河北邢台隆尧地裂缝活动PS-I nSAR监测与分析

河北隆尧地裂缝是我国华北平原地区目前发育规模最大的一条地裂缝.为掌握和分析该地裂缝活动区域形变的变化特征及地裂缝发育特征、成因机理.利用2009-2010年间16景Envisat数据和2007-2011年间15景ALOS数据,采用PS-InSAR技术对该地区进行了监测.结果表明,在2007-2011四年间,邢台地区地面沉降主要分布在城镇、地下水开采区以及断裂带附近.最大年沉降速率达到60mm/a.结合河北断裂带地质构造资料分析,得出邢台市隆尧地裂缝受到隆尧断裂带以及地下水开采的影响.     

基于改进的MF-FDOG算法和无人机影像提取黄土地区地裂缝

为解决惯用数字影像处理方法无法有效地提取我国黄土高原地区广泛存在的山体裂缝的问题,本文提出一种改进的一阶高斯差分匹配滤波(MF-FDOG)算法,以兰新高铁位于青海省海东市张家庄隧道附近的窑街矿区的地裂缝为对象开展了基于无人机影像的地裂缝提取研究。改进的MF-FDOG算法的基本策略包括:构造满足地裂缝垂直剖面曲线分布的模板和一阶高斯差分模板,并分别对无人机影像进行卷积运算,达到增强地裂缝信号的目的;对卷积运算获得的两幅影像采用线性拉伸的方式规范值的范围并做差值运算,弥补敏感度校正参数普适性不强的缺陷;再以灰度值的倒数作为权值因子,增强地裂缝响应值与背景之间的对比度;最后根据差值影像的统计直方图选择阈值提取地裂缝。研究结果表明,在监测场景具有地物分布复杂、影像纹理信息丰富和地物边缘模糊等困难特征时,改进的MF-FDOG算法仍然具有优良的地裂缝探测能力,利用该算法和无人机影像能准确地提取黄土区域的微小地裂缝信息。本文提出的地裂缝探测方法可为我国黄土地区地质灾害(如山体滑坡)监测与防治提供有效的技术支撑。     

短基线集InSAR技术用于大同盆地地面沉降、地裂缝及断裂活动监测

大同盆地是我国地面沉降、地裂缝等地质灾害集中发育区之一。采用短基线InSAR方法对覆盖该地区的40景EnvisatSAR数据进行了处理,获取了大同盆地的地面沉降分布特征,分析了典型沉降区的时间序列形变特征,研究了盆地地面沉降、地裂缝及断裂活动之间的相互影响。研究表明,大同市地面沉降受地下水开采影响明显,同时其走向受断裂带控制。此外,还分析了大同机车厂地裂缝的水平及垂直活动特征,及其与降水量的关系。     

利用机载LiDAR数据提取与分析地裂缝

机载激光扫描可获取植被茂密地区的数字地形模型(DTM),但将其用于茂密植被覆盖区地裂缝提取方法的研究还不多见。以湖南冷水江市浪石滩为试验区,基于机载Li DAR的激光点云数据,研究了植被覆盖区地裂缝的提取方法,分析了地裂缝的微地貌特征。首先对离散的三维激光点云数据依次进行基于不规则三角网滤波、高程滤波及回波信息强度滤波提取地面点,以保留完整的微地貌微特征;然后构建不规则三角网,反距离加权内插生成数字高程模型(DEM),提取地裂缝识别参数,同时基于最小曲率对地裂缝进行线性探测,提取地裂缝的长度信息,且利用地裂缝剖面信息分析其微特征,结合识别参数分析地裂缝的稳定性。研究结果表明:利用机载Li DAR点云数据提取的地裂缝识别参数,能够确定地裂缝的位置、坡度坡向、长度和深度信息,有助于判定地裂缝的稳定性;在植被较为茂密、地面点密度稀疏的区域,保留一定的低矮植被所提取到的DEM能更好地保留地裂缝的微地貌特征。     

GPS技术在西安市地面沉降与地裂缝监测中的应用

为了研究监测西安地区地面沉降与地裂缝灾害的变化情况,建立了该地区高精度GPS监测网.着重介绍了该GPS监测网设计方案和外业观测方法,并对内业数据处理中的关键技术进行了深入研究,提出了一套适用于大城市地面沉降与地裂缝灾害监测的作业方法和数据处理方案.通过西安地区地面沉降和地裂缝的GPS监测实践,验证了本文提出的监测网的布设原则、GPS外业施测和内业数据处理方案是切实可行的,并且通过GPS监测获取了西安地面沉降和地裂缝近期活动的有关数据信息,获得了与精密水准结果与地质资料具有较好一致性的结果.     

来宾市岩溶塌陷的时空分布特征分析

岩溶塌陷是广西重要的地质灾害现象,对环境和人民的生命财产危害极大。本文借助于GIS技术分析研究岩溶塌陷的时空分布特征。首先,分析了来宾市塌陷区的形成条件因素,塌陷形态特征;其次,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能分别做断层、塌陷坑缓冲区,分析断层、地裂缝与岩溶塌陷坑的分布规律特征,并就这些空间分布特征分析受断层影响分布的塌陷坑发生条件、塌陷坑和地裂缝的关系;最后,分析塌陷坑、地裂缝变量随降雨量控制的时间延续性特征,实现对研究区岩溶塌陷的时空分布特征的可视化表达。实验证明,该方法是GIS技术在岩溶塌陷时空分布特征研究中的有益尝试,为后续塌陷灾情评估提供了辅助性参考。     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术监测西安市地表形变特征

地面沉降是西安市最为严重的地质灾害之一。本文基于SBAS-InSAR技术处理了西安市2018—2021年36景Sentinel-1A影像,获取了西安市最新的地表形变特征,并分析其成因。研究表明：(1)2018—2021年西安市主要地表形变区域为鱼化寨地区、电子城地区、三爻-凤栖原地区、城墙南部区域;(2)鱼化寨及电子城地区已转为抬升趋势,城墙南部一直处于抬升阶段,三爻-凤栖原地区呈下沉趋势;(3)西安市地表形变主要受承压水开采及回灌的影响,地裂缝则显著影响了地表形变的分布及走向,建筑载荷也对地表形变有一定的影响。     

基于对象的地裂缝分步提取方法研究与应用

基于遥感影像的区域尺度地裂缝自动提取技术存在光谱范围不确定和几何特征多样导致提取精度低的问题,对此提出了一种基于对象的地裂缝分步提取方法。首先,对影像进行分割,根据分割对象的光谱和几何特征,掩模去除与地裂缝区别较大的地表干扰要素;然后,提取影像中的线性对象,去除不具有线性特征的地表要素;最后,计算线性对象的分形特征,进一步区分地裂缝和其他线性地表要素,实现地裂缝的精确提取。以鄂尔多斯东北部某煤矿开采区为研究区进行实验,结果表明,该方法能够有效地提取地裂缝,正确率达到85. 7%,高于传统监督分类精度(57. 1%)和知识模型提取精度(71. 4%)。在提取结果的基础上,研究了典型研究区的地裂缝分布特点,分析其与采空区位置以及地形的空间关系,结果显示该研究区的地裂缝个数与采空区距离呈现负相关关系,而与地形没有明显的相关性。研究可为区域性地质环境保护和矿区煤炭资源合理开发提供必要的技术支撑。     

高分四号卫星在干旱遥感监测中的应用

高分四号(GF-4)是国家高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项天基系统中的一颗地球同步卫星,为探索GF-4号卫星在大面积干旱监测中的应用,本文对该卫星在快速监测大面积干旱方面的应用能力进行了初步探讨。以2016年内蒙古自治区巴林左旗和巴林右旗地区严重旱灾为例,利用NDVI差值对该区域的干旱情况进行了监测,并与MODIS NDVI产品进行对比分析,得到了研究区内2016年干旱分布情况,结果表明其总体趋势与MODIS NDVI产品一致,且细节信息更加丰富。本文主要是GF-4卫星数据结合GF-1卫星数据对内蒙部分干旱区域进行监测和分析,体现了国产高分辨率卫星数据,尤其是GF-4卫星数据,对提高中国突发灾害的应对能力具有重要意义。     

雷达相干性与NDVI经验模型

植被的覆盖程度是造成雷达影像失相干的重要因素。通常,在森林等植被覆盖严重的地区,相干性相对较低,而在城市等植被覆盖率较低的地区,相干性较高。本文基于2017年珠江三角洲地区的MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）与Sentinel-1雷达卫星影像相干性,建立线性回归和幂函数回归模型,并利用两种模型预测该地区2016年的相干性,最后通过F分布检验及残差分布比较两者的精度。试验结果表明,总体上幂函数模型的精度在拟合及预测方面均高于线性函数模型,因此,本文建议以幂函模型作为相干性及NDVI的经验模型。利用幂函数经验模型不仅能够较好地预测2016年珠三角地区的相干性,同时在预测云南地区的相干性中也获得了较高的精度,因此证明该经验模型具有一定的推广价值。     

二轨法DInSAR技术监测城市地表沉降

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术是新近发展起来的用于监测大范围地表形变的新技术,具有精度高、监测范围广等特点。文中深入分析DInSAR技术的基本原理,通过实验成功获取西安市中心城区相隔9个月的地面沉降结果,与常规方法获取的沉降图对比,发现二者具有高度的一致性,从而证明利用DInSAR技术监测城市地面沉降具有良好的应用前景。     

角反射器差分干涉方法及反距离加权最小费用流相位展开算法

合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,DInSAR)在低相关区由于受时间空间去相关的影响,无法得到有效应用。角反射器DInSAR方法能在长时间段内保持幅度和相位稳定性,可以最大程度地减小去相关的影响。但由于反射器在空间上一般形成不规则稀疏网络分布,在平地相位、高程相位计算及相位展开方法上都带来新的挑战。研究三角反射器的DInSAR技术,重点分析基于不规则离散点的最小费用流相位展开算法。对费用流算法权重的选择,通过分析残差的产生来源,提出以弧所穿越的边长度倒数作为弧费用的权重设置方法,解决费用流算法中具有相同费用路径的选择问题。最后将角反射器DInSAR技术应用于滑坡移动的监测,通过对140d时间段的监测,得到与实测值具有较好一致性的结果。     

基于DInSAR的徐州张双楼煤矿地表形变监测研究

徐州煤矿资源开采已造成了大规模的地面沉陷,为了为矿区安全开采和塌陷区环境综合治理提供科学依据,利用雷达差分干涉测量（DInSAR）技术对ALOS PALSAR数据进行处理,获得徐州张双楼煤矿区2011-01-16至2011-03-03期间的地表形变分布图.结果表明,张双楼煤矿在46 d间隔里出现了3处沉降漏斗区域,漏斗中心最大沉降量达到420mm,并且沉降漏斗区域与矿区分布一致,说明DInSAR能够有效地监测矿区地表形变.     

Assessment of Land Surface Subsidence Due to Underground Metal Mining Using Integrated Spaceborne Repeat-Pass Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) Technique and Ground Based Observations

Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) is a novel remote sensing technique to measure earth surface deformation. It is capable of obtaining dense information related to the deformation of a large area efficiently, economically and effectively. Therefore, DInSAR is a promising technology for monitoring the earth surface deformation related to some natural hazardous events, such as earthquake, volcano eruption, land subsidence, landslide. In present study, Conventional DInSAR technique have been applied to a mineral rich zone, coming under the Khetri copper belt, a part of Northern Aravali range of hillocks in India, predominant with mining activities since late 1960’s to address the possibility of deformation phenomena due to hard rock underground metal mining. Four interferometric SAR data sets of Radarsat-2 was used for the study area to address the subsidence/uplift phenomena. Further, results obtained from conventional DInSAR technique using Radarsat-2 data sets compared with results obtained from ground based observation technique for its validity. In both the techniques, deformation results obtained in terms of average subsidence rate in mm (quarterly basis) of points under study within mining zone of Mine-A has well agreed to each other. Further, it has been observed that average subsidence rate in mm (quarterly basis) obtained from space based observation and ground based observation are 5.6 and 6.67, respectively over the points under study in mining zone of Mine-A.     

Analysis at medium scale of low-resolution DInSAR data in slow-moving landslide-affected areas

Landslide studies over large areas call for multidisciplinary analyses supported by accurate ground displacement measurements. At present, conventional techniques can be valuably complemented by innovative satellite techniques such as Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR), furnishing huge amounts of data at competitively affordable costs. This work investigates the remote sensed data potential in landslide studies starting from the awareness of the present constraints of the technique. To this end, with reference to a sample area–within the territory of the National Basin Authority of Liri-Garigliano and Volturno rivers (Central-Southern Italy)–for which detailed base and thematic maps are available, quantitative examples of DInSAR data coverage on both different land-uses and landslide-affected areas are shown. Then, an original tool for “a priori DInSAR landslide visibility zoning” is proposed to address the choice of the most suitable image datasets. Finally, referring to the visible zones, the outcomes of DInSAR data for checking/updating landslide inventory maps at 1:25,000 scale highlight appealing perspectives, also holding the promise of obtaining relevant information in the landslide hazard evaluation.     

Monitoring surface changes in discontinuous permafrost terrain using small baseline SAR interferometry,object-based classification,and geological features: a case study from Mayo,Yukon Territory,Canada

Permafrost-induced deformation of ground features is threating infrastructure in northern communities. An understanding of permafrost distribution is therefore critical for sustainable adaptation planning and infrastructure maintenance. Considering the large area underlain by permafrost in the Yukon Territory, there is a need for baseline information to characterize the permafrost in this region. In this study, the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) technique was used to identify areas of ground movement likely caused by changes in permafrost. The DInSAR technique was applied to a series of repeat-pass C-band RADARSAT-2 observations collected in 2015 over the Village of Mayo, in central Yukon Territory, Canada. The conventional DInSAR technique demonstrated that ground deformation could be detected in this area, but the resulting deformation maps contained errors due to a loss of coherence from changes in vegetation and atmospheric phase delay. To address these limitations, the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR technique was applied to reduce phase error, thus improving the deformation maps. To understand the relationship between the deformation maps and land cover types, an object-based Random Forest classification was developed to classify the study area into different land cover types. Integration of the InSAR results and the classification map revealed that the built-up class (e.g., airport) was affected by subsidence on the order of ?2 to ?4 cm. The spatial extent of the surface displacement map obtained using the SBAS InSAR technique was then correlated with the surficial geology map. This revealed that much of the main infrastructure in the Village of Mayo is underlain by interbedded glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments, the latter of which caused the most damage to human made structures. This study provides a method for permafrost monitoring that builds upon the synergistic use of the SBAS InSAR technique, object-based image analysis, and surficial geology data.     

郑州市地裂缝遥感识别与监测

根据坡度分析在灾害防治与水土保持工作上的应用,提出了以IPTA技术获取的地面沉降速率图为数据源,利用地面沉降坡度分析开展地裂缝遥感识别;以郑州市为研究区,根据地面沉降坡度分析识别出的目标区,在郑州市区首次发现因差异性地面沉降造成的地裂缝,实地调查发现该地裂缝东西长约2 000 m,已经造成附近10余处建筑物受损,监测结果表明该地裂缝存在明显的三维形变;实地调查和监测结果证明,地面沉降坡度分析不仅可以用于地裂缝的识别,也能用于地面沉降危险性分区,对地质灾害防治减灾有一定的指导意义。     

Monitoring ground surface deformation over the North China Plain using coherent ALOS PALSAR differential interferograms

North China Plain (Huabei Plain) is one of the most densely populated regions on earth. Due to excessive underground water extraction, the North China Plain has been experiencing severe ground deformation over the last three decades. Therefore, for the purpose of hazard mitigation, it is necessary to monitor the ground displacement occurred in this region. As an extension of the differential radar interferometry (DInSAR) technique, advanced DInSAR techniques involving multiple images have demonstrated the potential to effectively map ground displacement. Such techniques are able to measure the temporal evolution of ground deformation with millimetre-level accuracy by using a stack of differential interferograms. In this study, the ALOS PALSAR data acquired over the North China Plain, which cover an area of approximately 16,000 km $^2$ , were processed based on the concept of advanced DInSAR techniques. Because of the large size of the PALSAR images, a targeted processing strategy was designed. This strategy is able to reduce required disk storage space and I/O operations, leading to the improvement of the computational efficiency. The resulting mean deformation velocity map demonstrates that a large portion of the area covered by the data was affected by various degrees of ground deformation between January 2007 and April 2010. The ground deformation is mostly distributed in rural areas, while the downtown areas are generally stable.     

义能矿区开采沉陷演化的TS-DInSAR监测与影响分析

为研究济宁市义能矿区开采沉陷演化特点及其对周边建筑物的影响,本文采用69景长时间序列中等分辨率Sentinel-1影像,以TS-DInSAR技术体系中的小基线集DInSAR分析为研究方法,获取了2016年初至2018年底该矿区开采面周边的沉降信息。结果表明,义能矿区在监测时段内沉陷范围较为集中,最大累计沉降量约为627 mm,通过居民点位置与沉陷结果的叠加分析,发现周边3处村庄受到了不同程度的影响,该结果能为煤矿开采沉陷控制方案的效果评估及设计优化提供重要参考作用。     

形态参数下地表采动裂缝三维建模及可视化方法

实现对地表采动裂缝的三维建模及可视化能促进裂缝的形状、成因研究,并为开采沉陷监测和生态环境恢复提供科学支持。目前三维建模方法和软件主要面向建筑物、管道、地质体等地物地貌,若直接应用于地表裂缝的建模与表达会存在野外测绘工作量大、形态规律表达不准确、呈现不逼真等问题。本文结合三维地形建模、分形、空间插值等理论,提出了基于几何形态参数的地表裂缝三维建模方法,并利用ArcEngine平台实现了对裂缝的三维可视化;选取甘肃省东峡矿区为试验区,根据裂缝分布与形态预计参数,实现了对区域内裂缝的模拟,并通过与实测数据和高分辨率影像进行对比,验证了该方法能真实逼真呈现裂缝的形态、延伸与细节信息。