华南飑线升尺度增长过程中的多尺度能量相互作用分析

采用WRF模式对华南飑线的升尺度增长过程进行模拟,利用Barnes滤波将模式数据分解为三个尺度,分别代入相应的能量方程中进行计算,从能量角度研究飑线升尺度增长过程中动能和位能的变化,以及三个尺度系统能量的相互转化。研究表明:动能的变化与飑线过程中各尺度系统的演变有较好的对应,β中小尺度对流的发展对应β中小尺度系统动能的变化,而在飑线升尺度增长过程中,α中尺度系统动能快速增长。在飑线发展过程中环境场通过位能向动能的转化使得β中小尺度对流快速发展加强,而β中尺度飑线的快速发展与合并加强导致了飑线的升尺度增长。在飑线的升尺度增长过程中,β中小尺度动能大量转化为α中尺度动能使得α中尺度飑线迅速增强,而环境场对飑线升尺度增长过程的直接影响较小。      

2007号台风“海高斯”的多尺度能量分布及转化特征分析

2020年第7号台风“海高斯”在广东省造成大风、暴雨灾害,细致研究其多尺度能量分布及转化特征有助于更好地认识和防御类似的台风灾害。运用WRF模式对台风“海高斯”进行了数值模拟,使用Barnes滤波方法将模拟结果分离为大尺度背景场(> 2 000 km)、α中尺度系统(200～2 000 km)、β中小尺度系统(<200 km)等三个尺度分量,分别计算三个尺度动能、有效位能的分布及变化。结果表明：(1)台风“海高斯”活跃期内,大尺度背景场动能先增加后稳定,α中尺度动能先增加后减少,β中小尺度动能变化不明显。动能的主要来源是有效位能的转化及气压梯度力做功,主要去向是水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度动能主要分布于对流层低层。(2)大尺度背景场有效位能有两次先增加后减少的过程,α中尺度和β中小尺度有效位能先增加后减少。有效位能的主要来源是非绝热加热,主要去向是转化为动能和水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度有效位能主要分布于对流层高层。(3)台风“海高斯”能量转化区域主要为距台风中心200 km以内台风眼壁及中心密集云盖区域对流层上层、距台风中心200—700 km台风外围区域对流层上层、...     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用的研究I.理论分析

本文是讨论梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用问题的开始部分。为了分析梅雨锋暴雨过程中的多尺度能量相互作用,从z坐标系中的运动方程和热力学方程出发,把基本物理量分成大尺度背景场（>2000 km）、α中尺度（200~2000 km）和β中小尺度系统（< 200 km）分量,利用滞弹性近似,推导了大尺度背景场、α中尺度和β中小尺度系统三个尺度的动能方程和位能方程。能量方程中包含了各尺度动能之间的转换、位能之间的转换以及动能和位能之间的转换。动能方程主要包括各尺度动能之间转换项、动能输送项、水平气压梯度力做功项、垂直方向扰动气压梯度力做功项、浮力做功项、地转偏向力分量做功项以及摩擦力做功项。位能方程主要包括各尺度位能之间转换项、位能输送项、浮力做功项以及非绝热加热做功项。其中浮力做功项为位能和动能之间的能量转换项,是暴雨发生发展过程中比较关键的能量转换项。关于将能量方程用于梅雨锋暴雨过程中并且诊断能量相互作用影响暴雨发展和消亡过程的物理机制等问题,将在以后的研究中给出。     

一次梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用的研究II.实际应用

本文利用中国自动站与CMORPH（Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique for the production of global precipitation estimates）融合的逐时降水量0.1°网格数据集资料挑选出一次典型的梅雨锋暴雨个例,运用WRF中小尺度模式进行模拟,对模拟得到的高分辨率结果进行Barnes滤波,最后将滤波结果代入动能和位能方程中,目的是定量地分析各个尺度能量的变化以及它们之间的相互作用对暴雨强度的影响。研究发现:模式模拟的降水过程和强度与实况较为吻合,推导的能量方程适用于这次暴雨过程。三种尺度能量之间的相互作用包含了各种跨尺度能量的相互作用。在整个暴雨过程中,跨尺度之间的斜压能量转换包括位能向动能的能量转换和动能向位能的能量转换。同尺度之间的斜压能量转换总是单向的,且量值较大,动能的强度主要靠位能向动能的能量转换来维持。斜压能量转换的多少影响着暴雨的强弱。大尺度斜压能量转换在中高层比较强,中尺度斜压能量转换在低层较强,尤以β中小尺度系统变化最为显著,β中小尺度系统扰动是影响暴雨强度的关键系统。风切变的大小影响各尺度动能之间的能量转换。温度或位温梯度的大小影响各尺度位能之间的能量转换。位能与动能之间的能量转换主要与各尺度垂直速度和温度的垂直分布有关,暖空气上升冷空气下沉是各个尺度位能向动能转换的主要过程。     

粤港澳大湾区一次局地极端强降水过程的多尺度观测特征与演变分析

2020年5月22日凌晨粤港澳大湾区发生了一次极端强降水过程,最大小时雨量和3小时雨量打破广东省内“龙舟水”期间的历史最高纪录。利用多源观测数据以及ERA5再分析资料对引发局地极端降水的中尺度对流系统(MCS)的演变过程与中尺度特征开展研究。(1)此次强降水过程主要集中在凌晨时段,具有持续时间短、局地雨强极端、累积雨量大等特点,在3小时的降水过程中出现了两个降水峰值。(2)这次过程为一次暖区暴雨过程,低层西南季风提供了充足的暖湿水汽,低涡切变线提供了良好的抬升条件。中α尺度季风云团呈准静止状态并升尺度增长为MCC(中尺度对流复合体)的过程引发了大湾区夜间局地的极端降水。(3)过程中两个阶段的峰值降水与中γ尺度对流单体生消发展期间的传播与移动矢量发生的改变有密切联系。数个中γ尺度对流单体构成多单体风暴形态,呈西北-东南侧向排列,这些单体先后触发发展并有着各自的地面辐合线。对流单体在环境风引导下向偏东南方向移动引发第一阶段峰值降水。随后不同单体的辐合线连接,对流向西南方向传播显著加快,使对流系统移动矢量发生改变,因而造成第二阶段峰值降水。(4)造成两段峰值降水的中γ尺度对流单体结构存在明显...     

豫西南一次局地大暴雨中尺度对流系统的结构特征分析

利用FY静止卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及四维变分(4DVAR)反演产品、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2011年8月16日淮河上游副热带高压(简称副高)边缘MCS的结构、演变规律及形成原因进行研究。结果表明:卫星监测的中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale convective system,简称MCS)形成于副高边缘切变线附近,扩散南下冷空气触发高对流不稳定能量释放是系统形成发展的主要机制。对流系统的发展演变可分为四个时期:对流系统初生期、β中尺度对流系统(简称MβCS)合并发展期、圆形α中尺度对流系统(简称MαCS)旺盛期和减弱衰亡期,前三个阶段是产生强降水的主要时期。卫星监测的MCS初生期在雷达上表现为单体和多单体风暴,后三个时期则多表现为β和α中尺度对流系统,成熟期在雷达上表现为带状对系统。对流系统在低层辐合线附近发展,辐合区合并造成对流系统合并,进而造成MCS爆发性发展和降水强度的增加,边界层气旋式旋转气流使冷云罩具有圆形特征。对流系统的垂直辐合辐散层及正负涡度层均呈交替分布特征,高层辐散和垂直上升运动相对弱。低层辐合区的宽度与系统的水平尺度有关。地面冷暖气流交汇及地形辐合线具有重要的对流触发作用,地面气流汇合和豫西中尺度地形对降水落区和中心强度均有影响。     

闽西山区“7·22”极端降水过程中尺度对流特征

2015年7月22日福建西部山区经历了一次罕见的极端降水过程,6 h降水量高达254.9 mm,24 h最大降水量达295.5 mm。利用常规天气资料、自动气象站、卫星云图、风廓线雷达以及多普勒天气雷达资料,分析此次过程的中尺度对流系统的环境条件及结构演变特征。分析表明:低空季风槽北抬减弱后的切变和高空高压之间的南北向槽缓慢向东北移动是此次强降雨的主要影响系统,不稳定能量加大、抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低、大气可降水量大及中等到弱的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统发展的环境条件。中尺度对流系统在发展过程中结构发生改变,由线状对流伴随层云（TL/AS）的结构转变为静止后向建立的中尺度对流系统,极端降水出现在静止后向传播阶段。高空冷空气入侵,低空西南急流加强并伴风速辐合,冷暖空气交汇导致中尺度对流系统加强发展,边界层西南气流在有利的喇叭口地形作用下加强抬升,北上受到山脉阻挡形成小涡旋,西北侧对流单体移入后不断加强,对流单体的移动方向和传播方向相反,中尺度对流系统形成静止后向传播,产生列车效应,出现极端降水。     

冷涡背景下MCS的统计分析

文章首先给出冷涡的定义,根据冷涡的定义识别出冷涡,2005—2011年4—9月7年共识别出60个冷涡,主要形成在蒙古和我国的东北地区。然后根据中尺度对流系统(MCS)的标准按尺度大小将MCS分类为α中尺度对流系统（MαCS）和β中尺度对流系统（MβCS）,又按MCS的形状将MαCS分类为中尺度对流复合体（MCC）和持续拉长状对流系统（PECS）,MβCS分类为β中尺度对流复合体（MβCC）和β中尺度持续拉长状对流系统（MβECS）。利用FY 2C(2005—2009年)和FY 2E（2010—2011年）的TBB资料对60个冷涡背景下的MCS进行识别并对其时空分布特征及其与冷涡的关系进行统计分析。结果表明：(1) 60个冷涡过程识别出61个MCS,MCS通常产生在我国东北和华北,MCC和PECS生成较分散;MβCC主要集中在华北和东北地区;MβECS主要集中在东北地区。(2) 6月生成的MCS最多,有16个,9月最少。MCS大多形成于当地的下午和晚上,此时对流发展旺盛,有利于中尺度对流系统的产生,到了夜间MCS发展成熟,至凌晨—日出时分消散。(3) 冷涡背景下的MCS的移动路径多数是从西向东偏北的,其生成后主要向东移动,这和我国中纬度西风带天气系统的移动路径基本一致,但由于受冷涡等天气系统的影响,会出现不同的移动方向。位于冷涡东侧且距离冷涡中心距离较近的MCS有向东偏北方向移动的趋势;位于冷涡南侧且距离中心较远的MCS有向东偏南方向移动的趋势。(4) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要产生在冷涡的发展阶段,成熟和消散阶段相对较少。(5) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要形成在冷涡的东南部,西南部也有一小部分。(6) MβCS系统发展较MαCS系统快,持续的时间也较MαCS短。     

2007年7月18日济南大暴雨的β中尺度分析

利用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、地面逐小时的观测资料和红外云图,对2007年7月18日的济南大暴雨过程进行了详细的α中尺度分析,揭示了地面β中尺度气旋新生发展的一种物理机制,并重点分析了多尺度的积云并合过程对此次强降水形成的重要作用。研究结果表明:在一个已经发展成热的MαCS的左后侧出现的下沉冷出流在低层向西南方向扩散,与午后不断加强的西南暖湿气流共同作用增强了地面的斜压性,从而使地面辐合线上的气旋性扰动加强,并迅速新生发展出β中尺度气旋。在此次强降水过程中共经历了从γ中尺度对流单体到β中尺度对流云团,再到α中尺度对流云团,最后形成中尺度对流复合系统的4个多尺度积云并合过程,而地面β可尺度气旋在每一个阶段都扮演了非常重要的角色,它们既是β中尺度对流云团的组织者,同时也是α中尺度对流云团的组成者,α中尺度对流云团往往都由一个以上的β中尺度气旋组织而成,当β中尺度气旋出现遭遇、合并之时,对流云团和降水得以强烈发展。在济南强降水发生前的1个多小时内,其西南方边界层内不断出现β中尺度超低空西南急流,它促使这一区域内不断产生回波单体并在向东北方向移动的过程中迅速发展成强回波带,当济南北面的强回波南移与这一强回波带并合后快速发展产生强降水。     

福建西部山区一次中尺度对流系统触发机制分析

利用常规天气资料及地面自动站、风廓线雷达、新一代天气雷达资料和ERA-Interim逐6 h 0.125°×0.125°再分析资料,分析2015年5月19日福建西部山区一次极端降水的中尺度特征。结果表明:(1)极端降水分为锋前暖区降水和锋面降水两个阶段,暴雨区位于低空西南急流轴左侧,水汽充足,冷暖空气交汇,不稳定能量大,抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低,大气可降水量大及中等强度的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统(mesoscale covective system, MCS)发展的环境条件。(2)锋前暖区降水期间,西南气流携带高能量和水汽充足的空气移入暴雨区被中尺度边界附近的冷出流空气抬升,不断产生新的对流单体,对流单体向东北偏东方向移动,排列形成短雨带;若干条东北—西南向长度不等的短雨带在中尺度出流边界北侧建立,缓慢向东移动,依次重复影响关键区;暴雨关键区存在辐合线和风速辐合,为降水提供了良好的动力抬升条件;向西南开口的河谷地形加强了对流的发展;对流单体不断后部建立和东北西南向多个短雨带重复影响同一地区的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。(3)锋面降水期间,对流单体在低涡切变南侧风速辐合、水汽和能量大值区发展东移南压,中高层先于低层转偏北气流,表现出前倾特征,垂直风切变加大,冷空气从中高层先扩散南下,与低层暖湿空气交汇使对流加强,冷暖气流的交汇叠加风速辐合使得强降水加强并维持。对流单体后向传播向东移动产生的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on