冬小麦群体的光能利用率

本文通过生长分析法与农田小气候方法相结合的途径,研究了小麦群体的光能利用率和能量转换效率随生育期的变化过程以及它们之间的相互关系;提供了用光能利用效率定量分析栽培措施产量效应机理的实例。文中对现在通用的只使用理想数值计算小麦光能利用率的方法提出了改进意见。试验表明:小麦群体的光能利用率随生育期变化的曲线呈双峰型,抽穗期出现极小值;同样的经济产量所相应的光能利用率,南方的大于北方的;施肥措施的产量效益是群体的能量转换效率、反射率和农田植被覆盖度三个因子在施肥措施的作用下对光能利用率综合影响的结果。     

麦棉间套(六·二)带型的农田小气候

(六·二)带型是麦棉间套优化带型,带幅适宜,结构合理,有利于田间操作,提高了复种面积.麦棉间套利用条带能量互补,改善农田小气候.为作物生长发育创造了良好环境条件,发挥边际效应优势,增加了小麦叶面积,提高光能利用率,改变了小麦籽粒品质结构和产量结构,提高小麦和棉花产量.     

粮食作物气候—土壤生产潜力探讨

本文根据能量转换原理和作物关键生育期的光合有机物质对形成籽粒产量贡献比率,建立粮食作物光能、光温、气候、气候—土壤生产潜力四层统计模式,计算和分析了江苏省中稻、小麦、玉米不同生产潜力分布特征及利用现状,进而提出开发途径。     

对小麦光能利用率变化的初步探讨

“万物生长靠太阳”。作物的产量形成主要是利用光能,通过光合器官进行光合作用,将所吸收的二氧化碳和水合成碳水化合物。最大限度地利用太阳辐射能,不断提高作物的光能利用率,是充分利用气候资源,提高农作物产量的一项重要任务。 我们在研究丰产麦田光条件的同时,1974—1975年对小麦各生育期的光合生产量作了初步测量,以探讨提高光能利用率的途径。 一、研究方法 作物光合效率的测定方法很多,本文采用取样称重法。即在小麦返青后的各发育期间,每10天取样     

基于涡度相关通量数据估算水稻光能利用率

使用涡度相关通量数据估算安徽寿县农田水稻拔节至成熟期的光能利用率,并分析光能利用率的日变化和季节变化。研究表明:光能利用率的日动态呈现先降低后升高的单峰U型曲线,即早晚值较高,中午较低;季节变化总体呈现降低趋势。日变化中,光能利用率与温度呈正相关,与吸收的光合有效辐射呈显著负相关;季节变化中,光能利用率与温度呈弱正相关。     

冬小麦生长和产量形成与气象条件关系及其动态模拟的研究——以河南省黄淮平原冬小麦中、低产地区为例

本文以能量转换和物质循环的观点,根据大量的田间试验及气象资料,对河南省黄淮平原中、低产地区冬小麦生长和产量形成与气象条件的定量关系及其时空变化特点作了分析,并指出了小麦群体内部光合有效辐射(PAR)的垂直分布特征;群体中存在着一个对PAR的强烈削弱层,它随着小麦生育期的后延而升高。依该地区小麦干物质积累不同特点,作者提出了早播、适播、迟播和受冻害四种生长型。 在前人研究的基础上,作者提出了“冬小麦农业气象计算机模拟模型”(WWACSM),它由发育期、叶面积系数及光合生产三个一级子模式和若干个二级子模式组成:并结合河南省黄淮平原小麦生产实践,对其中某些子模式作了探索和改进,为进一步发展该地区小麦的商品生产提供了气象依据。     

晚播丰产小麦光能利用的研究

通过对北京顺义县实验资料的分析，探讨了晚播丰产小麦光能利用率，净同化率与叶面积指数的关系；并通过１９９１，１９９２年小麦不同发育地段的叶面积指数，透光率，产量构成以及光能利用率的观测和计算，分析了光能利用率，净同化率与产量的关系；同时认为由于晚播丰产小麦播种量大，苗情偏旺，在田间的肥水管理上采取前控后促的手段，适当将拔节水推迟到拔节末期即春五叶期进行，可以争取到较多穗粒数，达到增产的效果。     

紧凑型夏玉米光能利用和合理密植试验总结

夏玉米的生长和产量形成是通过绿色叶面积的光合作用,把无机物转化为有机物、把太阳能转化为化学能的一个物质和能量的转化过程。在大田生产条件下,群体的绿色叶面积与种植密度有关。为了探索紧凑型夏玉米光合叶面积变化的规律和特点,找出提高光能利用率的有效途径,确定玉米高产的最佳密度和在高密度下便于管理的种植方式,1991年我们进行了夏玉米光能利用和合理密植的试验研究。     

巩义市优质小麦农业气候资源分析

利用1961～1990年气象资料和小麦生产资料,分析了巩义市小麦生育期的光能资源、热量资源、水分资源及产量波动的气象原因,并确定了不同年型的适宜播种期.     

巩义市优质小麦农业气候资源分析

利用1961～1990年气象资料和小麦生产资料，分析了巩义市小麦生育期的光能资源、热量资源、水分资源及产量波动的气象原因，并确定了不同年型的适宜播种期。     

Contributions of individual variation in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation to crop yield in the North China Plain, 1961–2003

An understanding of the relative impacts of the changes in climate variables on crop yield can help develop effective adaptation strategies to cope with climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the interannual variability and trends in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation during 1961–2003 on wheat and maize yields in a double cropping system at Beijing and Zhengzhou in the North China Plain (NCP), and to examine the relative contributions of each climate variable in isolation. 129 climate scenarios consisting of all the combinations of these climate variables were constructed. Each scenario contained 43 years of observed values of one variable, combined with values of the other two variables from each individual year repeated 43 times. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used to simulate crop yields using the ensemble of generated climate scenarios. The results showed that the warming trend during the study period did not have significant impact on wheat yield potential at both sites, and only had significant negative impact on maize yield potential at Beijing. This is in contrast with previous results on effect of warming. The decreasing trend in solar radiation had a much greater impact on simulated yields of both wheat and maize crops, causing a significant reduction in potential yield of wheat and maize at Beijing. Although decreasing trends in rainfed yield of both simulated wheat and maize were found, the substantial interannual variability of precipitation made the trends less prominent.     

山西省太阳能资源时空分布特征及利用潜力评估

按照中国气象局发布的太阳能资源评估方法,利用山西省近30 a 3个辐射观测站的太阳总辐射资料和105个站的日照资料,采用气候学方法计算了山西省的太阳总辐射,在分析山西省太阳总辐射的空间分布和时间演变特征的基础上,计算了山西省太阳能资源的各种参数,对区域太阳能资源潜力进行了客观评估。结果表明山西省太阳能资源储备丰富、稳定、可开发利用日数较多,特别是山西北部地区,尤其适合进行太阳能资源开发利用。     

安徽省冬小麦水分盈亏特征及其对产量的影响

利用安徽省1971—2010年的气象资料和冬小麦产量资料,采用水分盈亏指数分析了安徽省冬小麦全生育期和关键期（孕穗至乳熟期）水分盈亏的时空变化特征,以及旱涝对产量的影响。结果表明：冬小麦全生育期和关键期水分盈亏指数基本呈纬向分布,合肥以北水分亏缺明显,江淮南部及其以南地区水分供应基本充足,越往南水分盈余程度越大,总体来看缺水程度关键期大于全生育期;近40年冬小麦水分盈亏指数的时间变化趋势不明显,但年际波动大,旱涝灾害风险增加。干旱主要发生在沿淮淮北地区,涝渍在江淮及其以南地区发生频率较高,典型旱涝年平均减产率分别为4.2%和12.4%;造成冬小麦减产10%的中度旱灾风险北部大于南部,中度涝灾风险南部大于北部。南部涝渍风险和造成的产量损失明显大于北部的干旱,水分偏多的南部地区要尽量减少冬小麦的种植。     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O_3 and CO_2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part Ⅱ: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative effects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone effects on crops in farmland environment.     

Numerical Simulation Study on the Impacts of Tropospheric O3 and CO2 Concentration Changes on Winter Wheat. Part II: Simulation Results and Analyses

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the enrichment of tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide concentration at striking rates has caused effects on biosphere, especially on crops. It is generally accepted that the increase of CO2 concentration will have obverse effects on plant productivity while ozone is reported as the air pollutant most damaging to agricultural crops and other plants. The Model of Carbon and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Agroecosystems (DNDC) was adapted to evaluate simultaneously impacts of climate change on winter wheat. Growth development and yield formation of winter wheat under different O3 and CO2 concentration conditions are simulated with the improved DNDC model whose structure has been described in another paper. Through adjusting the DNDC model applicability, winter wheat growth and development in Gucheng Station were simulated well in 1993 and 1999, which is in favor of modifying the model further. The model was validated against experiment observation, including development stage data, leaf area index, each organ biomass, and total aboveground biomass. Sensitivity tests demonstrated that the simulated results in development stage and biomass were sensitive to temperature change. The main conclusions of the paper are the following: 1) The growth and yield of winter wheat under CO2 concentration of 500 ppmv, 700 ppmv and the current ozone concentration are simulated respectively by the model. The results are well fitted with the observed data of OTCs experiments. The results show that increase of CO2 concentration may improve the growth of winter wheat and elevate the yield. 2) The growth and yield of winter wheat under O3 concentration of 50 ppbv, 100 ppbv, 200 ppbv and the based concentration CO2 are simulated respectively by the model. The simulated curves of stem, leaf, and spike organs growth as well as leaf area index are well accounted with the observed data. The results reveal that ozone has negative e ects on the growth and yield of winter wheat. Ozone accelerates the process of leaf senescence and causes yield loss. Under very high ozone concentration, crops are damaged dramatically and even dead. 3) At last, by the model possible effects of air temperature change and combined effects of O3 and CO2 are estimated respectively. The results show that doubled CO2 concentration may alleviate negative effect of O3 on biomass and yield of winter wheat when ozone concentration is about 70-80 ppbv. The obverse effects of CO2 are less than the adverse effects of O3 when the concentration of ozone is up to 100 ppbv. Future work should determine whether it can be applied to other species by adjusting the values of related parameters, and whether the model can be adapted to predict ozone e ects on crops in farmland environment.     

Spatial and temporal changes in vapor pressure deficit and their impacts on crop yields in China during 1980–2008

Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a widely used measure of atmospheric water demand. It is closely related to crop evapotranspiration and consequently has major impacts on crop growth and yields. Most previous studies have focused on the impacts of temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation on crop yields, but the impact of VPD is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal changes in VPD and their impacts on yields of major crops in China from 1980 to 2008. The results showed that VPD during the growing period of rice, maize, and soybean increased by more than 0.10 kPa (10 yr)^–1 in northeastern and southeastern China, although it increased the least during the wheat growing period. Increases in VPD had different impacts on yields for different crops and in different regions. Crop yields generally decreased due to increased VPD, except for wheat in southeastern China. Maize yield was sensitive to VPD in more counties than other crops. Soybean was the most sensitive and rice was the least sensitive to VPD among the major crops. In the past three decades, due to the rising trend in VPD, wheat, maize, and soybean yields declined by more than 10.0% in parts of northeastern China and the North China Plain, while rice yields were little affected. For China as a whole, the trend in VPD during 1980–2008 increased rice yields by 1.32%, but reduced wheat, maize, and soybean yields by 6.02%, 3.19%, and 7.07%, respectively. Maize and soybean in the arid and semi-arid regions in northern China were more sensitive to the increase in VPD. These findings highlight that climate change can affect crop growth and yield through increasing VPD, and water-saving technologies and agronomic management need to be strongly encouraged to adapt to ongoing climate change.     

Projected temperature changes indicate significant increase in interannual variability of U.S. maize yields

Climate change has the potential to be a source of increased variability if crops are more frequently exposed to damaging weather conditions. Yield variability could respond to a shift in the frequency of extreme events to which crops are susceptible, or if weather becomes more variable. Here we focus on the United States, which produces about 40% of the world’s maize, much of it in areas that are expected to see increased interannual variability in temperature. We combine a statistical crop model based on historical climate and yield data for 1950–2005 with temperature and precipitation projections from 15 different global circulation models. Holding current growing area constant, aggregate yields are projected to decrease by an average of 18% by 2030–2050 relative to 1980–2000 while the coefficient of variation of yield increases by an average of 47%. Projections from 13 out of 15 climate models result in an aggregate increase in national yield coefficient of variation, indicating that maize yields are likely to become more volatile in this key growing region without effective adaptation responses. Rising CO₂ could partially dampen this increase in variability through improved water use efficiency in dry years, but we expect any interactions between CO₂ and temperature or precipitation to have little effect on mean yield changes.     

Weather yield model for the semi tropical region (Pakistan)

Weather models are essential tools for checking of the effect of the weather elements in terms of their effect on the production of the crop. This research is an attempt to see the effect of only two variables i.e., temperature and rainfall for the division Faisalabad (semitropical region of Pakistan).The model fitted is of the linear form:the values of a,b, c have been found. The expected yield has been calculated by using the aridity indices (X1 and X2 ) and the result in the form of coefficient of determination R2 has been found equal to 0.166. The significance of the regression coefficient has been tested, which shows that the contribution to the yield from aridity index at germination and that at ripening is significant.The wheat yields are the results of a wide variety of variables, most of which show varying degree of relationship with one another, some positive and some negative in terms of output. These variables may be technology, fertilizers, pesticides, epidemics, kinds of seeds used, market price of crop and the area under cultivation etc, which can be the source of variation in the wheat yield. Since rainfall during germination and temperature at the ripening periods are the necessary factors for the yield of wheat, for this purpose these parameters have been studied in order to their contribution.     

三江地区光、热资源及作物生产潜力

三江地区位于我国东北端,包括三江平原、兴凯湖平原及其毗邻地带,面积约10万余平方公里,是我国重要的商品粮基地和垦区之一。本文分析计算了三江地区的光、热资源,着重探讨了光温潜力。考虑温度对不同作物生产力的影响,我们提出一种计算C_4作物、C_2喜凉作物和C_3喜温作物的温度影响参数的经验公式。据此,估算了三江地区春小麦、大豆、玉米和水稻等四种主要农作物的生产潜力;并与实际高产值作了比较。最后,就三江地区光、热资源的开发利用问题进行了讨论。     

甘肃省小麦干旱灾害风险评估及区划研究

利用1980—2016年甘肃省84个县(区)的小麦产量资料,分析平均减产率、减产率概率系数、减产率变异系数构建的综合干旱灾害风险指数,根据综合干旱灾害风险指数来评估甘肃省各市小麦单产干旱灾害风险。结果表明:河西地区干旱发生频率高,属于灌溉农业,变异系数较大,其东部地区平均减产率高,风险概率大,属于高等风险区,河西地区的西部和中部分别属于低等和中等风险区;陇中地区干旱发生频率高,属于雨养农业,变异系数小,而平均减产率和风险概率较高,大部分属于中等风险区;陇东地区干旱发生频率较低,变异系数低,平均减产率和风险概率较高,属于中等风险区;陇南和甘南地区干旱发生频率较高,平均减产率和风险概率均较低,属于低等风险区。甘肃省小麦风险区划可为风险预算及防灾减灾提供科学依据。