辽宁夏季气温降水气候分区研究

应用聚类分析方法，以气候平均为辅，对1961～2000年辽宁53个测站的夏季气温和降水资料进行标准化处理，并根据各站之间的相关程度差异和气候特点，对辽宁夏季平均气温和平均降水进行气候分区。结果表明：辽宁夏季气候特点为，降水东部多西部少；气温中北部偏高，南部沿海凉爽。     

辽宁夏季气温降水气候分区研究

应用聚类分析方法 ,以气候平均为辅 ,对1961～2000年辽宁 53个测站的夏季气温和降水资料进行标准化处理 ,并根据各站之间的相关程度差异和气候特点 ,对辽宁夏季平均气温和平均降水进行气候分区。结果表明 :辽宁夏季气候特点为 ,降水东部多西部少 ;气温中北部偏高 ,南部沿海凉爽。     

广西1997年气候影响评价

１９９７年度（１９９６年１２月至１９９７年１１月）,广西各地年平均气温１６．６￣２３．３℃,属正常;年降水量１２５９．５￣２８２５．３ｍｍ,正常到偏多２￣５成;年日照时数８５２．８￣２１３９．３ｈ,大部地区比常年偏少２００￣５００ｈ。１９９７年度,广西主要气候事件及其影响以洪涝和寒露风最为突出,其次是大风和冬旱;日照不足,降水偏多,洪涝及寒露风灾害严重,全年气候条件对工农业生产的影响弊多利少,属偏     

广西1997年气候影响评价

１９９７年度（１９９６年１２月至１９９７年１１月）,广西各地年平均气温１６．６～２３．３℃,属正常;年降水量１２５９．５～２８２５．３ｍｍ,正常到偏多２～５成;年日照时数８５２．８～２１３９．３ｈ,大部地区比常年偏少２００～５００ｈ。１９９７年度,广西主要气候事件及其影响以洪涝和寒露风最为突出,其次是大风和冬旱;日照不足,降水偏多,洪涝及寒露风灾害严重,全年气候条件对工农业生产的影响弊多利少,属偏差年景。     

干旱少雨的夏季：1999年夏季（6—8月）山东天气评述

１　天气概述１９９９年夏季（６－８月）我省的天气气候特点是：气候条件异常,气温比常年偏高;７月４日进入主汛期,平均降水量明显偏少,且时空分布极不均匀。全省季平均气温为２５５℃,比常年偏高０３℃。全省平均降水量为２６８２ｍｍ,较常年偏少３５％（１４７０ｍｍ）,降水时空分布极不均匀,降水主要集中在６月上旬和８月上旬,各地雨量普遍偏少,只有局部地区降水量明显偏多,旱情十分严重。季降水量分布（图１）：图１　１９９９年夏季（６－８月）全省雨量分布鲁南、半岛南部、鲁北大部以及鲁中山区北部各县市降水量…     

广东省1954—1990年的气候特征及异常

用１９５４－１９９０年的月平均温度和降水资料，计算了广东省冬，夏半年和全年３个时距５个不同区域的温度和降水分级指数，讨论了广东省近４０年来的一些基本气候特征和全省气候异常的变化规律。提出：广东各区的气候特别是降水方面有明显差异；全省平均冬装卸温度的分级指数，夏半年降水的分级指数分别有明显的７年和１１年的周期；全年的温度和降水的分级指数分别有７，１３，１１年的周期。     

近41年中国不同季节降水气候分区及趋势

利用中国486个测站1960—2000年逐日降水观测资料,采用分层聚类和相似分析方法,兼顾降水的年内季节变化和年际变化,对中国降水进行了气候区划。利用动态分析分层聚类过程中组内和组间平均相关系数的差异指标法,为不同季节降水研究找到了适合的分区方案。在年降水分区方案中,得到中国降水的三级气候分区:11区、28区和54区。用同样的方法得到各月、季降水的分区方案。在分析过程中发现:在同样相似条件下,夏季(及夏季各月)分区数明显多于其它季(月);11个Ⅰ级分区年降水具有明显的区域性特征。分析结果在一定程度上说明了所用分区方法的客观性。     

中国春末夏初降水量异常的气候类型

选取中国大陆均匀分布的８０个测站１９５１—１９９４年历年５—６月月总降水量标准化距平资料，利用ＥＯＦ和ＲＥＯＦ方法对春末夏初降水量异常的空间结构及时间演变规律作了研究。结果表明，中国春末夏初降水异常在空间上主要表现为南北相反变化的差异（ＬＶ）。旋转载荷向量场（ＲＬＶ）反映出１１个主要降水异常类型区。旋转主分量（ＲＰＣ）揭示了４４年来春末夏初降水的时间演变特征：江淮和江南地区降水量减少，东北和南疆地区降水量增多；河套东部、华南、北疆、华北地区呈多雨—少雨—多雨的抛物线型，而河套西部、西南地区呈少雨—多雨—少雨的反抛物线型。     

四川盆地6—8月降水变化的主要特征及预测因子研究

根据四川盆地２２个测站６－８月降水距平百分率，分析了主汛期（６－８月）降水变化的主相关型，ＥＯＦ展开的第一特征向量，得出四川盆地降水变化主要表现为西部和东部的振荡，分析发现，这种振荡与太平洋副高北界关系最为密切，最后提出了预测太平洋副高北界的一种强信号，对业务预报有一定的实用意义。     

西藏高原汛期降水类型的研究

利用西藏高原２６个测站２６年（１９７３￣１９９８年）汛期（５￣９月）降水量资料,采用主成分分析和旋转主成分分析方法,对高原汛期降水空间分布型进行了分析。结果表明,主成分分解得到的降水空间分布形式较为集中,前３个特征向量场的分布型具有十分明确的物理意义,可表示降水场部方差的６３．１４％。旋转主成分分解生前６个载荷向量的累积方差贡献达７６．６７％,可较好反映西藏高原汛期降水６个异常敏感区：东南部、东北     

Activities of Low-Frequency Waves in the Tropical Atmosphere and ENSO

ＥＮＳＯ,ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＥＮＳＯｉｓｓｔｉｌａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｂｊｅｃｔｉｎｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ．ＵｓｉｎｇｔｈｅＥＣＭＷＦｄａｔａ,ｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｂｅｔｗｅｎＥＮＳＯａｎｄｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆｌｏｗ－ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｗａｖｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｉｓａｎａｌｙｚｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．ＩｔｉｓｓｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｏｃｕｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＥＮＳＯｉｓｃｌｏｓｅｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｉｎｔｒａｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｏｓｃｉｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕａｓｉ－ｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｒｙｗａｖｅｓ（ｔｈｅｐｅｒｉｏｄ＞９０ｄａｙｓ）ｉｎｔｈｅｔｒｏｐｉｃａｌａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ．ＡｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｏｃｕｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＥｌＮｉｎｏｅｖｅｎｔ,ｔｈｅｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｅｎｅｒｇｙｏｆｌｏｗ－ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｗａｖｅｓｈａｓｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎ：ｔｈｅｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｅｎｅｒｇｙｏｆａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｉｎｔｒａｓｅａｓｏｎａｌ（３０－６０ｄａｙｓ）ｏｓｃｉｌａｔｉｏｎ     

Activities of low-frequency waves in the tropical atmosphere and enso

ENSO, particularly the occurrence of ENSO is still an important research object in climatic variation. Using the ECMWF data, the relationship between ENSO and the activities of low-frequency waves in the tropical atmosphere is analyzed in this paper. It is shown that the occurrence of ENSO is closely related to the intraseasonal oscillation and the quasi-stationary waves (the period > 90 days) in the tropical atmosphere. Associated with the occurrence of El Nino event, the kinetic energy of low-frequency waves has obvious variation: the kinetic energy of atmospheric intraseasonal (30–60 days) oscillation (ISO) decreases abruptly and the kinetic energy of quasi-stationary waves increases abruptly. Moreover, the ISO and quasi-stationary waves propagate eastward clearly corresponding to El Nino; but they clearly propagate westward in La Nina cases.     

热带大气季节内振荡的进一步分析

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料对热带大气季节内振荡作了进一步分析研究,表明热带大气季节内振荡既有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波型扰动,也有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波型扰动;影响热带大气季节内振荡移动的主要因素有扰动波型和积云对流活动的异常;伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件的发生,热带大气季节内振荡的动能急剧减小,而准定常扰动动能急剧增大,既反映了热带大气季节内振荡对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的激发作用,也说明了在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间热带大气季节内振荡偏弱的原因。     

A FURTHER STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN ANOMALOUS WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA AND EL NINO*

The interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino is further studied in this paper.The new results still more proved a previous conclusion:there are clear interactions between El Nino and winter monsoon in East Asia.The continual westerly burst andstronger cumulus convection over the equatorial central-western Pacific caused by stronger wintermonsoon in East Asia can respectively excite anomalous oceanic Kelvin wave and stronger atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation in the tropics,then excite the El Nino event through air-sea interction.In El Nino winter,there are warmer and weaker winter monsoons in East Asia.The El Nino will still reduce the intensity of intraseasonal oscillation and leads it to be barotropic structure.     

A FURTHER INQUIRY ON 30-60 DAY OSCILLATION IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE

Based on the ECMWF data(1980-1983) and others, a further inquiry on the activities and the structure feature of 30-60 day oscillation in the tropical atmosphere has been completed. The following results are obtained:There is stronger perturbation kinetic energy of 30-60 day atmospheric oscillation(AO) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. This means the equatorial eastern Pacific is a stronger activity region of 30-60 day AO in the tropics. Analyses also show that the AO system with the time scale of 30-60 days might consist of various spatial scale disturbances. The zonal propagation of 30-60 day oscillation in the tropical atmosphere is not all eastward. Some differences are found for different spatial scales, and for propagations in upper and lower tropospheres. The meridional propagation of the oscillation is even more different in the various regions and might be related to the low-frequency wave train in the atmosphere. The stronger activities of 30-60 day AO in the equatorial middle-western Pacific are related to the El Nino events and the weaker ones are correspondent to the inverse El Nino phenomena.     

A FURTHER STUDY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN ANOMALOUS WINTER MONSOON IN EAST ASIA AND EL NINO

The interaction between anomalous winter monsoon in East Asia and El Nino is further stud-ied in this paper.The new results still more proved a previous conclusion:there are clear interac-tions between El Nino and winter monsoon in East Asia.The continual westerly burst andstronger cumulus convection over the equatorial central-western Pacific caused by stronger wintermonsoon in East Asia can respectively excite anomalous oceanic Kelvin wave and stronger atmo-spheric intraseasonal oscillation in the tropics,then excite the El Nino event through air-sea inter-action.In El Nino winter,there are warmer and weaker winter monsoons in East Asia.The El Ni-no will still reduce the intensity of intraseasonal oscillation and leads it to be barotropic structure.     

热带低层大气30～60天低频动能的年际变化与ENSO循环

利用NCEP再分析资料,通过统计相关及合成分析研究了热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的年际变化与ENSO循环之间的关系.结果表明,热带大气季节内振荡(也称30～60天低频振荡)的年际变化在热带中西太平洋地区最强.在ElNino成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋的30～60天振荡异常活跃,其动能明显增加且逐渐东移;在E1Nino成熟以后,热带西太平洋大气30～60天低频振荡迅速减弱.与这种加强的30～60天振荡相伴随,在赤道北侧为异常的气旋式环流,赤道地区出现偏西风异常.相反,在LaNina成熟之前的春夏季,热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡偏弱.进一步的分析还发现,东亚冬季风的年际变化是引起热带大气30～60天振荡的年际变化的主要机制:强东亚冬季风导致热带西太平洋积云对流加强,从而引起热带西太平洋大气30～60天振荡加强;相反,对应于弱的东亚冬季风,热带西太平洋地区积云对流偏弱,大气30～60天振荡偏弱.作者的资料分析还证实,热带大气30～60天低频振荡的年际变化,作为一种外强迫,对ElNino的形成起着十分重要的作用.     

THE EXCITING MECHANISM OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION TO EL NINO EVENT

The data analyses indicated that the occurrence of EL Nino event is closely related to intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the tropical atmosphere: The intraseasonal oscillation is very strong in tile tropics (particularly over the equatorial western Pacific) prior to the occurrence of El Nino; But the ISO is evidently reduced and the quasistationary system is enhanced after the outbreak of El Nino. A simple air-sea coupled model study shows that the periodical self-excited oscillation can be produced in the air-sea-coupled system, but the pattern is different from the observed ENSO mode. When there is external (atmospheric) forcing with interannual time scale, a coupled mode, which looks like the ENSO mode, will be excited in the air-sea system. Synthesizing the results in data analyses and the theoretical investigation. the mechanism of ISO in the tropical atmosphere exciting the El Nino event can be suggested : The interannual anomalies (variations) of the tropical ISO play an important role in the exciting El Nino event through the air-sea interaction.     

VARIATIONS OF 30—60 DAY OSCILLATION IN ATMOSPHERE BEFORE AND DURING 1982 EL NINO*

By using the upper-wind data from July 1980 to June 1983,the variations of the low-frequency oscillation(LFO) in the atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino have been investigated.Before the El Nino,the LFO propagates from west to east over the equator of the Eastern Hemisphere and from east to west over 20°N.The eastward propagating LFO over the equator consists of zonal wavenumber 1 propagating eastward and zonal wavenumber 2 with a character of stationary wave.The oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2 can modulate the oscillation strength.After the onset of the El Nino,the propagating directions of the LFO over the equator and 20°N of the Eastern Hemisphere change to be westward and eastward,respectively.The LFO over the western Pacific weakens rapidly and one coming from middle and high latitudes propagates to the equator.From the phase compositions of streamline fields for the zonal wavenumber 1 of equatorial westward propagatirg LFO,it is found that the atmospheric heat source in the equator of the eastern Pacific(EEP)excites a series of the equatorial cyclones and anticyclones which move northward and westward and form the westward propagating LFO over the equator.With the wavelength of 20000km,this kind of equatorial wave is similar to the mixing Rossby-gravity wave.In its westward and northward movement,the circulation in East Asia is modified.This may be the mechanism of the influence of El Nino on the climate of China.     

Numerical Simulation and Comparison Study of the Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillation

Daily mean outputs for 12 yr (1978-1989) from two general circulation models (SAMIL-R42L9 and CAM2.0.2) are analyzed and compared with the corresponding NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset, and results in two models show clearly that the root-mean square errors (RMSEs) from the simulation of intraseasonal oscillation can take 30-40 percent of the total RMSE, particularly, the distributions of the RMSE in simulating intraseasonal oscillation are almost identical with that of the total RMSE. The maximum RMSE of intraseasonal oscillation height at 500 hPa is shown in the middle latitude regions, but there are also large RMSEs of intraseasonal oscillation wind over the tropical western Pacific and tropical Indian Oceans. The simulated ISO energy in the tropic has very large difference from the result of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset which means the simulation of tropical atmospheric ISO still possesses serious insufficiency. Therefore, intraseasonal oscillation in the weather and climate numerical simulation is very important, and thus, how to improve the ability of the GCM to simulate the intraseasonal oscillation becomes very significant.