午后至傍晚为一天中的雷电活跃时段, 但南部山区在雷电高发月份及时段的闪电频次波动程度远大于北部平原。在雷电流强度方面, 北部平原整体上大于南部山区, 正、负地闪强度分别高出10.77 kA、9.52 kA, 其中正地闪强度峰值均出现在2月, 负地闪均为10月, 南部山区正、负地闪及北部平原负地闪日强度峰值与频次峰值时段相反。对安徽省总闪频次进行主成分分析表明, EOF分解的前5个特征向量累计方差贡献达到59.137%, 空间上表现出安徽南部山区与北部平原雷电活动变化趋势既具有一致性, 也具有明显的南北差异。     

Relationship between winter snow cover days in Northeast China and rainfall near the Yangtze River basin in the following summer

Based on observed snow and precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the relationship between the number of winter snow cover days in Northeast China and the following summer’s rainfall in the northern part of southern China is analyzed and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.The results indicate that a negative relationship is significant throughout the study period,especially more obvious after the 1980s.The pre-winter circulation patterns in years with more snow cover days and less summer rainfall in the south bank of the Yangtze River are almost the same.In years with more snow cover days,lower temperatures at the lower level over Northeast China are found in winter and spring.The winter monsoon is weaker and retreats later in these years than in those with fewer snow cover days.In spring of years with more snow cover days,anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over Northeast China,and anomalous northerly wind is found in eastern China.In summer of these years,anomalous northeasterly wind at the lower level is found from the area south of the Yangtze River to the East China Sea and Yellow Sea;and with less southwesterly water vapor transport,the rainfall in the area south of the Yangtze River is less than normal,and the opposite patterns are true in years with fewer snow cover days.In recent years,the stable relationship between winter snow cover in Northeast China and summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin can be used for summer rainfall prediction.The results are of great importance to short-term climate prediction for summer rainfall.     

冬半年欧亚雪盖变化对东亚环流的影响

对１９７３～１９９４年期间欧亚雪盖和东亚５００ｈＰａ高度距平资料进行旋转扩展主成分分析,研究了冬半年欧亚雪盖异常与后期夏半年东亚环流分布连续演变的关系及其可能机制。结果表明前期秋冬春季欧洲、中亚和东亚中高纬雪盖异常不同的动态变化激发出具有不同持续性的东亚低频流型,而夏半年东亚副热带环流纬向扩展型演变与前期冬半年欧亚雪盖异常无关。     

显著经验正交函数分析及其在淮河流域暴雨研究中的应用

经验正交函数分解（EOF）是气候特征研究中常用的分析方法,但由于方法本身的原因,EOF 主要模态不一定都能有效揭示资料场包含的气候模态。利用中国基本站和基准站1950—2009年逐日降水资料,运用显著经验正交函数分解（Disˉ tinct EOF,DEOF）方法研究了淮河流域暴雨的统计特征。结果表明 DEOF 第1模态呈现了淮河流域暴雨量在南北方向上存在相反的变化,即流域中部、南部偏多（偏少）时,北部则偏少（偏多）,第1主成分具有显著的16—17 a 周期性变化,表明流域南北的旱涝变化存在年代际振荡;第2模态表现了淮河流域中部暴雨量的异常变化,第2主成分有明显的线性趋势,说明近50年来流域中部地区暴雨量有明显的上升趋势,并且在1990年前后由偏少转为偏多。对比 DEOF 和 EOF 的分析结果,发现DEOF 能排除资料场中与随机扩散模型相关性较高的空间特征,能抓住与随机扩散模型有显著差异的分布特征并凸出显示出来,能从较强的背景噪声中凸出物理信号,因而能更好地估计真实的气候模态。     

中国西部积雪对我国汛期降水的影响

本文利用台站及卫星资料建立了中国西部积雪３０年逐月时间序列。该序列是目前资料时间最长、最好的序列，为研究该区积雪月际和年际变化及其影响提供了较可靠的依据。中国西部冬春积雪对我国汛期降水的影响平均为负相关趋势，与６月降水的相关分布较有规律，冬春多（少），其它地区６月降水偏多（少）。我国西部多（少）雪对６月从份５００ｈＰａ高度的变化是：高原北边高纬高度降低（升高）及副热地区升高（降低），有（不）利于高     

青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的模拟研究

利用区域气候模式 (NCC_RegCM1.0) 对青藏高原前冬积雪对次年夏季中国降水的影响进行了数值模拟研究, 所得结果与实际观测的积雪和降水的关系较为吻合, 即长江流域、 新疆地区夏季多雨, 华北和华南少雨, 这与我国最近二十年来维持的 “南涝北旱” 雨型较为一致。因此, 可以认为青藏高原冬季多雪, 是引起中国东部夏季降水出现 “南涝北旱” 的一个重要原因。本文揭示了青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的可能物理机制。青藏高原冬季多雪, 会导致青藏高原地面感热热源减弱, 这种热源的减弱在冬季导致冬季风偏强, 可以影响到我国华南、 西南及孟加拉湾地区。同时, 由于高原热源的减弱可持续到夏季, 成为东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风减弱的一个原因。在积雪初期, 地面反射通量的增加起了主要作用; 在积雪融化后, “湿土壤” 在延长高原积雪对天气气候的影响过程中起了重要作用。初期的反射通量增加减少了太阳辐射的吸收、 融雪时的融化吸热, 以及后期的湿土壤与大气的长期相互作用, 作为异常冷源, 减弱了春夏季高原热源, 是高原冬季积雪影响夏季风并进而影响我国夏季降水的主要机理。本文的模拟结果表明, 青藏高原冬季积雪的显著影响时效可以一直持续到6月份。     

Interannual Variability of Snow Depth over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Associated Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies

The interannual variability of wintertime snow depth over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and related atmospheric circulation anomalies were investigated based on observed snow depth measurements and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Empirical orthogonal function(EOF) analysis was applied to identify the spatio-temporal variability of wintertime TP snow depth.Snow depth anomalies were dominated by a monopole pattern over the TP and a dipole structure with opposite anomalies over the southeastern and northwestern TP.The atmospheric circulation conditions responsible for the interannual variability of TP snow depth were examined via regression analyses against the principal component of the most dominant EOF mode.In the upper troposphere,negative zonal wind anomalies over the TP with extensively positive anomalies to the south indicated that the southwestward shift of the westerly jet may favor the development of surface cyclones over the TP.An anomalous cyclone centered over the southeastern TP was associated with the anomalous westerly jet,which is conducive to heavier snowfall and results in positive snow depth anomalies.An anomalous cyclone was observed at 500 hPa over the TP,with an anomalous anticyclone immediately to the north,suggesting that the TP is frequently affected by surface cyclones.Regression analyses revealed that significant negative thickness anomalies exist around the TP from March to May,with a meridional dipole anomaly in March.The persistent negative anomalies due to more winter TP snow are not conducive to earlier reversal of the meridional temperature gradient,leading to a possible delay in the onset of the Asian summer monsoon.     

基于MODIS资料的西藏遥感积雪监测业务化方法

雪灾是西藏地区藏北一线、南部边缘地区对牧业生产影响最严重的灾害之一,利用卫星遥感资料开展积雪监测,提供监测信息产品具有重要的现实意义.利用拉萨接收站接收的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)卫星遥感资料对西藏高原积雪的监测方法进行了探讨,找出适合该地区的积雪判别模式,建立MODIS资料为基础的积雪监测系统.基于MODIS数据计算得出的归一化差分积雪指数(NDSI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)与1、2、4、6通道等相结合,建立积雪监测模型是可行的;得出的积雪判识方法对于西藏地区有较高的适用性,如结合地表土地利用类型数据将有林区和非森林区分开计算,能较好地消除藏东南地区因地势复杂、森林茂密对NDSI的影响.     

Water and energy fluxes in the lower Mackenzie valley, 1994/95

Abstract

The 1994/95 water year in the lower Mackenzie Valley was an extraordinary year hydrologically, with the important winter to summer transition being the earliest on record. Unlike more temperate areas, the northern water year is dominated, to a great extent, by this onset of spring which results in the melting of nearly half of the annual precipitation over a period of a few weeks, initiates the thawing of the river and lake ice and the soil active layer, and marks the beginning of the evaporation season. An early winter to summer transition occurred at two small research basins in the Inuvik area and at the East Channel of the Mackenzie River Delta. At the research basins, for example, the spring of 1994/95 had the earliest onset of continuous above‐freezing air temperatures, removal of the snow cover, and initiation of runoff. Consideration of the entire water year at the research basins demonstrates that rain and snow were nearly equal in magnitude, evaporation exceeded runoff, and the annual change in storage was negative to near zero. This negative change in storage was related to the long, snow‐free evaporation season, above‐average air temperatures, and below‐normal precipitation. The unusual winter to summer transition on the Mackenzie River in the eastern portion of the Mackenzie Delta was, in many ways, even more remarkable than that in the research basins. Earlier work had suggested that the timing of the spring breakup was very consistent from year to year. An analysis of the timing of breakup from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, however, shows a trend towards earlier spring breakup, with the mean for the 1990s being nine days earlier than that for the 1960s, and with the 1995 breakup being the earliest on record. Such an early breakup is not only an indication of warm local conditions, but of warm temperatures and an early runoff event over the more southerly areas of the Mackenzie basin. A companion Mackenzie Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment study illustrates the importance of a high pressure circulation pattern centred east of the basin to this early melt event.     

Interannual variability of soil moisture in the European part of Russia in summer

Interannual and interdecadal variability of soil moisture in the European part of Russia in summer months is investigated using the data for 1948-2012. It is found that the two first empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) describe about 50% of total variability of soil moisture. The spatial pattern of the first EOF is indicative of coherent changes in soil moisture in the whole European part of Russia. The second EOF is represented by the meridional dipole with the opposite signs of soil moisture variations in the northern and southern parts of the region. It is revealed that the spatiotemporal pattern of the principal EOFs of soil moisture variability in the European part of Russia almost does not vary during summer that is indicative of the uniform (for each EOF) mechanism of the formation of interan-nual variability of soil moisture.     

我国江淮流域近40年异常初终霜冻的分析

该文用地面最低温度资料，以≤0℃作为霜冻指标，定量地确定出现异常霜冻的判别标准，研究了近40年初终霜冻异常的气候特征。结果表明:初终霜冻的异常明显存在地区差异。其变化周期以2～3年和准12年最普遍。其偏离均值大致有两种波型:反向变化和同向变化。前者在淮河流域较突出，后者在长江流域较普遍。当其出现反向变化趋势，且二者偏离均值达最大时，该时期为初霜冻异常偏早(偏晚)，终霜冻异常偏晚(偏早)的活跃期。同样，当初、终霜冻出现同向变化时，初、终霜冻异常活路期亦呈现同向变化。     

未来我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害变化的数值模拟

使用高分辨率区域气候模式（RegCM3）,单向嵌套一个全球模式,对未来我国南方冰雪灾害在IPCC SRES A2情景下的变化进行了数值模拟。结果表明：未来南方地区低温日数整体将减少,但在广东和广西北部部分地区连续低温日数有增加现象;降雪日数和连续降雪日数会减少,但在江西等地降雪量将有所增加,同时强降雪事件在江西等地将增多,引起地面最大积雪深度和最大持续积雪日数的增加;湖南和贵州东部地区冻雨日数会减少,而在青藏高原东麓等地冻雨日数会增加。