安徽金寨县沙坪沟钼铅锌矿田两期成岩成矿作用

安徽金寨县沙坪沟钼矿床是近年来秦岭-大别成矿带发现的超大型斑岩钼矿床,已探明钼资源储量234×104t。在沙坪沟钼矿床外围发育多处铅锌矿床(点)。本文通过对外围3个铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素定年,获得120±2Ma的成矿年龄,而钼矿床成矿年龄则在115~111Ma,显示出矿田内铅锌矿床的成矿时代早于钼矿床。结合区域构造背景、控矿构造、赋矿围岩及围岩蚀变等地质特征分析,认为斑岩钼矿床和铅锌矿床为两个独立的成矿系统,热液型铅锌矿成矿系统形成早于斑岩型钼矿成矿系统。据地质勘查和同位素年代学资料,矿田岩浆岩分为两期,第一期为早白垩世早期花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩,是热液型铅锌矿成矿系统主要赋矿围岩,第二期为早白垩世晚期石英正长岩和花岗斑岩,是斑岩型钼矿成矿系统的主要赋矿围岩。矿床C、H、O、S等稳定同位素相关研究表明热液型铅锌矿成矿系统和斑岩型钼矿成矿系统均是两期岩浆热液演化的结果。因此矿田存在两期成岩成矿作用。两个成矿系统矿石铅同位素组成不同,斑岩型钼矿成矿系统矿石铅同位素比值相对较高,变化范围大。铅锌矿床为早于斑岩钼矿床的独立成矿系统的认识合理解释了沙坪沟钼矿床为单一钼矿体,不含铅锌铜等不同于东秦岭斑岩钼矿床地质现象。区内两期成岩成矿作用均发生于晚侏罗─早白垩世构造体制转换阶段及以后伸展期。     

湘西花垣矿田热液方解石稀土元素地球化学

近年来,位于扬子板块东南缘的花垣铅锌矿田取得重大找矿突破,杨家寨和大脑坡等一系列大型-超大型铅锌矿的发现,该区新增铅锌资源储量已经超过1000万t,有望成为世界级铅锌资源基地。虽然该矿田地质地球化学研究已经积累了较多成果,但关于铅锌成矿流体的来源及其演化过程研究相对薄弱,制约了花垣矿田的成矿机制深入。本文通过对该矿田不同成矿阶段热液方解石稀土组成研究,并与矿区围岩和不同时代地层对比,探讨矿田内铅锌成矿流体来源及其演化。研究表明,不同成矿阶段的方解石稀土元素及配分模式差异明显,其中成矿早晚2阶段方解石REE与围岩较相似,而主成矿阶段方解石明显富集REE,暗示成矿流体不可能完全由赋矿地层提供,应有来自下伏地层以及基底岩石相对富集REE的流体加入,这种流体可能携带了大量的Pb、Zn成矿物质,为铅锌矿成矿提供了物质来源。此外,成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段,δEu值均小于1,暗示成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段的流体呈现相对还原的特征;而成矿晚阶段方解石的δEu远大于1,表明成矿晚阶段热液流体呈现较氧化特征,总体而言,本区成矿环境在铅锌成矿过程中由相对还原向相对氧化的演化。     

铅锌矿床研究与找矿进展

70年代中期以来,国内外铅锌多金属矿床研究和找矿勘察取得了巨大进展。尤以层状和层控铅锌矿床成矿理论和成矿模式的研究成果更为突出。特别是沉积岩容矿海底喷流铅锌多金属矿,已成为国外极其重要的超大型富铅锌矿床类型。近十多年来,将成矿模式研究同有效的物化探方法相结合,国外新发现大型—超大型铅锌矿16处,国内发现和勘探了大型铅锌矿约20处。     

江西相山矿田铀铅锌多金属年代学特征及成矿模式

江西相山地区是中国重要的火山岩型铀矿床的发育地区之一,近年来在其深部发现了大量的铅锌矿脉,为进一步确定铅锌矿与铀矿床的成因,本文利用蚀变矿物进行39 Ar-40 Ar法测年及C-H-O同位素特征研究,并结合前人的研究资料,得到了矿田铀铅锌多金属矿化年龄并构建了矿田的成矿模式。铅锌矿的形成时间为137.5~138.3 Ma,铀矿床的成矿时间为(132.6±1.3)Ma、(122.8±1.1)Ma,结合流体包裹体特征,判断铀矿床具有两期成矿特点。成矿流体与成矿物质大部分来自于赋矿火山-侵入杂岩岩浆,变质水和大气水参与了成矿作用,深部(幔源)富铀流体物质的后期加入是矿田形成铅锌与铀两种不同矿化类型的重要原因。相山矿田的铀与铅锌矿化同属一个成矿系统,是矿田火山-岩浆热液成矿系统活动于不同时期、不同阶段的产物。     

安徽金寨沙坪沟整装勘查区铅锌矿“三位一体”成矿特征及找矿预测

沙坪沟整装勘查区位于安徽北淮阳成矿带内,是皖西地区最主要的钼铅锌多金属矿化集中区。研究区内已探明十余处铅锌矿,以小型矿为主,但缺乏较为系统的研究和总结。为了厘定区内铅锌矿与成矿地质体的关系以及成矿构造和成矿结构面的类型和属性,总结成矿作用特征标志,指导找矿预测,本文开展了区内典型矿床"三位一体"成矿特征的总结研究。研究结果揭示区内铅锌矿化类型分为角砾岩型、矽卡岩型、构造蚀变岩型和热液脉型4种,成矿地质体为燕山晚期中酸性岩浆岩,成矿构造为NE向和NW向断裂构造交会部位,成矿结构面主要为NE和NW断裂构造面、角砾岩筒、层间破碎带以及接触带等。在总结归纳铅锌矿成矿作用特征和找矿预测要素的基础上,建立起区内铅锌矿找矿预测地质模型,并对找矿潜力作出评价。     

湘西地区北洛塔和花垣铅锌矿田对比研究

洛塔矿田和花垣矿田是湘西北成矿带铅锌储量较大的两个矿田。文章以洛塔矿田和花垣矿田为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,从成矿地质构造背景、矿床地质特征、地球化学特征、控矿规律、矿床成因等方面对两大铅锌矿田进行对比研究,发现两矿田在诸多方面存在差异。洛塔矿田铅锌成矿时代为中泥盆世,花垣矿田铅锌成矿时代为早泥盆世,属于上扬子地台东南缘伸展拉张环境下在湘西北地区不同时期不同地段深大断裂活动的产物;构造是两矿田内最重要的控矿要素,岩相、岩性控矿实质上岩石孔隙和裂隙系统控矿,也是构造控矿的一种体现。区内的找矿工作应该沿着控矿构造+有利地层岩性组合的思路进行。     

华北地区铅锌矿资源特征及成矿规律

华北地区铅锌矿资源丰富、类型多样,是我国铅锌矿床的重要产区。本文在总结资源禀赋、矿床类型、时空特征、主要控矿因素、资源潜力等要素基础上,较全面分析了华北地区铅锌矿的主要特征和成矿规律。研究表明,从矿床成因角度,华北地区铅锌矿可划分为岩浆热液型、碳酸盐岩—细碎屑岩型、陆相火山岩型、矽卡岩型、斑岩型、碳酸盐型等6种类型,并可划归"层控"型和"岩控"型两大类;从矿产预测角度,又可划分为26个矿产预测类型,其中以碳酸盐岩—细碎屑岩型、岩浆热液型铅锌矿最为重要。基于华北地区铅锌成矿演化规律,华北地区铅锌成矿期可划分为中元古代、早古生代、晚古生代和中生代4个主要时期,中元古代、中生代是铅锌成矿的高峰期。华北地区铅锌成矿受控于区域构造、沉积-火山岩系、中酸性侵入岩等多种因素,经历了长期且复杂的构造演化,"层控"型和"岩控"型矿床的成矿环境各有不同,成矿作用特征具有明显差异。经综合评价,华北地区的铅锌成矿可划分为34个铅锌找矿远景区,显示出良好的找矿资源潜力。     

厂坝铅锌矿带控矿因素探讨

厂坝铅锌矿带位于西秦岭海西—印支褶皱带东段,西成铅锌矿田的东北角。矿带长7.5公里,宽1公里。本矿带已探明厂坝、李家沟、向阳山等不同规模的矿床多处,获铅锌金属储量数百万吨,是西成铅锌矿田成矿最好的矿带。笔者根据近两年来地质研究的资料和认识,对矿带的控矿因素提出一些粗浅看法,以供讨论。不妥之处,挚望指正。     

伏牛山付店地区钼铅锌矿田成矿物质来源及成矿模式

东秦岭伏牛山山脉东段付店地区钼铅锌矿田是河南省重要的矿产基地,高温钼矿与中温铅锌矿在剖面上构成一个完整的成矿系统。钼矿成矿物质来源第一矿源层是太古界太华群中深变质岩系,第二矿源层是中元古界熊耳群底部火山岩系包括王屋山期石英二长岩系;据对太山庙燕山期花岗岩基和东沟花岗斑岩株的岩石学、岩石化学及岩石地球化学等方面测试发现,花岗岩演化结果富含钼质但不含铅锌,而石英二长岩类铅锌丰度值为最高。得出的结论为:由燕山期白垩纪花岗斑岩熔融太古界和熊耳群底部地层提供了成钼物质;石英二长岩经花岗岩浆熔融提供了铅锌物质。燕山期花岗岩浆活动为钼铅锌矿田提供了超高温超高压的成矿环境,通过熔融不同的含矿地质体储备了不同的矿物质,形成了不同的矿床。这就是建立矿田成矿模式的条件。     

赣南九龙脑矿田成矿地质特征与成矿预测

赣南九龙脑矿田位于南岭构造-岩浆成矿带东段诸广山崇（义）—（大）余—（上）犹钨锡多金属矿集区,其最大特色以九龙脑成矿岩体为中心,产出一系列钨锡银铅锌铌钽多金属矿床（化）,矿化类型包括内带-外带热液石英脉型、矽卡岩型、破碎蚀变带型、云英岩型和蚀变花岗岩型,成矿时代始于印支期,燕山早期大爆发,成矿母岩为富含W、Sn等成矿元素的重熔“S”型花岗岩。本文在系统研究以往地质、地化和物探等资料的基础上,阐述了九龙脑矿田成矿地质特征和地层、构造、岩浆岩控矿作用,以及围绕九龙脑成矿岩体内外接触带由内到外发育高温钨锡矿床—中高温钨铅锌银矿床—中低温金银铅锌矿床的成矿与地球化学分带,总结了该区钨锡多金属矿床受构造-岩浆岩联合控制呈现出“东西成行、北北东—北东成列”的等距性空间分布规律,建立了九龙脑矿田具成因联系的“多位一体”成矿模式。根据上述研究进行了成矿预测,优选九龙脑地区钨锡矿A类预测区4个,钨铅锌银矿、锡矿B类预测区各1个,金银铅锌矿C类预测区1个。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.