贵阳地区红黏土动力参数计算模型研究

利用室内SDT-20动三轴试验机对贵阳原状红黏土进行循环荷载作用下动力特性试验,探究不同围压、固结应力比和振动频率对红黏土动力学参数的影响,结合实验数据及参数模型拟合贵阳红黏土动应力应变关系、动弹性模量及阻尼比经验公式,结果表明：贵阳红黏土动本构关系仍符合H-D双曲线增长模型,动弹性模量随动应变增长非线性衰减,阻尼比随动应变增长非线性增加。围压及固结应力比对红黏土动力学参数具有显著影响,围压及固结应力比增大,动变形减小,动弹性模量增加,阻尼比降低,同等条件下,提高振动频率,动力学参数显示出与围压及固结应力比相同规律,但不显著。基于H-D模型,给出了贵阳原状红黏土双曲线模型参数,通过多元回归分析,拟合并提出针对贵阳红黏土的在不同试验条件下动弹性模量衰减及阻尼比经验公式,给出相应的拟合参数。     

瑞利阻尼对砂土场地非线性地震响应的影响分析

在地震荷载作用下,自由场地会产生土体侧向变形和地表响应放大现象。由于土体的高度非线性,计算自由场地地震响应时,不同的阻尼比及剪切模量取值是造成其计算结果与试验结果相差较大的原因之一。目前动力计算常采用瑞利阻尼方法,其系数取值会在一定程度上影响计算结果。选用两模态简化瑞利阻尼系数计算方法,分析土体阻尼比及控制频率的取值对计算结果的影响,对比离心机模型试验,利用开源有限元平台OpenSees,采用适合于土体动力分析的多屈服面本构模型(PDMY),建立剪切梁模型模拟三维自由场地,并分析瑞利阻尼参数对自由场地地震响应和侧向变形计算结果的影响。结果表明,针对相对密度为60%的Nevada干砂,阻尼比为4%、控制频率比为5时,场地响应计算结果与试验结果较为符合。综合分析显示场地非线性响应时域计算时,应特别注意选用的瑞利阻尼参数值。     

利用测试法综合评判打桩振动对建筑物的影响

随着城市建设发展,打桩振动引起的纠纷日渐增多。结合某工程场地打桩振动测试,通过研究场地各方向的衰减规律,综合考虑打桩振动的各影响因素,对实测数据进行分析处理。选择适当的标准评价打桩振动对周边民房影响程度,确定影响范围。     

上海地铁一号线人民广场振动测试与分析

对上海地铁一号线人民广场站区间隧道进行振动测试,结合轨道加速度测试数据及车辆体系振动方程,建立地铁列车振动模拟荷载的数定表达式,并将荷载作用于FLAC3D数值模型上,分析地铁引起的地面振动响应。通过对比不同工况的数值分析结果,研究振动波在地表的传播规律,并讨论了隧道埋深对地面振动的影响,分析了不同频率的简谐地铁激励荷载引起的地面振动的衰减规律。     

打桩振动对建筑物影响评价方法探讨

打桩振动因其传播过程受到地质结构、地面环境和振动持时等条件影响,导致振动效应差别较大。探讨了打桩振动对建筑物影响的评价标准和评价方法,并结合工程实例,通过调查、分析打桩振动与建筑物破损的相关因素,根据实测场地各方向的振动效应,结合各相关影响因子建立场地的衰减规律,合理地评判了打桩振动影响范围。     

上海地铁一号线人民广场振动测试与分析

对上海地铁一号线人民广场站区间隧道进行振动测试,结合轨道加速度测试数据及车辆体系振动方程,建立地铁列车振动模拟荷载的数定表达式,并将荷载作用于FLAC3D数值模型上,分析地铁引起的地面振动响应。通过对比不同工况的数值分析结果,研究振动波在地表的传播规律,并讨论了隧道埋深对地面振动的影响,分析了不同频率的简谐地铁激励荷载引起的地面振动的衰减规律。     

高山峡谷场地地震动水平峰值加速度传播特性研究

建立了高山峡谷场地的动力计算模型,分析了攀枝花地震动作用下场地水平峰值加速度(HPA)的衰减效应,研究了不同参数对场地HPA传播特性的影响。数值分析结果表明:HPA随深度增加而衰减,HPA在坡脚处比在峡谷处要低一些;在山顶处有放大效应,但放大系数比实际震害要小一些;HPA衰减程度随着阻尼比和模型深度的增加而增加,随着坡比增加而减小,且不受输入地震动峰值加速度影响;在不同频谱特性地震动作用下,当地震波的卓越频率接近计算模型的自振频率时,场地衰减程度会随之增大。     

交通荷载作用下边坡动力响应数值分析

利用岩土数值分析软件FLAC2D6.0对边坡岩土体在不同交通荷载作用下动力响应做了数值分析。结果表明:在交通荷载作用下,岩土体的振动加速度在震源附近最大,沿坡面向上以及向内水平向逐渐减小;离震源越近衰减越快,随着距离增大而逐渐变慢,并且交通荷载越大衰减的幅度越大;路面以上边坡岩土体垂直加速度和水平加速度处于同一量级,垂直加速度大于水平加速度;路面以下加速度比路面以上大一个量级,水平加速度和垂直加速度处于同一量级,并且水平加速度大于垂直加速度。研究结果对于评价交通荷载对边坡岩土体的影响及边坡的加固与治理具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

土体动力一维非线性本构关系剖析与评价

土体动力一维非线性本构关系是场地及地基动力响应、土工数值分析的关键。回顾和总结了国内外的发展状况及研究进展,对其分析方法、等幅循环荷载到不规则荷载的扩展及应用规则、试验阻尼比的等效、滞回曲线形状等核心问题进行剖析、评价和探讨,并对各种模型的优缺点进行了比较和讨论,着重介绍了最近研究结果。最后指出未来发展方向及有待进一步研究的问题。     

交通荷载及其对紧邻基坑支护结构影响的现场实测分析

目前对交通荷载对深基坑围护结构的影响研究尚处于起步阶段。本文通过对某深基坑工程交通荷载以及交通荷载作用下深基坑围护结构振动加速度及桩后动土压力的现场实测研究,给出了坑边车辆荷载计算经验公式,并分析了车辆荷载大小、行驶速度等因素对基坑围护结构振动特性及动土压力的影响规律。结果表明:在地表面处,车辆荷载产生的振动以竖直向为主;车辆荷载的大小将直接影响围护结构振动加速度幅值及动土压力大小;车辆行驶速度不同,车辆振动产生的峰值加速度和土体惯性力也不同,从而使得基坑围护结构桩后动土压力也不同,车辆行驶速度越大,基坑围护结构振动峰值加速度及动土压力也越大;车辆交通荷载对基坑围护结构的影响将随着距离的增加而衰减。研究所得结果可供相关基坑工程设计施工参考。     

打桩引起的地面振动的研究

为了对打桩引起的地面振动进行研究,应用一维应力波理论建立了粘弹性成层土中等截面弹性桩的力学模型,得到了桩中任意一点处位移的半解析解。利用桩与土的相互作用将桩对土的作用力简化到各土层面上。在复阻尼理论和纳维方程的基础上,利用分层法得到了任意荷载作用下土的位移、速度和加速度的解。从而得到了打桩引起的地面振动的衰减特性。通过实测结果和计算结果的比较说明了该方法的可行性。     

Prediction of free field vibrations due to pile driving using a dynamic soil–structure interaction formulation

This paper presents a numerical model for the prediction of free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving. As the focus is on the response in the far field where deformations are relatively small, a linear elastic constitutive behaviour is assumed for the soil. The free field vibrations are calculated by means of a coupled FE–BE model based on a subdomain formulation. First, the case of vibratory pile driving is considered, where the contributions of different types of waves are investigated for several penetration depths. In the near field, the soil response is dominated by a vertically polarized shear wave, whereas in the far field, body waves are importantly attenuated and Rayleigh waves dominate the ground vibration. Second, the case of impact pile driving is considered. A linear wave equation model is used to estimate the impact force during the driving process. Apart from the response of a homogeneous halfspace, it is also investigated how the soil stratification influences the ground vibration for the case of a soft layer on a stiffer halfspace. When the penetration depth is smaller than the layer thickness, the layered medium has no significant influence on ground vibrations. However, when the penetration depth is larger than the layer thickness, the influence of the layered medium becomes more significant. The computed ground vibrations are finally compared with field measurements reported in the literature.     

Propagation and attenuation characteristics of various ground vibrations

In order to effectively control vibration related problems, the development of a reliable vibration monitoring system and the proper assessment of attenuation characteristics of various vibrations are essential. Various ground vibrations caused by train loading, blasting, friction pile driving and hydraulic hammer compaction were measured using 3D geophones inside of the borehole as well as on the ground surface, and the propagation and attenuation characteristics of various source generated vibrations were investigated by analyzing particle motions. For the geometric modeling of various vibrations, the types of various sources and their induced waves were characterized and the geometric damping coefficients were determined. The measured attenuation data matched well with the predicted data when using the suggested geometric damping coefficient, and the estimated soil damping ratios were quite reasonable taking soil type of the site and experiencing strain level into consideration.     

轨道交通荷载下桩板结构主动隔振效果研究

为了研究在轨道交通荷载作用下桩板结构主动隔振措施的隔振效果,通过无限元边界与有限元边界相结合的有限元分析方法在路基中建立桩板结构模型,并在沙土地基中设置混凝土桩板结构进行模型试验,通过模型试验对有限元数值模拟结果加以验证,将桩长、埋深及置换率3个因素考虑在内,研究其对隔振效果的影响。结果表明:模型试验验证有限元计算方法的可靠性;随桩长增加振幅降低比减小,隔振效果明显,随着振源距离增加其振幅降低比减小明显;埋深为桩板结构主动隔振措施中的主要影响因素,随着埋深增加振幅降低比明显减小,隔振效果越明显;有限元计算过程中置换率对隔振效果的影响不明显,但是在模型试验中置换率对隔振效果影响较显著。     

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of scoured bridge pier with pile foundation

This study investigated the seismic performance and soil‐structure interaction of a scoured bridge models with pile foundation by shaking table tests using a biaxial laminar shear box. The bridge pier model with pile foundation comprised a lumped mass representing the superstructure, a steel pier, and a footing supported by a single aluminum pile within dry silica sand. End of the pile was fixed at the bottom of the shear box to simulate the scenario that the pile was embedded in a firm stratum of rock. The bridge pier model was subjected to one‐directional shakes, including white noise and earthquake records. The performance of the bridge pier model with pile foundation was discussed for different scoured conditions. It is found that the moment demand of pile increases with the increase of scoured depth whereas the moment demand of the bridge pier decreases, and this transition may induce the bridge failure mechanism transform from pier to pile. The seismic demand on scoured pile foundations may be underestimated and misinterpreted to a certain degree. When evaluating the system damping ratio with SSI, the system response may not be significantly changed even if the soil viscous damping contribution is varied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大直径钢管桩土塞效应的拟静力判断方法

钢管桩在贯入过程中土塞效应的正确判断对打桩阻力及承载力的预测有重要影响,常用的静力平衡土塞效应判断方法主要适用于小直径钢管桩。随着海洋平台工作水深的不断增加及海上风电工程的建设,直径大于2m的大直径钢管桩被广泛采用,管桩直径的增加改变了桩管内土体的受力与变形特征。通过数值模拟方法获得砂土中不同径长比的钢管桩在打桩过程中桩周土体的破坏模式,确定采用梅耶霍夫公式计算打桩过程中桩端土体阻力,同时分析锤击惯性力对桩管内土塞的影响,提出采用拟静力平衡法判断大直径钢管桩的土塞闭塞效应。开展不同径长比管桩的室内小比尺打桩模型试验,并对实际工程中的土塞闭塞效应进行判断,验证拟静力平衡法对判断大直径钢管桩土塞效应的适用性。     

基岩弹性刚度对土层地震反应的影响

将基岩上均匀、各向同性土层的地震反应,简化为置于弹性支座上的一维剪切梁模型进行分析。将地震激励假定为白噪声谱,在随机边界激励下,主要探讨了土层与基岩2种介质间的波阻抗比、波速比、土层厚度和阻尼特性对土层地震反应的影响。计算结果表明,对于一定的土层厚度,在一定阻尼比条件下,土层和基岩的阻抗比小到一定程度时,可以将基岩假定为刚性约束,而误差可以控制在一定的范围内。     

均质介质中排桩对瑞利波的阻隔试验分析

本文通过室外试验的方法并绘制二维等值线图以及将波长和双桩变量进行归一化处理来分析瑞利波通过双桩时周边土体振动的变化,结果表明：在桩间、桩前存在振动加强的现象,其中桩间以及桩角处振动强度最大;桩长与波长的比值的增加会使得桩前、桩间土体振动加强,同时也会使得双桩的隔振效果提升。当比值为0.691~0.781的范围内时,各点处变化幅度趋于平缓;桩间距的增加会使得双桩失去相互影响作用,当桩间距与波长的比值在0.34~0.42时,桩前、桩间以及桩后的A_r值趋近于1,即不存在振动加强以及衰减现象;桩径的增加可提升双桩的隔振效果,同时随着桩径与波长的比值增加,桩前、桩间的A_r值均有较小幅度的增加;振源距的增加会使得双桩的隔振效果增强,随着振源距与波长的比值的增加,桩前的A_r值降低了0.13左右,桩间仅仅降低了0.068左右,而桩后的A_r值降低了0.108左右,隔振效果增强,但增强的幅度较小。     

Attenuation of ground vibrations due to different technical sources

The attenuation of technically induced surface waves is studied theoretically and experimentally.In this paper, nineteen measurements of ground vibrations induced by eight different technical sources including road and rail traffic, vibratory and impulsive construction work or pile driving, explosions, hammer impulses and mass drops are described, and it is shown that the technically induced ground vibrations exhibit a power-law attenuation v～r-q where the exponents q are in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 and depend on the source types.Comparisons performed demonstrate that the measured exponents are considerably higher than theoretically expected.Some potential effects on ground vibration attenuation are theoretically analyzed.The most important effect is due to the material or scattering damping.Each frequency component is attenuated exponentially as exp(-kr), but for a broad-band excitation, the sum of the exponential laws also yields a power law but with a high exponent.Additional effects are discussed, for example the dispersion of the Rayleigh wave due to soil layering, which yields an additional exponent of 0.5 in cases of impulsive loading.