堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法研究

围绕堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法展开研究。首先,基于FISH二次开发建立了堆石料的随机不规则单粒模型,充分考虑堆石料的形状特征和破碎现象;然后,建立了堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的等效模拟方法,以单粒强度随其粒径的变化规律为基础,推导了堆石料模型中细观黏结强度与堆石料等效粒径的负指数经验公式;其次,基于建立的数值模型对堆石料的室内单粒压缩试验进行仿真模拟,验证数值模型的正确性和合理性,并对较大粒径堆石料的单粒强度进行模拟预测,突出数值试验的优势;最后,基于建立的数值模型对相同粒径不同形状特征堆石料的单粒强度分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）堆石料内部缺陷含量和尺寸随粒径增加对其单粒强度所产生的尺寸效应,可通过堆石料模型中细观强度参数随粒径折减进行等效模拟;（2）形状特征对堆石料的破裂机制具有重要影响,方形颗粒为压剪破裂,单粒强度较高,而随机不规则颗粒和圆形颗粒为拉剪或劈裂,单粒强度相对较低;（3）拉剪或劈裂条件下,堆石料形状越不规则,其单粒强度的离散程度越高,反之则离散程度越低。相关研究成果可为进一步研究荷载作用下堆石体内各粒径段堆石料的破碎量奠定基础,从而更加真实地反映堆石体的级配演化规律。     

堆石料颗粒破碎特性试验研究

颗粒破碎是堆石料的一项基本特性,它对堆石体的变形和强度特性具有明显的影响。对于高堆石坝而言,在高应力场作用下堆石颗粒发生明显破碎,可导致坝体变形率增加。为了正确认识堆石体及堆石坝的变形特性和机理,研究了堆石颗粒破碎特性以及颗粒破碎的影响因素。采用大型三轴试验研究了堆石料的颗粒破碎特性,分析了堆石体干密度、级配特征、堆石颗粒强度等对颗粒破碎的影响,研究了应力状态对颗粒破碎率的影响,建立了颗粒破碎率的计算模型以及颗粒破碎引起的堆石体应变增量与颗粒破碎率的关系。     

颗粒劣化效应的堆石料流变细观数值模拟

堆石料流变的主要机理是由于水位变化、降雨入渗、日晒雨淋等环境因素导致堆石料发生性质劣化,与此同时,颗粒发生高接触应力-破碎和重新排列-应力释放、调整和转移,这一过程由于颗粒的持续劣化而不断重复。在考虑颗粒破碎的堆石体不连续变形分析方法(SGDD)中,引入颗粒强度劣化模型反映颗粒强度随外界环境的持续劣化。应用该方法进行堆石料三轴流变数值试验,模拟结果与室内试验所观察到的规律一致,表明考虑流变效应的SGDD方法抓住堆石料流变的主要机理,适合模拟堆石料的流变变形这一复杂的、非线性演化问题。数值试验结果表明,堆石料随外界环境的劣化程度、劣化速率、母岩强度对宏观流变变形有较大影响。     

免疫遗传算法在土石坝筑坝粗粒料本构模型参数反演中的应用研究

建立了确定筑坝粗粒料本构模型参数的有限元计算理论与IGA相结合的反演分析方法,利用公伯峡筑坝现场大型载荷试验资料,对筑坝原级配料的本构模型参数进行了反演研究。结果表明,由于在微弱风化花岗岩掺加云母片岩,颗粒破碎严重,爆破堆石料（3BⅠ）的原级配粗粒料反演参数远低于室内三轴试验成果;与3BⅠ堆石料相反,砂砾料（3BⅡ）现场反演得到的邓肯E~B模型参数高于室内三轴试验值;室内三轴试验成果不能客观反映筑坝材料的力学特性,对于当今的300 m级高土石坝建设,宜加强对原级配粗粒料的力学特性研究;同时对原型实测的空间位移场不同拟合方式进行了探讨,认为仅考虑铅直向变形的IGA参数反演成果能基本满足土石坝工程的精度要求。     

堆石料单颗粒劈裂试验破碎强度随机性与尺寸效应的三维离散元模拟

堆石单颗粒形状不规则,强度随机且存在尺寸效应,开发堆石颗粒模型是开展堆石料颗粒流室内数值试验的基础。文中提出一种随机裂缝模型,并对模型参数的设置进行分析讨论,模型在合理的参数设置的情况下能反映真实堆石颗粒的脆性劈裂、强度随机性Weibull分布、强度尺寸效应,是深入开展筑坝材料破碎及缩尺效应颗粒流模拟分析的前提。单颗粒数值试验表明,颗粒形状对破碎模式影响显著;在相同岩性材质和裂缝分布情况下形状对颗粒强度影响较大;颗粒越不规则,其强度离散性越大。     

基于级配方程的粗粒料压实特性试验研究

级配显著影响着堆石料的压实特性,定量表述级配对堆石料压实特性的影响至关重要。基于连续级配土的级配方程,设计了16组不同级配的试验粗粒料,进行了表面振动压实试验和侧限压缩试验,定量研究了级配对粗粒料压实特性的影响。研究表明：由表面振动压实（动应力）试验和侧限压缩（静应力）试验得到的干密度与级配曲线面积之间均呈二次函数关系,且干密度中的最大值对应的级配曲线面积均在0.9附近;无论是表面振动压实试验还是侧限压缩试验,堆石料都存在干密度最优（最大）的级配。依据试验成果,给出了所试验堆石料的最优级配区间（级配上、下包络线）;同时,利用相似级配法论证了实际级配粗粒料的最优级配区间,并根据国内外多座土石坝粗粒料的设计级配验证了该最优级配区间的普遍适用性,为土石坝粗粒料的级配设计提供了理论依据。     

多块体形状堆石体碾压颗粒破碎数值模拟

通过6种典型堆石块体的形状近似,分别采用两种接触本构模型建立了多块体形状堆石体离散元数值模型,研究堆石体在碾压荷载作用下的颗粒破碎过程,建立颗粒破碎的量化计算方法,分析碾压前、后堆石级配曲线的变化,讨论接触本构模型和颗粒形状对块体破碎的影响。模拟结果显示,碾压荷载下堆石颗粒以张拉破碎为主,随着碾压遍数的增加,局部开始出现剪切破碎;提出的颗粒破碎量化计算方法,在大粒径范围对粒径变化幅度预测偏大,但级配曲线整体趋势与实测结果比较吻合;相比较于接触连接模型,平行连接模型与现场碾压试验结果更接近。6种块体形状的数值结果显示,随着形状系数的增加,在其他条件不变的情况下颗粒破碎率逐渐降低,其中类长方形块体在碾压荷载作用下颗粒破碎最明显。相比较于纯圆颗粒或者单一非圆颗粒,采用的6种颗粒形状建立的堆石体振动碾压离散元模型,更接近现场实际情况。     

堆石料大三轴试验的细观模拟

采用三维颗粒流计算程序,对堆石料的大三轴排水剪切试验过程进行了数值模拟。在数值模型的生成过程中,使堆石料集合体达到规定密度和级配;采用动态松弛算法迭代求解,并引入粒间阻尼,以吸收颗粒填装的多余动能使其稳定;颗粒间引入黏结力来提高试样的峰值强度;确定堆石料的细观力学参数,拟合室内试验应力应变曲线。模拟不同围压下堆石料的试验,得到的应力-应变曲线与室内试验基本一致,说明颗粒流方法可以较好的模拟堆石料的大三轴试验过程。由于没有考虑颗粒形状及颗粒破碎的影响,造成大应变剪胀偏大。     

不同环境条件下堆石料变形特性的试验研究

探讨了对处于受压状态的堆石料进行干湿、冷热变化等环境因素作用下力学性质研究的试验方法。使用新研制的堆石料风化试验仪,对某种泥质粉砂岩堆石料进行了干湿循环、冷热循环以及湿冷-干热耦合变化三种环境条件下的长期变形特性试验研究,探讨了堆石料长期劣化变形的机制。试验结果表明,干湿循环试验和湿冷-干热耦合循环均可导致堆石体产生较大幅度的附加变形,其变形机制包括湿化变形、堆石体颗粒湿胀和干缩循环变形以及堆石料的劣化变形等。环境因素的循环变化可导致堆石体颗粒的劣化,堆石体劣化变形是高土石坝后期变形的重要组成部分。     

堆石粗粒料颗粒破碎试验研究

利用室内大型三轴试验,对堆石等粗粒料的颗粒破碎进行了分析。结果表明,颗粒破碎率随围压的增加而增加,呈非线性状态,二者之间的关系可以用双曲线表示。颗粒破碎的增加将导致粗粒料的抗剪强度降低,峰值内摩擦角与颗粒破碎率之间呈幂函数关系,不论颗粒的岩性、强度、大小、形状、级配和初始孔隙比等情况如何,试验资料都落在一个狭窄的区域,如果围压和材料的试验参数已知,则可估计颗粒破碎率。     

Modeling the behaviour of alluvial and blasted quarried rockfill materials

Two types of modeled rockfill materials were collected from Renuka dam site, Himachal Pradesh, India and Salma dam site, Afghanistan. The rockfill material collected from Renuka dam site is rounded to sub-rounded in shape and the rockfill material collected from Salma dam site is angular to sub-angular in shape. The prototype gradation rockfill material consists maximum particle size larger than 1,000 mm. Therefore, for carrying out laboratory testing and modeling the bahaviour, the prototype rockfill material is scaled down to the maximum particle size (d_max) of 25, 50 and 80 mm for both projects material using parallel gradation technique. Triaxial compression and Index properties tests were conducted on both project rockfill materials and are presented. From the triaxial behaviour, it is observed that the stress–strain behaviour is non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent for both the materials. The material compresses during the initial shearing and shows dilation effect with further shearing. It is observed that the ?-value for alluvial rockfill material increases with increase in d_max and reverse trend is observed for blasted quarried rockfill material which shows the importance of the type of material. The stress–strain-volume change behaviour of both projects modeled rockfill material was predicted by using hierarchical single surface (HISS) model based on elasto plasticity and compared with the laboratory test results. From the comparison, it is observed that both results match closely. It is, therefore, suggested that the behaviour of both types of rockfill materials can be characterized successfully using HISS model.     

堆石料三维形状量化及其对颗粒破碎的影响

筑坝堆石料由于尺寸较大,必须对其按一定比例缩尺后才能用来开展室内三轴试验。但缩尺前后颗粒形状难免会有差异,如何评价颗粒形状变化对堆石料变形特性的影响是十分重要的。引入了高精度的三维激光扫描技术对紫坪铺面板坝筑坝堆石料2.5～5、5～10、10～20 mm以及20～40 mm 4个粒径组的颗粒进行了空间形状分析,在此基础上进一步开展了单一粒组的三轴试验,研究了4个粒组的颗粒形状指标与颗粒破碎率的相关性。试验表明,紫坪铺堆石料颗粒破碎率随着其平均球度的增加而减小,并且呈近似半对数线性关系;随着围压的增加,颗粒形状对颗粒破碎的影响逐渐减弱,颗粒强度的影响逐渐增大。紫坪铺堆石料的颗粒强度随着颗粒尺寸的增加逐渐减小,但其破碎率反而随着颗粒尺寸的增加而逐渐减小,主要是因为试验所采用的紫坪铺堆石料颗粒尺寸越小时,其形状越不规则。因此,研究缩尺效应对颗粒破碎率的影响时,要同时考虑颗粒尺寸和颗粒形状。     

Effects of particle size on crushing and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials

Strength and deformation behaviors of rockfill materials,key factors for determining the stability of dams,pertain strongly to the grain crushing characteristics.In this study,single-particle crushing tests were carried out on rockfill materials with nominal particle diameters of 2.5 mm,5 mm and 10 mm to investigate the particle size effect on the single-particle strength and the relationship between the characteristic stress and probability of non-failure.Test data were found to be described by the Weibull distribution with the Weibull modulus of 3.24.Assemblies with uniform nominal grains were then subjected to one-dimensional compression tests at eight levels of vertical stress with a maximum of 100 MPa.The yield stress in one-dimensional compression tests increased with decreasing the particle size,which could be estimated from the single-particle crushing tests.The void ratio-vertical stress curve could be predicted by an exponential function.The particle size distribution curve increased obviously with applied stresses less than 16 MPa and gradually reached the ultimate fractal grading.The relative breakage index became constant with stress up to 64 MPa and was obtained from the ultimate grading at the fractal dimension(a?2:7).A hyperbolical function was also found useful for describing the relationship between the relative breakage index and input work during one-dimensional compression tests.     

Grain crushing in geoscience materials-Key issues on crushing response,measurement and modeling:Review and preface

Grain crushing is commonly encountered in deep foundation engineering,high rockfill dam engineering,railway engineering,mining engineering,coastal engineering,petroleum engineering,and other geoscience application.Grain crushing is affected by fundamental soil characteristics,such as their mineral strength,grain size and distribution,grain shape,density and specimen size,and also by external factors including stress magnitude and path,loading rate and duration,degree of saturation,temperature and geochemical environment.Crushable material becomes a series of different materials with the change in its grading during grain crushing,resulting in a decrease in strength and dilatancy and an increase in compressibility.Effects of grain crushing on strength,dilatancy,deformation and failure mechanisms have been extensively investigated through laboratory testing,discrete element method(DEM)modelling,Weibull statistics,and constitutive modelling within the framework of the extended crushing-dependent critical state theory or the energy-based theory.Eleven papers summarized in this review article for this special issue addressed the above issues in grain crushing through the advanced testing and modelling.     

颗粒破碎效应对堆石坝应力变形的影响

颗粒破碎对堆石体的变形有重大影响,颗粒破碎除与母岩强度有关外,与应力状态密切相关,高堆石坝堆石体的大部分变形正是高应力场下颗粒破碎的反映。沈珠江院士提出的南水双屈服面模型虽可以较全面地反映堆石体的变形特性,但未充分考虑颗粒破碎引起的剪缩特性,因此坝体变形计算结果往往偏小,适用于中低堆石坝的分析中。本文的计算方法在南水双屈服面模型的基础上,考虑了堆石体在一定应力状态下颗粒破碎引起的应变,较真实地反映了堆石体的变形特性,可为堆石坝尤其是高堆石坝的应力变形研究提供更为合理的结果。     

Modelling size effect on rock aggregates strength using a DEM bonded-cell model

Empirical evidence has shown that particle breakage affects the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. The source of this mechanism takes place at the particle scale, and the main consequence on the macromechanical behaviour is increasing compressibility. Due to the inverse correlation between particle size and particle crushing strength, coarse rockfill materials are particularly vulnerable to mechanical degradation due to particle breakage. However, such coarse materials do not fit in standard laboratory devices, and the alternative of large sample testing is usually unavailable or too expensive. Alternatively, recent works have proposed multi-scale approaches using the discrete element method (DEM) to carry out numerical testing of coarse crushable materials, although few studies have focused on size effects. This article presents the application of a DEM bonded-cell model to study particle size-strength correlation on angular rock aggregates. Each particle is modelled by a cluster of perfectly rigid polyhedral cells with Mohr–Coulomb contact law. Constant cell density within particles implies that the presence of potential fragmentation planes increases with size. Therefore, particle strength decreases with size. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out through 1477 particle crushing simulations in a given particle size. Based on published experimental data on calcareous rock aggregates, part of the simulations were used for calibration, and 97 additional simulations of a coarser size fraction were performed for validation. The results show a good agreement with the empirical data in terms of size effect and data scatter through Weibull statistics.

     

A random virtual crack DEM model for creep behavior of rockfill based on the subcritical crack propagation theory

The post-construction settlement of rockfill dams and high filled ground of airport, which is a phenomenon of much significance, is mainly caused by the time-dependent breakage of the rockfill material. In this paper, a random virtual crack DEM model is proposed for creep behavior of rockfill in PFC2D according to the theory of subcritical crack propagation induced by stress corrosion mechanisms. The bonded clusters are adopted to represent the rockfill particles so as to simulate their irregular shapes. Virtual cracks are set at the bonds of the clusters, and the length of the crack is considered as a random value, which leads the crushing strength of a single particle to follow the Weibull’s statistical model and the corresponding size rules. Oedometric creep tests for rockfill are simulated by using this proposed model. The results show that the model, validated preliminarily by some test data, can reflect qualitatively the creep mechanism as well as the size effects reasonably. Particles can develop various breakage patterns during creep, including global breakage, local breakage and even complex mixed breakage. The increase in stress levels and particle size will lead to an obvious growth of the creep strain and creep rate of the rockfill. The scale effects on the creep behavior of rockfill are analyzed through 35 specimens, and formulas including the effects of scales and stress levels are tentatively proposed.     

Single-particle crushing strength under different relative humidity conditions

This paper presents a fundamental study on the effect of the relative humidity on the rockfill crushing strength. This aspect plays an important role in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill, and it is known that certain characteristics of the granular materials, such as compressibility and shear strength, depend on the confining stress, which is a function of the particles crushing. An increased interest has been observed regarding the effect of the relative humidity in the mechanical behaviour of rockfill. Unfortunately, limited research has been conducted until now regarding the study of individual particle crushing. Therefore, this paper thoroughly investigated particle crushing, by performing single-particle crushing tests on rockfill particles divided into four size ranges, under different relative humidity conditions. The experimental results reveal a considerable influence of the relative humidity in the studied rockfill particles, whose strength of the particles with the greatest dimensions in saturated conditions was reduced by half. Consistent macro-mechanical evidence demonstrates that particle’s size and relative humidity conditions depict the most important factors that influence particle crushing strength.

     

高聚物胶凝堆石料静力特性试验研究

采取加固措施可提高土体抗剪强度、减小变形等。采用聚氨酯高聚物胶凝堆石料加固土石坝以改良堆石料强度、变形特性。开展了聚氨酯胶凝堆石料三轴剪切试验研究,结果表明：聚氨酯胶凝堆石料偏应力-轴向应变曲线具有明显的非线性,抗剪强度提高;采用抛物线拟合偏应力-轴向应变曲线,可反映其应变软化和应变硬化,并得到初始弹性模量随聚氨酯含量的提高而提高;聚氨酯泡沫填充堆石颗粒间孔隙并将堆石颗粒黏结在一起,减少颗粒破碎、颗粒重排列,使堆石料剪缩特征减弱,当聚氨酯含量高时表现出剪胀;聚氨酯增加了堆石料准黏聚力,对内摩擦角无明显影响。通过有限元方法对堆石坝变形和稳定性进行分析,结果表明,聚氨酯加固堆石坝可减少边坡浅层滑动,增大滑弧深度,提高坝坡稳定安全系数。