贵州织金煤层气非储层水平井开发技术研究

直井开发煤层气钻井和压裂成本高,控制面积小,单井产气量低;煤层内水平井钻进难度大,风险高,薄煤层中井眼轨迹控制难度大,钻井液有害固相对储层伤害严重,采收率低。基于此,分析贵州织金区块煤系地质构造,提出在煤系地层内稳定的非储层内布水平井,通过压裂造缝沟通水平井上下煤层同时开发多层煤层的新思路。与常规开发方式相比,非储层内水平井具有钻井风险小、储层伤害小、单井产量高的优点,同时还可以开发煤系致密气和页岩气,提高非常规天然气利用率。研究非储层内水平井开发贵州织金煤层气技术,为解决贵州煤系地层煤层多而薄、层间距小等特性煤层气开发难题以及综合利用煤系气提供新的方式。     

云南老厂矿区煤层气储层地质条件及其资源潜力

云南老厂矿区煤层气资源丰富,是近年来我国煤层气资源勘探开发的热点区域。针对煤层厚度、储层物性、含气量等储层基本参数特征进行分析,对区域煤层气资源潜力进行评价。结果表明:云南老厂矿区煤层厚度较大、层数较多,煤层顶底板以泥岩、粉砂岩为主,生储盖配置较好;目标煤层孔隙度相对较高,裂隙较为发育,可为煤层气的富集和产出提供良好的条件;主要煤层压力整体上属于常压储层,煤层解吸速率较高;同时煤储层大多处于欠饱和状态,开发过程中需要较长时间的排水降压;老厂矿区雨汪区块埋藏深度小于1 000 m的煤层气资源量为270.93亿m³,资源丰度为3.20亿m³/km²。总体而言,研究区煤层气勘探开发条件较好,具有较大的勘探开发的资源潜力。     

非常规源岩层系油气形成分布与前景展望

经过十余年理论技术持续攻关,中国陆上实现了致密砂岩气规模发展、页岩气快速发展、煤层气持续发展、致密油稳步发展和页岩油加快探索,源岩层系油气已成为中国非常规油气增储上产的主要组成部分.源岩层系油气包括源岩油气和致密油气2种资源类型,普遍具备有效配置的烃源岩、储集层和聚集保存3个方面基础地质形成条件,展现出源内或近源大面积连续分布标志特征,海相页岩气主要分布于深水陆棚区,致密砂岩气和煤层气一般分布于主要聚煤期煤系,页岩层系石油一般主要发育于长期持续沉降的富油湖盆.源岩层系油气开发追求“平面甜点区”“纵向甜点段”较好经济资源条件,页岩气需含气量高、孔隙度高、TOC含量高、热演化程度适中、气层埋藏适中、保存条件好、储层可压性好、储量规模大,致密砂岩气需全天候气源、中粗粒砂岩、含气层系多、大面积聚集、稳定斜坡区、中浅层埋藏,致密油甜点区段一般具有烃源性、储集性、含油性、流动性、成缝性和经济性“六特性”经济资源条件.中国非常规源岩层系油气资源丰富,源岩层系天然气是天然气上产的“主力”,源岩层系石油是石油稳产的“砝码”,实现地下原位“煤岩燃烧气化、页岩熟化气化”“2个革命性领域”突破是推进源岩层系油气领域“跨越式”发展的关键路径.      

阜新盆地白垩系沙海组煤层气系统

煤层气系统研究能有效地指导煤层气勘探和开发。运用非常规含油气系统的理论和方法,研究了阜新盆地沙海组煤层气地质特征。沙海组三段煤层是研究区煤层气的生储层;沙海组四段泥岩、泥质粉砂岩作为沙海组三段煤层气的盖层,是良好的区域性盖层;上覆岩层是沙四段泥岩和阜新组地层;由于喜山期辉绿岩的侵入,沙海组煤层在古近纪末出现生气高峰,另外,后期盆地抬升,地下水作用带入细菌导致煤层产生大量次生生物气;此后,煤层气进入保存阶段,煤层气系统的关键时刻是古近纪末。以上表明,盆地东梁区白垩系沙海组煤层适合进行煤层气勘探和开发,有望成为煤层气勘探开发的接续区域。     

Development of the first coal seam gas exploration program in Indonesia: Reservoir properties of the Muaraenim Formation, south Sumatra

The Late Miocene Muaraenim Formation in southern Sumatra contains thick coal sequences, mostly of low rank ranging from lignite to sub-bituminous, and it is believed that these thick low rank coals are the most prospective for the production of coal seam gas (CSG), otherwise known as coalbed methane (CBM), in Indonesia.As part of a major CSG exploration project, gas exploration drilling operations are being undertaken in Rambutan Gasfields in the Muaraenim Formation to characterize the CSG potential of the coals. The first stage of the project, which is described here, was designed to examine the gas reservoir properties with a focus on coal gas storage capacity and compositional properties. Some five CSG exploration boreholes were drilled in the Rambutan Gasfield, south of Palembang. The exploration boreholes were drilled to depths of ~ 1000 m into the Muaraenim Formation. Five major coal seams were intersected by these holes between the depths of 450 and 1000 m. The petrography of coal samples collected from these seams showed that they are vitrinite rich, with vitrinite contents of more than 75% (on a mineral and moisture free basis). Gas contents of up to 5.8 m³/t were measured for the coal samples. The gas desorbed from coal samples contain mainly methane (CH₄) ranging from 80 to 93% and carbon dioxide (CO₂) ranging from 6 to 19%. The composition of the gas released into the production borehole/well is, however, much richer in CH₄ with about 94 to 98% CH₄ and less than 5% CO₂.The initial results of drilling and reservoir characterization studies indicate suitable gas recovery parameters for three of the five coal seams with a total thickness of more than 30 m.     

二连盆地煤层气勘探目标评价

二连盆地是由众多早白垩世断陷湖盆群组成的大型陆相沉积煤、油共生盆地,含有丰富的煤层气资源。为了查明二连盆地煤层气分布特征和勘探潜力,首先,从区域地质背景和聚煤特征等方面分析了二连盆地煤层气成藏条件,并对各凹陷煤层气地质条件进行了分析对比和排队,优选出了11个煤层气勘探有利凹陷;其次,通过研究煤炭储量较大的白音华凹陷的煤层厚度、埋深、煤岩煤质特征、煤储层物性、煤层气保存条件和资源分布等因素,认为白音华凹陷煤层气成藏条件较好,并进一步指出该凹陷东部煤层厚度大、分布稳定、埋藏适中、煤层气富集且保存条件好,是今后首选的煤层气勘探目标。      

煤系叠合型气藏及其勘探开发技术模式

煤系叠合型气藏是含煤地层煤系气特有的关键成藏类型,煤系叠合型气藏的发现、勘探开发实践与研究探索为我国煤系非常规天然气勘探开发提供了新领域和新思路。提出并阐述煤系叠合型气藏的概念、主要类型、发育特征和赋存分布,探讨煤系叠合型气藏的形成条件、成藏过程、成藏模式,揭示其形成机理,重点讨论2种主要类型煤系叠合型气藏的地质适配性勘探开发技术模式,分析前瞻了煤系叠合型气藏在煤系气勘探开发中的应用。研究表明:我国发育(分流)河道砂体与煤层接触型(华北型)、煤层?砂岩–泥岩互层型(华南型)、煤层–砂岩–泥岩互层夹砂砾岩型(东北型)3类煤系叠合型气藏,分布赋存分别以华北地区山西组、华南地区龙潭组和东北地区城子河组为代表;沉积作用是煤系叠合型气藏的关键主控地质因素,三角洲沉积体系的泥炭沼泽、分流河道、支流间湾的沉积微相组合为煤系叠合型气藏的有利沉积相序组合;煤层为主的叠置复合储层结构和岩性圈闭是煤系叠合型气藏的重要特征,统一的含气系统和压力梯度一致是其本质特征;含煤段煤层/砂岩/页岩不同类型储层间发生能量物质传递和平衡、煤层气/致密砂岩气/页岩气间运移和相态转化是煤系叠合型气藏形成的主要机理,喜马拉雅期是华北地区山西组煤系叠合型气藏成藏关键期;高分辨率地震岩相解释识别气藏与虚拟产气层合层开发是华北型煤系叠合型气藏勘探开发技术模式的关键特征,“层段优选、小层射孔、分段压裂、投球分压、合层排采”构成华南型煤系叠合型气藏勘探开发技术模式的核心内涵。这些技术模式已得到应用并将为我国煤系气共探共采和深层煤层气高效开发提供重要支持。      

浅析极软质岩石地基中桩的端阻力特征值的取值

通过对极软质岩石地基进行原位测试,以及对极软质岩石地层中单桩竖向承载力的计算,结合国家颁布的有关规范,就如何根据岩土工程勘察报告提供的极软质岩石饱满和单轴抗压强度标准值,来确定桩端阻力特征值的问题进行了讨论,并提出了极软质岩石地基中的基桩宜按非嵌岩桩理论进行设计及桩端阻力特征值的取值方法。     

Modeling of ECBM recovery from Amasra coalbed in Zonguldak Basin,Turkey

Zonguldak coal basin is the only productive hard coal basin of Turkey. The eastern part of the basin is called as Bartin–Amasra District, which has deeper coal seams. The depth and difficulty of mining these coal seams make this district an important candidate for coalbed methane (CBM) recovery. However, there is not enough reservoir data for modeling purposes. In this study, the lithologic information collected for coal mining industry was used to determine the correlations and the continuity of the coal seams. The lithologic information was examined and the depths of the coal seams and the locations of the exploration boreholes were used to perform a reliable correlation using a new method. As a result of the correlation study, 63 continuous coal layers were found. A statistical reserve estimation of each coal layer for methane was made by using Monte Carlo simulation method. The initial methane in place found in the coal layers both in free and adsorbed states were estimated using probabilistic simulations resulted in possible reserve (P10) of 2.07 billion m³, probable reserve (P50) of 1.35 billion m³ and proven reserves (P90) of 0.86 billion m³.Among the determined continuous coal layers, coal layer #26 was selected for a preliminary investigation of the applicability of enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery and CO₂ storage. The scarcity of coal seam reservoir data required a sensitivity study for the effects of reservoir parameters on operational performance indicators. The effects of adsorption, coal density, permeability, cleat porosity and permeability anisotropy parameters were examined using the Computer Modeling Group's (CMG) GEM module.     

Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential

Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m~3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m~3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m~3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m~3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.     

贵州对江南井田煤层气地质特征及高效开发技术

贵州对江南井田煤层气开发进展缓慢,通过前期勘探阶段实践,该区块存在的主要问题是钻井效率低、固井漏失严重、压裂改造周期长,单井产量低,客观评价井田煤层气地质特征及开发技术对后续煤层气的开发至关重要。通过对井田煤层厚度、煤体结构、储层压力、含气量、渗透性等方面进行了系统研究,结合井田以往钻井、压裂及排采实践,提出了井田煤层气开发以定向井为主,在M18煤层构造简单、煤体结构好、含气量高、煤层稳定且厚度大于3 m的区域,宜采用水平井的开发方式,在M25和M29煤,M78和M79煤构造简单、含气量高、煤层稳定且层间距小于5 m的区域,宜采用层间水平井的开发技术,漏失井段宜采用空气潜孔锤快速钻进技术,非漏失井段宜采用螺杆复合钻进技术,固井宜采用变密度水泥浆+无水氯化钙的固井方式,直井和定向井压裂宜采用复合桥塞层组多级压裂,水平井宜采用油管拖动水力喷砂射孔压裂技术,排采宜采用合层排采+分层控压技术,形成一套适宜于对江南井田地形地质条件下的煤层气开发技术,为今后研究区大规模煤层气商业开发提供参考。      

Potential coalbed methane resources in Atlantic Canada

Thirteen coal areas of the Maritime Provinces in Atlantic Canada are estimated to contain some 2.23 trillion m³ (78.8 TCF) [TCF, BCF, MCF: trillion, billion, million cubic feet]) of coalbed methane resources. This compares with 510 billion m³ (18 TCF) of natural gas calculated for the Sable offshore resources in eastern Canada. In the United States, where coalbed methane resource evaluations and production have increased substantially over the past 20 years, 7% (1.34 TCF) of total domestic gas production is derived from coalbed methane. In this period, the cumulative US production of coalbed methane has exceeded 198 billion m³ (7 TCF) and more than 8000 coalbed methane wells have been drilled.In Maritime Canada, the largest coalbed methane resources occur in the offshore areas of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Sydney Basins where 196 and 26 billion m³ (69 and 9.3 TCF) of gas, respectively, have been projected. In the old mines, the greatest resources are present in the Prince and Phalen mines of the Sydney coalfield, which together contain 1.70 billion m³ (60 BCF) of gas, and in the Westville mine of the Pictou coalfield with 198 million m³ (70 BCF).Vitrinite is the dominant constituent in 27 of the 42 coals examined. Vitrinite/inertinite ratios for these 27 coals range from 4.0 to 8.4. These high values may indicate the presence of highly fractured coals with corresponding high permeability and flow efficiency, favourable for the storage and flow of methane gas. Coal rank has a pronounced effect on coalbed methane generation, and the prime gas zone often lies between 1.2% and 1.6% Ro max. (medium to low volatile bituminous). The prime zone in the Maritimes Basin underlies much of the central and eastern Gulf of St. Lawrence, and extends for significant distances seaward into the offshore Sydney Basin.Coalbed methane production from the very large resources available in Atlantic Canada may provide a valuable and long-lasting energy resource, largely free of polluting components.     

深部煤层气储层地质研究进展

深部煤层气资源潜力巨大,将是非常规天然气勘探开发的一个新领域。美国和加拿大部分地区已经成功实现了深部煤层气开发的商业化水平,而中国由于受当前开发技术和经济条件的限制,至今尚未形成规模性的开采。基于对近年来有代表性的学术论著的研究分析,从煤岩孔裂隙结构、吸附解吸性质、气体在煤层中的扩散渗流过程、煤储层的可改造特征等4个方面总结了深部煤层气储层物性的理论研究进展。研究指出深部煤储层处在高温、高压和高地应力的复杂地质环境中,煤储层储渗演化、煤层气吸附解吸扩散渗流平衡关系、煤岩应力应变行为等趋于复杂,开展特殊地质条件下的深部煤储层物性演化机理的研究,对我国深部煤层气资源的勘探开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

六盘水地区煤层气井合层排采实践与认识

为了提高煤层气井合层排采效果，需要合理划分排采阶段并制定与之对应的管控措施。基于贵州六盘水地区以往煤层气勘查与试采工作，分析该区二叠系龙潭组煤层气地质条件和煤储层特征，对比分析两口煤层气井合层排采管控制度及其效果。结果表明:研究区具有煤层层数多、单层厚度薄、含气量高、储层压力大、煤层渗透率低、局部构造煤发育等煤层气地质特点，使煤层气井排采过程中压敏效应和贾敏效应较明显，储层伤害较严重，煤层气井高产时间较短，产气量较低。应该优选厚度较大、含气性好的原生结构煤层或煤组进行射孔压裂。在合层排采过程中，对排采阶段进行合理划分，并根据排采阶段控制流压、套压、流压降幅、套压降幅和液面高度等参数，可有效减小压敏效应、贾敏效应、速敏效应等储层伤害。合理的合层排采管控有助于实现控制产气量稳定平稳上升、煤层气井长期稳产与高产的目标。      

非常规油气地质调查工程进展与主要成果

中国地质调查局油气资源调查中心牵头组织实施的“非常规油气地质调查工程”,开展了黑龙江省鸡西地区煤系气地质调查、松辽盆地及外围油页岩地质调查、松辽盆地西斜坡油砂原位试采工程、陆域天然气水合物地质调查与祁连山木里天然气水合物野外长期观测站建设、陕西关中地区氦气地质调查和非常规油气资源国情调研等工作,获取了大量基础数据,取得了黑鸡地1井、黑鸡地3井、黑鸡地4井等一系列突破性成果和重要进展,初步掌握了我国油页岩、油砂、陆域天然气水合物、氦气以及鸡西盆地煤系气等非常规油气资源潜力。该工程在煤系气、油页岩、氦气等领域产生重要影响,提振了非常规油气勘探开发信心,推动了科技创新与地质调查深度融合,促进了非常规油气学科发展。     

Effects of igneous intrusions on coalbed methane potential, Gunnedah Basin, Australia

The Gunnedah Basin, NSW, Australia, contains more than 500 Gt of coal, and has been the subject of recent coalbed methane exploration. Large areas of the basin contain igneous intrusions and large areas of coal have been heat-affected as a consequence. A detailed study has been undertaken of coal seams intersected in a cored coalbed methane exploration drillhole in which two sill-form igneous intrusions are present. Comparisons are made between coals that are unaltered and coals that have been heat-affected, using petrographic and chemical data, coal seam gas desorption data, and gas chemical analysis data.Results demonstrate that the two igneous intrusions have had a very positive effect on coalbed methane development. The gas content in a number of heat-affected coal seams within thermal aureoles above and below the sills is substantially higher than in adjacent unaffected coal seams. In addition, the intrusions have had little effect on gas quality. The coals in the heat-affected zone were found to contain gas with approximately 95% methane. The coals in the thermal aureoles were found, under the microscope, to contain characteristic micropores and slits, which collectively may serve to enhance gas adsorption capacity, permeability, and gas desorption. Gas contents below each of the sills is substantially higher than above the sill, confirming earlier results that the sills appear to have acted as a reservoir seal, during and for some time after intrusion. The background coal rank in ACM Yannergee DDH 1 is in the high-volatile bituminous range. The igneous intrusions have resulted in an increase in rank such that large areas of coal have moved into the optimal thermogenic gas generation window. This rank increase has affected a major part of the coal-bearing sequence.     

非常规油气藏的形成及其分布特征*

非常规油气领域是目前油气勘探和开发的热点领域, 也是石油工业的发展趋向, 非常规油气的成藏研究对非常规油气勘探具有重要指导意义。非常规油气与常规油气成藏的最本质区别在于非常规油气是非浮力驱动聚集, 这主要是由于致密储集层中微纳米级孔隙发育导致毛细管阻力较大, 同时缺乏提供强大浮力的有利条件。根据烃源岩演化与非常规油气成藏的关系, 将非常规油气资源分为油页岩、页岩油、致密油、页岩气、致密气和煤层气6种类型。油页岩、页岩油、煤层气和页岩气的源储组合特征都是“源储一体”, 而致密油气源储组合有2种类型：一种是源储叠置的临源型致密油气, 另一种是与常规油气藏类似的源储不相临、但距离不远的近源型致密油气。成藏动力学上的差异使非常规油气藏在地质上表现为大面积分布、局部富集、油气赋存具有明显的“滞留”或短距运移特征、没有明显的圈闭边界和无统一的油水界面等特点。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发历程与启示

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层埋深变化较大,不同埋深的煤层气成藏特征及储层改造方式差别较大.目前煤层气勘探开发深度逐渐从1000 m以浅延伸到2000 m以深,为了研究不同埋深条件下煤层气资源高效勘探开发理论技术,系统梳理回顾了鄂尔多斯盆地东缘近30年的勘探开发实践,按照地质认识转变、技术发展、勘探工作量、勘探成果和产气量变化,...     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤系页岩气藏特征及勘探方向

煤系页岩气是未来非常规天然气的勘探方向。以鄂尔多斯盆地东部为例,对区内上古生界煤系太原组和山西组页岩气成藏的构造条件、储层特征和资源潜力进行了分析。研究认为,区内构造简单,泥页岩储层埋藏浅,厚度大,泥页岩有机质演化程度较高,有机碳含量较高,页岩气含量较高,页岩气成藏条件较优越,页岩气勘探开发的有利区位于府谷-神木-临县一带。鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤层发育,煤层气含量较高,局部层段存在砂岩气,页岩气可与煤层气、煤系砂岩气等综合勘查、共同开发。      

珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气富集规律

珲春盆地煤层气取得工业突破对我国低煤阶含煤盆地的煤层气勘探具有重要意义。通过对珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏条件的深入剖析,探讨了低煤阶煤层气富集的主控因素及其成藏模式。结果表明,珲春盆地具有煤阶低、煤层多、煤层薄的特点,构造作用、沉积特征和岩浆岩侵入是其富集成藏的主控因素。盆地西部的褶皱和断层伴生带不仅为生物气创造有利环境,而且为煤层气二次成藏提供场所,形成"连续褶皱"富气模式;沼泽和天然堤微相的垂向叠置,使得作为煤层直接顶底板的泥岩和致密砂岩对煤层气起到更好的封闭作用;局部辉绿岩侵入体促使煤层再次生气,同时大大改善了煤岩的物性。因此,珲春盆地西部是煤层气高产富集区,具有巨大勘探开发潜力。