探地雷达测量土壤含水量的应用研究

快速、准确地获得土壤含水量信息对农业、水文地质、工程地质和环境科学都具有十分重要的意义.作为中尺度的非侵入型的探测土壤含水量的方法,探地雷达方法受到越来越多的重视,具有广阔的应用前景.本文基于速度分析原理和混合介质介电模型,建立了一套计算土壤含水量的探地雷达数据处理和分析流程.利用提出的数据处理和分析流程对多层水平介质模型的正演模拟数据进行了处理和分析,获得的结果说明了应用此套流程对探地雷达共中心点(CMP)数据估计土壤含水量是适用可行的.然后应用此流程对蒙古国乌兰巴托市水源区域采集的CMP数据进行了处理和分析,并与观测井的信息进行对比,获得了该区域准确的地下水位和土壤含水量信息.正演模拟数据和实测数据处理分析结果验证了探地雷达方法测量土壤含水量的有效性和可靠性.     

探地雷达方法测量近地表含水量模拟研究

为了充分地验证探地雷达方法用于探测近地表含水量的有效性和可靠程度,着重分析了探地雷达反射波法用于测量含水量的相关理论和技术特点,设计了适用于高频雷达信号的速度分析算法,建立了用于分析该问题的局部含水层模型.利用FDTD方法模拟分析了局部含水层的探地雷达响应,应用速度分析理论及Topp模型,反演得到了研究区域的含水量结果.     

随机等效介质探地雷达参数递推阻抗反演研究（英文）

描述和估计介质含水量、介电常数等属性参数分布是探地雷达探测技术的重要研究内容。雷达波的旅行时间和反射振幅系数与介质含水量、孔隙度与介电常数密切相关。常规通过旅行时间计算波速以估计介质参数的方法,例如透射波法,共中心点速度分析等,对于复杂介质分辨率有限。基于反射振幅的阻抗反演方法可以直接根据反射系数计算雷达波阻抗以估计介质属性参数,从而有效地避开常规方法在计算波速时精度低的问题。本文首先建立了基于高斯型和指数型混合自相关函数的三维多尺度等效随机介质模型刻画地下随机介质参数分布,并在局部加入高斯椭圆方程描述局部随机异常目标体。其次,通过引入锥形函数以降低随机介质模型在离散网格数值计算方法误差。在此基础上,推导了探地雷达递推阻抗反演的基本流程并结合随机介质模型测试了该方法在复杂介质参数估计中的计算精度。最后,对内蒙地区的实测探地雷达数据利用递推阻抗反演方法来估计地下污染物参数,估计介电常数、含水量结果与钻孔实测数据和同期开展的电阻率成像结果有很好的吻合。说明基于递推阻抗反演方法在探地雷达复杂介质属性参数估计中具有很好的应用前景。     

利用探地雷达检测土壤质量的研究进展

土壤质量的研究正逐步成为国际土壤学的研究热点.探地雷达作为一种快速、无损、经济的土壤质量检测方法,正在被国内外学者所接受,然而由于土壤的复杂性,使得这一技术在具体应用时还存在一些问题.本文从探地雷达检测土壤质量时的方法入手,着重探讨了其在土壤的物理性质、介电性质、有机质检测方面的研究进展,并对检测后得到的探地雷达图像的处理算法以及存在的问题进行了研究,有利于指导探地雷达在土壤质量检测方面的进一步应用.     

高频电磁波传播速度在水及淤积砂土中影响因素实验研究

水及淤积土中电磁波传播速度是实现水上探地雷达(GPR)探测数据准确时深转换的关键因素.论文基于探地雷达实测结果分析了水温、盐度、浊度对水中电磁波速的影响和粒径组成、含水量变化对砂土介电常数(电磁波速)的影响,建立了淤积砂土介电常数模型并给出了相应速度计算方法.研究表明水中电磁波速主要受水体盐度影响,随盐度增大而指数减小.淤积砂土介电常数符合Looyenga模型,现场探测时可根据土样三相体积比确定土体介电常数,进而确定土体电磁波速,实现GPR数据时深准确转换.     

基于探地雷达回波信号获取污染土壤中污染物含量的研究进展

从探地雷达GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)在土壤污染探测中的应用、污染土壤介电常数模型的演化和土壤介电常数求取三方面综述了目前国内外学者利用探地雷达技术开展的土壤污染探测研究.研究认为以土壤介电常数为纽带,采用适宜的方法从雷达回波信号求得介电常数,基于合理的土壤介电常数模型,通过神经网络技术,可驯化建立介电常数和污染土壤多个参数之间联系,从而实现污染土壤中多种污染物含量的监测.     

基于辛算法模拟探地雷达在复杂地电模型中的传播

近年来,探地雷达(GPR)凭借其快速、高效、无破损等特点,已经广泛应用于浅地层目标探测中.数值模拟是研究探地雷达电磁波在地下结构中传播规律的有效手段.辛算法是一种保持Hamilton系统总能量不变的时域数值计算方法.本文提出了基于一阶显式辛分块龙格库塔方法的探地雷达数值模拟方法.通过对比本文算法与时域有限差分方法计算结果可知,在同等计算精度下,本文算法可以节省25%的计算时间.并基于本文算法对两个复杂GPR模型进行正演模拟,得到模拟GPR探测wiggle图,这有助于更好的理解和分析实测雷达数据.     

基于GprMax正演模拟的探地雷达根系探测敏感因素分析

应用探地雷达对植物根系进行探测的有效性已得到证实.但由于根系结构复杂,根围环境异质性强,针对基于探地雷达得到的根系探测数据的解读尚处于经验积累阶段.本研究首先通过对比根系探地雷达实测信号图像和模拟信号图像,证实了利用GprMax模拟探地雷达探测植物根系的有效性.其次通过定义不同根系空间结构和电性参数场景,模拟了不同条件下根目标反射信号的差异,并对影响探地雷达探测植物根系有效性的敏感因素进行了初步分析.模拟结果有助于探地雷达野外根系探测图谱的解译,为探地雷达在植物根系探测中的应用积累经验.     

路面基层探地雷达图像纹理特征提取方法研究

探地雷达数据中的形状和纹理特征是公路病害识别的重要依据,许多专家和学者提取和分析了公路病害在探地雷达图像上的形状特征,却很少提取其纹理特征,从而无法全面的反映公路病害特征.为提取和分析探地雷达路面数据的纹理特征,本文提出基于线性型、对数型和指数型三种转换类型的探地雷达数据灰度级转换方法,并采用灰度共生矩阵和小波变换提取转换后的探地雷达图像纹理特征.采用线性型、对数型和指数型转换关系将探地雷达数据转换为图像数据,通过对比分析,64级线性转换是将探地雷达数据转换为图像数据的最佳转换类型;以公路路面结构层层间不密实为例,讨论了灰度共生矩阵各参数的选择,并基于灰度共生矩阵算法提取纹理参数特征图;对探地雷达图像进行二层小波分解,得到高频部分和低频部分,并计算高频系数的平均能量.通过分析各个特征图可以得出,不密实病害的纹理特征明显,出现上下边界两条与其内部反差较大的特征曲线,这对其识别具有重要意义.从小波分解的结果可以得出,不密实纹理信息集中在低频部分.本文采用的提取探地雷达图像纹理特征的方法在公路病害识别方面具有一定的实用性,为公路养护提供重要的技术支撑.     

中尺度模拟土壤油污染区探地雷达探测效果分析

为使物理模拟实验效果与实际探测情形更为接近,在室外自然条件下建立中尺度土壤石油污染实验模型,油污染区扩展深度超过1 m,采用实地探测中常用的500 MHz雷达天线进行长期定时探测.通过实测雷达图像特征、土壤含水量含油量分析,并对比前人开展的小尺度室内模拟试验结果,综合评价探地雷达对油污染区的探测效果.研究表明探地雷达探测图像异常特征与污染区扩散阶段密切相关:包气带内油污染区会引起振幅增强;毛细带的油污染区则表现为水位面反射轴附近清晰可辨的高幅异常区,且水位面反射轴呈下凹状;随扩散过程持续进行,异常区下移与水位面反射轴相交,并产生水平扩张.当污染土含油饱和度大于20%时,可通过雷达图像异常区圈定污染范围;当污染土含油饱和度大于15%时,可通过频谱图出现低频响应的位置圈定污染区水平范围.中尺度实验结果与室内小尺度模拟结果具有一致性,可作为油污染区雷达图像异常的解译依据.     

TDR measurement of stem and soil water content in two Mediterranean oak species

Abstract

Since 1990s, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has been applied to estimate the stem water content of living trees. Here, new calibration equations relating the apparent dielectric constant (K_a ) to the volumetric water content (θ) were developed for two Mediterranean oak species. Our calibration equations differ from those previously calculated for other species, suggesting that stem water contents could be monitored more accurately using species-specific curves. The stem water content in the trees of these species and the surrounding soil were monitored with TDR to examine the feasibility of this technology for recording changes in trunk water storage. The average stem water contents of the oaks reflect the soil water contents, and the temporal differences observed (17%) point to the importance of trunk water for coping with soil water deficit. Although it would be very useful to obtain a single function to estimate the stem water content of trees, it remains necessary to obtain the results in more species.     

Investigating plant root effects on soil electrical conductivity: An integrated field monitoring and statistical modelling approach

Plants have been shown to affect soil water content and temperature. Previous studies were conducted mainly in forestry and agricultural soils, where conditions of soil and vegetation are different from those in an urban landscape. In an urban landscape, the influence of plant roots on electrical conductivity, soil water content and temperature is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of soil water content and temperature on electrical conductivity in vegetated soils through an integrated field monitoring and computational modelling approach. A new relationship between soil electrical conductivity and water content as well as temperature is proposed. Field monitoring was conducted in both vegetated (tree species) and bare soils. The monitoring included measurements of soil water content, soil temperature and soil electrical conductivity. This was followed by response surface regression modelling. Measured results show that soil temperature at shallow depths was lower in vegetated soil than that in the bare soil. This observation was also consistent with the higher soil water content and hence, higher electrical conductivity under tree canopy. The model developed could predict nonlinear relationships between electrical conductivity and soil temperature and water content. Uncertainty analysis indicated normal distribution for electrical conductivity under variation of soil temperature and water content. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using a H∞ filter assimilation procedure to estimate root zone soil water content

Root zone soil water content impacts plant water availability, land energy and water balances. Because of unknown hydrological model error, observation errors and the statistical characteristics of the errors, the widely used Kalman filter (KF) and its extensions are challenged to retrieve the root zone soil water content using the surface soil water content. If the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, the KF and its extensions fail to accurately estimate the root zone soil water. The H‐infinity filter (HF) represents a robust version of the KF. The HF is widely used in data assimilation and is superior to the KF, especially when the performance of the model is not well understood. The objective of this study is to study the impact of uncertain soil hydraulic parameters, initial soil moisture content and observation period on the ability of HF assimilation to predict in situ soil water content. In this article, we study seven cases. The results show that the soil hydraulic parameters hold a critical role in the course of assimilation. When the soil hydraulic parameters are poorly estimated, an accurate estimation of root soil water content cannot be retrieved by the HF assimilation approach. When the estimated soil hydraulic parameters are similar to actual values, the soil water content at various depths can be accurately retrieved by the HF assimilation. The HF assimilation is not very sensitive to the initial soil water content, and the impact of the initial soil water content on the assimilation scheme can be eliminated after about 5–7 days. The observation interval is important for soil water profile distribution retrieval with the HF, and the shorter the observation interval, the shorter the time required to achieve actual soil water content. However, the retrieval results are not very accurate at a depth of 100 cm. Also it is complex to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter in the HF assimilation. In this article, the trial‐and‐error method was used to determine the weighting coefficient and the error attenuation parameter. After the first establishment of limited range of the parameters, ‘the best parameter set’ was selected from the range of values. For the soil conditions investigated, the HF assimilation results are better than the open‐loop results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effects of soil organic matter on soil water retention and plant water use in a meadow of the Sierra Nevada,CA

Tuolumne Meadows is a groundwater dependent ecosystem in the Sierra Nevada of California, USA, that is threatened by hydrologic impacts that may lead to a substantial loss of organic matter in the soil. In order to provide a scientific basis for management of this type of ecosystem, this paper quantifies the effect of soil organic content on soil water retention and water use by plants. First, we show a substantial dependence of soil water retention on soil organic content by correlating Van Genuchten soil water retention parameters with soil organic content, independent of soil texture. Then, we demonstrate the impact of organic content on plants by simulating the degree to which root water uptake is affected by soil water retention with the use of a physically based numerical model of variably saturated groundwater flow. Our results indicate that the increased water retention by soil organic matter contributes as much as 8.8 cm to transpiration, or 35 additional water‐stress free days, during the dry summer when plants experience increased water stress.     

不同含水率下滑坡滑带土动力特性试验研究

甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡地处活跃断层破裂带内,断层活动控制着该滑坡的发育和运动。为了研究该滑坡滑带土的动力特性,采用重塑滑带土样,在固结不排水条件下,利用分级循环加载法开展动三轴试验,重点探讨含水率的变化对滑带土动力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:含水率一定时,泄流坡滑坡滑带土的动弹性模量随动应变的增大呈指数形式减小;动应变一定时,动弹性模量随含水率的增大而不断减小,且衰减速率随含水率的增大而增大;含水率并不影响动弹性模量-动应变关系曲线的形态,不同含水率下该关系曲线可以进行归一化。滑带土阻尼比随含水率的增大而增大,阻尼比-动应变关系曲线也具有归一化特征。不同含水率下泄流坡滑带土动应力-应变本构关系可以用双曲线模型进行描述。     

黏性土中结合水测定及影响因素分析

土中结合水是形成黏性土的物理、化学、力学等性质的重要因素。通过对一系列人工混合黏性土和2种天然红黏土进行比表面积测试和等温吸附试验,确定各类黏性土的比表面积和土中不同结合水类型及含量,在此基础上探讨黏性土中结合水与矿物成分、比表面积等影响因素之间的定量关系。研究结果表明：(1)黏性土的比表面积与黏土矿物含量线性正相关;(2)等温吸附法中,相对湿度RH=0.90和0.98分别为黏性土中强结合水、弱结合水、自由水的界限划分点;(3)相同矿物成分的混合黏性土吸附结合水含量随蒙脱土含量、比表面积的增加而递增,大致呈线性关系;(4)天然红黏土的吸附结合水含量与其矿物成分总量、比表面积具有正相关关系,黏土矿物含量是最根本的影响因素。     

Water condition control of in situ soil water repellency: an observational study from a hillslope in a Japanese humid‐temperate forest

To evaluate the relationship between the moisture conditions and the water repellency of soil surfaces in situ, we periodically conducted field surveys for more than a year in a humid‐temperate forest in Japan. Measurements were made in four plots with varying soil physicochemical properties and under different topographic conditions across a hillslope. Each plot contained permanent quadrats with measurement points in a grid pattern. At each point, we measured the volumetric water content at 0‐ to 5‐cm depths and the water repellency at soil surfaces approximately twice a month. The repeated measurements enabled us to estimate the critical water content (CWC) below which soils repelled water at each point. We defined the representative CWC (RCWC) of a plot as the median of all CWCs in a plot and estimated the representative critical water potential (RCWP) on the basis of the RCWC using the water retention curve. The RCWC values differed among plots, but the corresponding RCWP values were similar (pF = 3.5–3.9). The relationship of the areal fraction showing water repellency against soil water potentials was similar across plots, but the relationship differed among plots against the soil moisture content. These results suggest that soil water potential is more indicative of the spatial occurrence of water repellency than moisture content on a hillslope where soil physicochemical properties vary. Plots located on ridge crests frequently exhibited lower water potentials and showed a higher areal fraction of water repellency, implying a greater chance of generating surface runoff by rainfall events. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ecohydrology of water-controlled ecosystems

Ecosystem dynamics in arid and semiarid climates are strongly dependent on the soil water availability which, in turn, is the result of a number of complex and mutually interacting hydrologic processes. This motivates the development of a process-based framework for the analysis of the soil water content in the root zone at the daily time scale. This paper reviews the results that the authors have obtained using a probabilistic–mechanistic model of soil water balance for the characterization of the seasonal regimes of soil moisture with different combinations of climate, soil, and vegetation. Average seasonal soil water content and level-crossing statistics have been used to study conditions of water stress in vegetation. The same framework has been applied to the analysis of the impact of interannual climate fluctuations on the seasonal regime of soil moisture and water stress.     

Vegetation impacts soil water content patterns by shaping canopy water fluxes and soil properties

Soil water content is a key variable for biogeochemical and atmospheric coupled processes. Its small‐scale heterogeneity impacts the partitioning of precipitation (e.g., deep percolation or transpiration) by triggering threshold processes and connecting flow paths. Forest hydrologists frequently hypothesized that throughfall and stemflow patterns induce soil water content heterogeneity, yet experimental validation is limited. Here, we pursued a pattern‐oriented approach to explore the relationship between net precipitation and soil water content. Both were measured in independent high‐resolution stratified random designs on a 1‐ha temperate mixed beech forest plot in Germany. We recorded throughfall (350 locations) and stemflow (65 trees) for 16 precipitation events in 2015. Soil water content was measured continuously in topsoil and subsoil (210 profiles). Soil wetting was only weakly related to net precipitation patterns. The precipitation‐induced pattern quickly dissipates and returns to a basic pattern, which is temporally stable. Instead, soil hydraulic properties (by the proxy of field capacity) were significantly correlated with this stable soil water content pattern, indicating that soil structure more than net precipitation drives soil water content heterogeneity. Also, both field capacity and soil water content were lower in the immediate vicinity of tree stems compared to further away at all times, including winter, despite stemflow occurrence. Thus, soil structure varies systematically according to vegetation in our site. We conclude that enhanced macroporosity increases gravity‐driven flow in stem proximal areas. Therefore, although soil water content patterns are little affected by net precipitation, the resulting soil water fluxes may strongly be affected. Specifically, this may further enhance the channelling of stemflow to greater depth and beyond the rooting zone.     

Estimation of soil moisture status using near infrared reflectance

The use of a prototype near infrared reflectance meter for estimating the water content of soil is described. The instrument, developed from one used for estimating the water content of forage is based on the measurement of reflectance of infrared light emitted at wavelengths of 1450 nm, a strong water absorption band, and 1300 nm a weak water absorption band. Calibration curves of reflectance and reflectance ratio versus moisture content for pure sands and sand/clay mixes are presented. Problems associated with the measurement of moisture content using this technique on swelling soils are highlighted. The use of a modified form of this instrument for estimating soil moisture status in the field is discussed.