上海市气象场与SO2浓度数值模拟

采用地形坐标系下适合于复杂地形且满足地－气耦合的静力学三维中－β尺度气象预报模式，使用08时的实测流场经变分法初始化后得到的初始流场，模拟研究了上海地区的局地流场时空演变特征，模式较细致地考虑了湍流，长短波辐射，凝结，蒸发，地表热力平衡等因子，在此基础上，使用有限元法数值求解一阶闭合的三维区拉平流扩散方程，模拟了上海地区的SO2浓度分布，结果表明：上海的局地流场具有明显的日变化特征，受海陆温差的影响明显，日间风速较夜间风速大，风向呈顺时针旋转，在不同稳定层结情况下，高架点源排放的高空污染物对地面的污染物浓度有贡献，会千成地面污染物浓度升高。     

日照市区PM10污染物特征及其与气象要素的关系

对2002年1月1日-2002年12月31日日照市环境监测中心提供的PM₁₀(可吸入颗粒物)日平均浓度资料和对应时段的日照市地面气象资料做了深入的分析,揭示了污染物PM₁₀变化特征及其随气象要素的变化规律。同时分析了主要污染物PM₁₀与地面风速、风向间的相关关系,发现日照市大于等于3级的PM₁₀污染日均出现在1-4月,地面风速对污染物PM₁₀浓度有一定影响,当地面风速超过5m/s时,3级及以上污染日很少出现,当地面风速超过6.5m/s时,随着风速的提高,污染物浓度呈下降趋势。污染物浓度呈明显的季节变化,冬、春季节明显高于夏、秋季节。     

贵阳市严重大气污染的数值模拟

使用三维地形跟踪坐标系上的动力学流场模式和平流扩散方程浓度场模式、模拟了造成贵阳市冬季严重二氧化硫污染的局地环流特征以及相庆的ＳＯ２浓度分布，结果表明冬季稳定冷高压系统控制下的晴朗小风天气是造贵阳市严重大气污染的主要天气条件，其基本特点是地面小风，边界层下部较强的逆温层和城市盆地周围山坡的夜间冷泄流。     

地形对太原市污染物稀释扩散影响的模拟试验

文中利用CAPPS模式进行了模拟试验 ,试图研究在不同环流背景下 ,太原附近簸箕型地形对该地主要污染物(SO2 ,NOx,PM10 )稀释扩散的影响。结果表明 :采用仿真模式地形 ,局地环流背景下 ,簸箕型地形阻碍了主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,加剧近地层空气的污染 ;大尺度环流背景下 ,且地面为偏南风或偏东风时 ,簸箕型地形有助于主要污染物的稀释和扩散 ,SO2 ,NOx,PM10 浓度减小 ,地面为偏北风或偏西风且风速≥ 5m /s时 ,SO2 ,NOx 浓度减小 ,PM10 浓度剧增。此外 ,还探讨了簸箕型地形对太原市主要污染物稀释扩散作用的机制 ,采用仿真模式地形 ,大尺度环流背景时 ,簸箕型地形对垂直运动具有增幅作用 ,且地形越高 ,增幅越明显。     

成都市PM2.5污染特征及其与地面气象要素的关系分析

为了解成都市PM_2.5污染特征及其与地面气象要素的关系,利用环境空气质量监测资料和地面气象观测资料,分析了PM_2.5质量浓度的季节、月和日变化特征,并分不同空气质量等级分析空气质量与地面气象要素的关系。结果表明：PM_2.5质量浓度具有明显的季节、月和日变化特征,且成都市区6个监测站的变化趋势比较一致;成都市相对湿度较大,地面风速较小,约62%的样本分布在相对湿度80%~100%,约85%的样本分布在地面风速0~2 m·s^-1,地面风速对成都市PM_2.5的水平输送、扩散、稀释不利;降水对PM_2.5的清除量随PM_2.5初始浓度、降雨持续时间和累积降雨量增加而增大。     

冬季呼市地面流场特点及成因分析

受大气环流影响和地形作用，冬季呼市地面流场主要呈地方环流特征，风速小、静风频率高，不利于大气中污染物的稀释和扩散。而下垫面的局地作用是形成呼市地方环流的关键影响因子。     

狭谷地形下污染物扩散的模拟

采用三维二阶矩高阶闭合ＰＢＬ模式和随机游动扩散模式组合建立狭谷地形下扩散的模拟系统。运用此系统能够较客观地揭示流场结构，从而得到狭谷地形下较接近实际的扩散特征和污染物浓度的分布。     

复杂地形气象场对污染物浓度空间分布影响的研究

利用WRF模式与多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)系统模拟了试验期间(2005年1月30-2月2日)兰州市城区SO2的地面浓度,并根据模拟结果进一步分析了兰州市冬季污染物的空间分布特征。研究结果表明西固区和城关区各有一处污染物高浓度区域;受排放源空间分布和气象场的综合影响,夜间SO2地面污染范围小于日间,夜间污染物地面最大浓度明显高于日间,夜间模拟区域平均值低于日间;水平流场和山谷风环流形成的垂直运动均对污染物地面浓度有明显影响。     

边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响

利用WRF-Chem模式,采用3种边界层参数化方案 (YSU, MYJ和ACM2),针对1个晴空、静稳日 (2013年8月26日20:00—27日20:00(北京时)) 进行模拟,着重分析不同边界层参数化方案对夜间残留层形成及日出前后O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果,并与固城站地面及垂直同步观测资料进行对比。结果表明:3种边界层参数化方案均能够模拟出温度及风速的区域分布形式以及风温垂直结构的变化特征;相比之下,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层高度较YSU方案和ACM2方案明显偏高,该对比结果可能是导致近地面污染物浓度模拟差异的重要原因;在夜间稳定层结至日出后稳定状态打破的边界层结构演变过程中,采用YSU方案和ACM2方案模拟的温度和风速垂直扩线形式与观测结果更为接近;同样采用非局地闭合的YSU方案和同时考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案,对于边界层高度内O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果具有明显优势。     

基于大涡模拟的小区气候态精细化风环境模拟试验

对具有复杂下垫面的小区精细化风环境进行数值模拟是当前城市气象研究的热点,而针对具有复杂地形的山地型城市（如重庆）的研究还比较匮乏。本文采用能显式分辨下垫面陡峭地形和复杂建筑物的计算流体力学（CFD）模式对重庆市渝北区龙湖社区气候态下的精细化风环境进行高分辨率的数值模拟。结果表明,下垫面能显著调节小区内风场的分布,风速大值区主要出现在九龙湖等开阔区域以及与中尺度背景入流方向一致的街道中。在夏季,小区整体风场以东南风为主,而其他3个季节则以偏东风为主。4个季节中,夏季小区内的风速最大,平均风速为0.3 m/s左右,局地能出现大于背景风的风速,可达0.8 m/s;其他3个季节的风速则较弱,区域平均的风速在0.2 m/s左右。不同的建筑物布局对局地风环境的影响也不同:单个孤立高层建筑迎风面的近地面存在明显地绕流,局地风速有所增加,而在背风面则形成尾流区,水平风速较低;在低矮分散的建筑群,建筑物的整体高度不高,区域内流场相对来说比较一致,风速较大,有利于小区的通风;在密集高层建筑群内,由于建筑物群本身的布局比较封闭,加之不同建筑物的环流场存在相互干扰及影响,使得小区近地面风速几乎为零,不利于小区通风和污染物扩散。建筑物的这些影响在城市冠层内尤为明显,高度越高这种影响越弱。     

“两湖盆地”秋季黑碳气溶胶的分布及来源特征

应用耦合了黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)区域源追踪方法的中尺度天气-化学模式(WRF-Chem),对位于长江中游的湖南湖北盆地(以下简称两湖盆地)秋季(2015年10月)黑碳的分布、区域来源和日变化特征进行研究。结果表明,由于两湖盆地所处地理位置及地形的特殊性,在不同的风场条件下,本地源和外来源对两湖盆地BC的贡献占比变化较大。两湖盆地秋季BC的来源主要有3种情形:1)北风控制下的传输型:地面风速大,BC质量浓度相对低,上风向源对两湖盆地近地面BC的贡献占比达30.6%,其中汾渭地区的贡献最大,本地源的贡献占比为61.7%。2)地面风速小、大气稳定条件下的静稳型:近地面BC质量浓度高,本地源的贡献占比高达79.6%。3)东北风控制下的传输型:本地源和外来源的贡献共同使得两湖盆地BC维持较高质量浓度,本地源的贡献占比为64.1%,外来源的贡献主要包括安徽省、汾渭地区及长江三角洲的输送。在垂直方向上,传输型的本地源贡献占比仅在300 m以下较高;静稳型的本地源贡献占比较高,可延伸到1 500 m以上(本地源的贡献占比在近地面约为75%、至1 500 m约为50%)。在日变化上,本地源与外来源对两湖盆地BC的贡献占比呈相反变化,夜间和早间本地源的贡献占比较高而外来源的贡献占比较低,午后本地源的贡献占比减小而外来源的贡献占比明显增大;相对静稳型而言,传输型的这一日变化特征更为显著。     

应用MM5模式对地面大风过程的模拟试验

用MM5模式对2 0 0 1年4月1 7～1 9日、5月1 2～1 5日辽宁省出现的大风过程进行了模拟,并与1 3个代表点的气象观测站资料或野外风电场测风资料作了对比。结果表明:模式能较好地模拟区域风场的演变和分布特征;对逐时风速的模拟与实况有一定差异,但模拟值与实况变化比较同步,基本反映出单点风速变化的趋势;对瞬时风速大于1 0m·s-1和平均风速大于9 0m·s-1的模拟明显偏小。模拟试验初步说明,MM5模式对区域地面风场形势、单点风速随时间变化特征的模拟较好,但可能减弱大风的实际强度。     

太湖及与湖岸城市间大气颗粒物分布特征分析

利用冬季连续2 d在两种气象条件下分别环绕太湖对湖泊近无锡区域、湖心区域、近西山岛区域和近苏州区域近湖层的PM0.5、PM2.5和PM10进行质量浓度观测,并通过分析同期相应气象资料(包括高空和地面风场、流场以及湖面站点的水平垂直风向风速等气象数据),探讨湖泊区域内外颗粒物浓度变化的时空特征以及受气象条件变化的影响。研究表明:第1天当天气为晴转阴且无雾时,由于湖面本身缺乏密集强排放源,以及因湖面大气上升运动较强使颗粒物容易被扩散稀释,且受偏东转东南气流所带来的气团较干净影响,湖面湖心区域和离岛区域颗粒物浓度明显低于上游城市;而在第2天当天气为雾时情况则相反,由于湖面大气较弱的上升运动使得大气颗粒物不容易被扩散稀释,且湖泊强大的水汽源影响有助于气溶胶和颗粒物的生成进而使得湖面颗粒物浓度大于周围城市。此外还发现在两种天气下,颗粒物浓度都存在无锡区域最高,湖心区域次之,苏州区域较低的特征。并且,在雾天不同粒径颗粒物间变化的相关系数更高。     

热力强迫对局地环流的扰动作用

用积分变换法求解了包含地面加热作用的二维不可压缩流体的Boussinesq方程组,得到一组描述地面加热作用激发的局地扰动流场的解析解,主要有垂直风、水平扰动风、扰动气压、扰动温度。进而用动力学分析的观点结合图形分析,定性讨论了热力强迫作用对局地环流的扰动作用,以及加热影响下各物理扰动场的空间分布及时间演变特征。     

Modification of the local winds due to hypothetical urbanization of the Zagreb surroundings

Summary The aim of this study was to investigate possible effects of two hypothetical scenarios of the urbanization of Zagreb’s surroundings on the local winds, which are established under summertime anticyclonic conditions. For this purpose, the nonhydrostatic mesoscale meteorological model MEMO was applied to the greater Zagreb area. Three simulations were performed. One employed the current land-use distribution, while the other two corresponded to an increase of the densely urbanized area by 12.5% (test 1) and 37.5% (test 2), respectively. Apart from the hypothetically urbanized areas, where average surface wind speed reductions of 8% and 18% were obtained for test 1 and test 2, respectively, the rest of the domain was not significantly affected by hypothetical urbanization. The differences between the wind vectors for the predicted current state and the hypothetical state were more pronounced and found at higher altitudes during the night compared to daytime values. For all three simulations the same diurnal variation of the depth of anabatic/katabatic wind flow generated on south-facing slopes of 1 km high mountain Medvednica was obtained. During the night the depth of well-developed katabatic flow was about 370 m, while during the day the depth of anabatic flow grew from about 550 m in the late morning up to about 1140 m in the late afternoon. Received October 27, 2000 Revised August 4, 2001     

Organised Motion in a Tall Spruce Canopy: Temporal Scales,Structure Spacing and Terrain Effects

This study investigates the organised motion near the canopy-atmosphere interface of a moderately dense spruce forest in heterogeneous, complex terrain. Wind direction is used to assess differences in topography and surface properties. Observations were obtained at several heights above and within the canopy using sonic anemometers and fast-response gas analysers over the course of several weeks. Analysed variables include the three-dimensional wind vector, the sonic temperature, and the concentration of carbon dioxide. Wavelet analysis was used to extract the organised motion from time series and to derive its temporal scales. Spectral Fourier analysis was deployed to compute power spectra and phase spectra. Profiles of temporal scales of ramp-like coherent structures in the vertical and longitudinal wind components showed a reversed variation with height and were of similar size within the canopy. Temporal scales of scalar fields were comparable to those of the longitudinal wind component suggesting that the lateral scalar transport dominates. The existence of a – 1 power law in the longitudinal power spectra was confirmed for a few cases only, with a majority showing a clear 5/3 decay. The variation of effective scales of organised motion in the longitudinal velocity and temperature were found to vary with atmospheric stability, suggesting that both Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and attached eddies dominate the flow with increasing convectional forcing. The canopy mixing-layer analogy was observed to be applicable for ramp-like coherent structures in the vertical wind component for selected wind directions only. Departures from the prediction of m = Λ _w L _s ⁻¹ = 8–10 (where Λ _w is the streamwise spacing of coherent structures in the vertical wind w and L _s is a canopy shear length scale) were caused by smaller shear length scales associated with large-scale changes in the terrain as well as the vertical structure of the canopy. The occurrence of linear gravity waves was related to a rise in local topography and can therefore be referred to as mountain-type gravity waves. Temporal scales of wave motion and ramp-like coherent structures were observed to be comparable.     

Diurnal variation of surface wind over central eastern China

Hourly wind observations from 452 meteorological stations are used to document the diurnal cycle of the surface wind over the central eastern China (100°–122°E, 20°–42.5°N). Both the surface wind speed and the wind direction show large diurnal variation with pronounced topographic effects. At most stations, the surface wind speed reaches the maximum in the afternoon and the minimum in early-morning. This diurnal phase shows small seasonal variation, whereas the diurnal amplitude varies significantly in different seasons. The diurnal amplitude of the surface wind speed reaches maximum in spring over the northern and southwestern China and in summer over the southern China. The diurnal cycle of the wind direction is more complicated. Over the coastal (mountain) regions, the diurnal wind direction is greatly influenced by the land–sea (mountain–valley) breezes with large (small) seasonal variation. Over the northern plain region, the wind direction exhibits small diurnal variation but with remarkable seasonal rotation. The surface wind over the stations located on the top of mountains shows distinct diurnal variation, which represents the diurnal cycle of the tropospheric low-level wind. The wind speed over these stations is highest in pre-dawn and lowest in the afternoon. The wind anomaly rotates clockwise from late night to late afternoon, and shows significant seasonal variation as influenced by the annual cycle of the monsoon system. The contribution of the diurnal surface wind to the diurnal feature of precipitation is briefly discussed.     

Numerical Simulation of Wind and Temperature Fields over Beijing Area in Summer

1. IntroductionThe basic role of urban-rural boundary layer re-search is to study all kinds of physical process changesin the atmosphere boundary layer over urban and itssurrounding areas. Urban heat island (UHI) is a well-known feature of urban-rural climate. Attempts toincrease the understanding of the causes of the UHIand other urban-rural boundary layer phenomena haveused observational, theoretical and modelling methodssince long before. Seaman (1989) used a hydrostaticmodel, with real …