青海省高温天气的环流特征及预报着眼点分析

本通过对1997、1999、2000年夏季青海高原发生的持续高温天气的高空环流形势特征进行对比分析的基础上，结合高温天气预报中的实际经验，总结出在本省预报持续高温天气的短期预报着眼点。     

武鸣县洪涝与太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺的关系及其预报

利用武鸣县１９５７～１９９４年洪涝资料与太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺进行统计分析，得出了它们之间的内在联系，然后用双指数法建立起用太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺预报洪涝的预报模式，实践检验证明预报效果较好。     

武鸣县洪涝与太阳黑子,厄尔尼诺的关系及其预报

利用武鸣县１９５７－１９９４年洪涝资料与太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺进行统计分析，得出了它们之间的内在联系，然后用双指数法建立起用太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺预报洪涝的预报模式，实践检验证明预报效果较好。     

1986—1987年的厄尔尼诺及其对中国夏季雨带和温度的影响

本文根据美国CAC和北京气象中心的大气和海洋资料,分析了1988—1987年厄尔尼诺事件在形成过程中的特征及大气的响应,并和1982—1983年的厄尔尼诺事件作了比较。研究了厄尔尼诺与中国夏季雨带位置和气温异常的关系,找到了一些判断厄尔尼诺年夏季雨带位置的预报指标。     

厄尔尼诺事件对黑龙江省低温洪涝灾害的影响及其预报

在研究厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）事件对黑龙江省低温洪涝灾害影响的基础上，提出一种表征厄尔尼诺的指数（ENI）。根据ENI谱分析结果，提出了一种厄尔尼诺事件和拉尼娜事件的统计预测方法。经1997年对强厄尔尼诺和1998年对拉尼娜事件预报检验证明，该方法可行，可在区域和省级短期气候预测中应用。     

基于CART算法的夏季干旱预测模型研究及应用

利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)作为判断干旱是否发生的标准,基于数据挖掘方法中的CART算法探究夏季西太平洋副高北界、夏季西太平洋副高强度指数、准两年振荡(QBO)、东亚夏季风指数、夏季北大西洋涛动(NAO)、夏季太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)、厄尔尼诺指数等多项气候因子与干旱的关系,构造分类决策树,得到干旱预报规则集,从而建立干旱的预报模型。预报模型以各项气候因子为输入变量,是否干旱为目标变量。根据1955—2012年商丘月平均气温和月总降水资料计算出商丘夏季58 a的SPEI指数作为干旱判定指标;以同期的多项气候因子数据作为输入变量,随机选取46 a的数据得到7条分类规则集,分类准确率为86.96%。使用剩余12 a的数据验证,准确率高达91.67%。结果有力地证明了基于CART算法建立干旱预报模型的可行性、科学性、有效性以及与干旱研究理论的一致性,为干旱模型的研究及季节性预测提供了科学有效的新思路。     

100hPa南亚高压位置特征与我国盛夏降水

本文使用1961—1988年的资料,分析了7—8月100hPa南亚高压东伸指数和脊线指数在不同配置下我国夏季降水分布的特征;着重分析了可能影响南亚高压东伸指数和脊线指数异常的因子及其对厄尔尼诺事件的响应。通过对南亚高压东伸指数和脊线指数的预报确定7—8月南亚高压的特征型,从而进一步估计我国盛夏降水的分布。     

1997年夏季我国高温天气特征分析

１９９７年夏季我国北方地区高温现象十分突出,南方大部则反之,作者就１９９７年夏季我国高温天气的时空分布行征作了详细的分析也论述,并与历史资料进行比较,以期对１９９７年夏季的高温天气有比较客观,详尽的认识,此外,还讨论了我国北方夏季气温与厄尔尼诺事件的关系。     

秋季西北太平洋热带气旋累积能量的年际变化及其预报

秋季是西北太平洋热带气旋平均强度最强的季节,热带气旋累积能量（accumulated cyclone energy, ACE）是热带气旋平均强度的表征指标,基于1979—2015年日本气象厅最佳路径热带气旋数据集,以及美国冰雪中心海冰数据和哈得来环流中心海温数据,利用回归分析和多元逐步回归等方法,对秋季西北太平洋ACE指数进行了分析和预报。研究表明：秋季西北太平洋ACE指数具有显著的年际变化特征,与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）有关,最大和最小值分别出现在1991年的厄尔尼诺年和1999年的拉尼娜年,在厄尔尼诺发展年的秋季ACE一般较强,而在拉尼娜衰减年的秋季热带气旋强度则较弱;ACE指数变化受来自北极海冰变化强迫中纬度异常波列的影响及其受到厄尔尼诺海温模态的调制;由于海冰在波弗特海的异常增多,强迫对流层高层夏季出现类似北半球环球遥相关型异常波列,波列正压下传,使得夏秋季西北太平洋副热带高压东退北移;副热带高压活动的变化和太平洋海温的异常分布影响了局地的环流,热带气旋生成源地弱的垂直风切变区域偏东和涡度显著增大有利于热带气旋在暖海洋上发展强盛。最后进行建模预报,预报效果为0.69。若单独使用海温或海冰作为唯一要素来预报,预报效果将大大降低。     

厄尔尼诺与武鸣县倒春寒的关系

通过分析厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺现象与反常天气的关系，寻找桂南倒春寒预报因子，并用有效指数法建立倒春寒预报模式，从而提高了春播天气预报水平。     

Numerical simulations of anomalies of precipitation and surface air temperature in china in the summer of 1997

1.IntroductionStatisticalstudiesdemonstratedthatinEINinoyearstheprecipitationinsummerintheChangjiangRiverandHuaiheRiverBasinsisprobablyabovethenormalwhileitispossiblybelowthenormalinthenorthernChinaandtheHetao(theGreatBendoftheHuangheRiver)region.ThetemperatureinsummerisusuallylowerthannormalinEastAsia,especiallyinNortheastChina.Therewere6yearswithseverelowtemperaturesince1951,andtheyare1954,1957,1964,1972,1976and1983,whichareallrelatedtotheEINinoyears(seeHuangetal.,1989,1992;Xiangand…     

Warming in the Northwestern Indian Ocean Associated with the El Nio Event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an El Nino event on the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events (without an El Nino event co-occurring) have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an El Nino event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the El Nino event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the El Nino event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

北京汛期暴雨与厄尔尼诺事件

利用北京近百年逐日降水资料和厄尔尼诺事件、非厄尔尼诺事件的资料进行初步分析表明,在厄尔尼诺最大影响年的北京汛期易干旱,相当暴雨日数≤４天;在非厄尔尼诺最大影响年的北京汛期易多雨偏涝,相当暴雨日数≥５天;在厄尔尼诺最大影响年的次年和下一个非厄尔尼诺最大影响年时,北京汛期相当暴雨日数相对增多;反之,非厄尔尼诺最大影响年的次年和下一个厄尔尼诺最大影响年时,北京汛期相当暴雨日数相对减少。     

揭阳市降水气候特征及其与厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的关系

根据1967-2016年揭阳市4个国家气象站(揭阳市区、揭西、普宁、惠来)的观测资料以及Nino3+4区的海温指数(ONI),分析了揭阳市降水量、暴雨日数与厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件的关系。结果表明,50a来揭阳市的年降水量呈现出年际和年代际波动起伏的特点。在厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件发生时,揭阳春季降水主要表现为偏多/偏少,秋季降水主要表现为偏少/偏多,秋季暴雨日数主要表现为偏少或偏多;冬季暴雨只出现在厄尔尼诺事件或拉尼娜事件发生的年份。     

Warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean associated with the El Niño event

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an E1 Nifio event on the sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） events （without an E1 Nifio event co-occurring） have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an E1 Nifio event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the E1 Nifio event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the E1 Nifio event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.     

El Nino事件与中国东部气温异常

本文进行的多年历史资料的分析表明,中国东部地区的气温异常同El Nino事件有密切的关系 在El Nino年夏季中国东北及附近地区气温多比常年偏低,而在反El Nino年夏季那里气温多出现高温异常。在El Nino年冬季,中国东部广大地区气温比常年偏高:反El Nino年冬季,中国东部广大地区气温比常年编低。中国东部地区的温度异常同El Nino所造成的大气环流异常的关系,本文亦作了分析研究。 中国东部地区冬半年气温的持续编低同El Nino事件的发生有密切关系,表明东亚地区持续的强高空槽活动(寒潮活动)可能是El Nino事件发生的重要触发机制。      

三类厄尔尼诺事件对东亚大气环流及中国东部次年夏季降水的影响

利用全球海表温度(SST)资料、ONI(Oceanic Nino Index)序列以及中国160站逐月降水资料,研究了不同类型El Nino事件的主要特征及其对东亚大气环流及中国东部次年夏季逐月及季节降水的影响。结果表明:1)据El Nino事件期间SST最大正异常所在区域,将El Nino事件分为Nino3、Nino4和Nino3.4型。2)El Nino事件次年6月,Nino3型时降水显著正异常区主要位于鄱阳湖和洞庭湖流域,Nino4型时位于鄱阳湖流域、桂粤湘三省交界及广西西部,Nino3.4型时位于洞庭湖流域。7月Nino3型降水显著正异常区北移至长江流域,8月则呈西多东少反相分布。从次年6月至8月,Nino4型降水显著正异常区逐渐北移,Nino3.4型降水显著正异常区则从南到北再移向东北。3)在整个次年夏季,Nino3、Nino4和Nino3.4型降水显著正异常区在中国东部呈自南向北分布。无论逐月或季节降水,均是Nino4型降水正异常最强、Nino3.4型最弱。4)不同类型事件次年夏季和各月环流特征存在一定差异,总体而言,对于南亚高压,Nino3型、Nino4型事件后呈偏强、东伸和北抬的特点,且后者较前者时更强;Nino3.4型事件后主要呈减弱、西退特征。对于西太平洋副热带高压,Nino3型、Nino4型事件后主要呈偏强、西伸、北抬特征,后者较前者更强,西伸、北抬也更明显;Nino3.4型后,副高以东撤、北抬特征为主。     

Distinguished Effects of Interannual Salinity Variability on the Development of the Central-Pacific El Nino Events

El Nio events in the central equatorial Pacific (CP) are gaining increased attention,due to their increasing intensity within the global warming context.Various physical processes have been identified in the climate system that can be responsible for the modulation of El Nio,especially the effects of interannual salinity variability.In this work,a comprehensive data analysis is performed to illustrate the effects of interannual salinity variability using surface and subsurface salinity fields from the Met Office ENSEMBLES (EN3) quality controlled ocean dataset.It is demonstrated that during the developing phase of an El Nio event,a negative sea surface salinity (SSS) anomaly in the western-central basin acts to freshen the mixed layer (ML),decrease oceanic density in the upper ocean,and stabilize the upper layers.These related oceanic processes tend to reduce the vertical mixing and entrainment of subsurface water at the base of the ML,which further enhances the warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the El Nio event.However,the effects of interannually variable salinity are much more significant during the CP-El Nio than during the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nio,indicating that the salinity effect might be an important contributor to the development of CP-El Nio events.     

The Strong El Ni?o of 2015/16 and Its Dominant Impacts on Global and China's Climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed,based on the latest global climate observational data,especially that of China.The results show that this strong El Nino event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Nino episodes in recorded history.Meanwhile,it is also expected to be the longest event recorded,attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014.Owing to the impacts of this strong event,along with climate warming background,the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015.Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Nino episode,and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China,especially over the bend of the Yellow River,central Inner Mongolia,and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay.Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas.The El Nino episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015,when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines,bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China.At the same time,a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes,which suppressed northerly winds in North China.These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region.Currently,this strong El Nino is weakening very rapidly,but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions,especially in China.     

大气季节内振荡的活动与El Nino

用广东省４７个测站１９５４－１９９０年各月的平均气温、降水、日照时数的标准化资料分别作按时间点分解的主分量分析,取其前６个主分量作为各测站的气候特征量,用相关系数－重心法作聚类分析,作出各月、全年综合要素的气候分区。结果表明：（１）将广东各月分为有较显著差异的５个区,则冬半年（１０－翌年４月）各月的分区形式较类似且规律性明显,夏半年（５－９月）各月的分区逐月变化明显,且分区形式差别较大。（２）若用６个自然季节的平均气温、降水、日照时数标准化资料分别作主分量分析,各取前３个主分量作为全年气候分区的特征量,则广东全年的气候区可分为东南沿海、西南沿海、西北内陆３个区。