论西北大型煤炭基地地下水监测工程问题

西北地区煤炭资源量占全国的73%、原煤产量占70%左右,在我国能源安全中具有重要作用;但水资源贫乏,大规模、高强度的煤炭开采对地下水的扰动强度大,部分区域已经造成了地下水位下降和地表水系干涸,生态环境保护与煤炭开发的保水采煤矛盾突出。为了做好煤矿区生态环境保护,建立地下水监测网,实时监控煤矿区地下水动态变化,及时采取地下水保护对策,是西北煤矿区生态文明建设的当务之急。论述了大型煤炭基地地下水监测网建设的必要性和基本条件、监测层位,建议采取"政府指导、企业主导"的方式,利用矿山地质环境恢复治理基金建设地下水监测网。陕西已经按照这一思路,统一编制了大型煤炭基地地下水监测方案并予以实施,并在2018年完成首期示范工程,在神东、陕北、黄陇三个大型煤炭基地的174处大中型煤矿建设225口示范井,同时对现有监测井进行技术改造,实现统一监测,为保水采煤奠定基础。     

鄂尔多斯盆地煤炭基地含水层及其保护研究

鄂尔多斯盆地周边分布着神东、陕北、黄陇和宁东四个大型煤炭基地,煤炭资源丰富,但开采利用程度低,是我国＂十二五＂期间重点开发的矿区。在系统分析盆地内侏罗系煤层顶板白垩系裂隙含水层和第四系萨拉乌苏组孔隙含水层富水性的基础上,揭示了含水层与煤层的叠置关系;以煤炭开采破坏含水层、煤层与含水层距离、煤层与地表距离、含水层富水性为依据,将含水层破坏模式划分为：破坏顶板萨拉乌苏组含水层亚区、煤层埋藏浅破坏顶板含水层及生态环境亚区、破坏顶板含水层富水性较好亚区、破坏顶板含水层富水性较弱亚区,并对含水层破坏程度进行了分区评价;最后提出了含水层保护措施,为煤炭开采后的防治水工作提供了依据。     

采煤沉陷区地质环境现状及生态环境修复措施探析——以安龙县普坪采煤沉陷区综合治理为例

煤炭开采引起的地表沉陷造成的地质灾害、经济损失和社会问题日趋严重,对采煤沉陷区进行生态环境修复治理尤为迫切。本文以贵州安龙县普坪采煤沉陷区为研究区域,基于该采煤沉陷区矿山地质环境调查成果,针对存在的地质环境问题提出生态环境修复措施。结果认为：安龙县普坪采煤沉陷区地质环境问题主要为矿山地质灾害、地下水资源破坏和土地资源损毁。生态环境修复治理中应有针对性地采取搬迁工程措施、工业场地及废弃建筑物拆除措施、矿区残余房屋拆除措施、煤矸石堆修复工程措施、土地整治的工程措施及复绿工程措施。通过实施生态修复措施将有效改善矿区生态环境,减少和控制地质灾害发生,实现良好的环境、经济及社会效益。     

全国煤炭矿业权时空变化特征分析

受我国煤炭资源不断开发、矿业权管理政策变化、生态环境保护政策实施等诸多因素的影响,近年来我国矿业权变化复杂多样。本文结合GIS技术对全国煤炭矿业权空间变化进行分析,并通过常规数量分析和煤炭面积转移矩阵分析等多种分析方法对比全国2009年、2019年煤炭矿业权变化情况,重点分析全国大型煤炭基地的矿业权变化特征,总结出全国煤炭矿业权时空变化特征。分析结果表明,随着国家做大做强大型煤炭产业基地,煤炭矿业权以大型煤炭基地为核心呈现集中式区域发展,大型煤炭基地外的矿业权逐渐退出;陕北、新疆、宁东、黄陇等属于绿色煤田的大型煤炭基地矿业权工作程度提升最为明显,大型煤炭基地外矿业权工作程度下降较为显著,全国煤炭矿业权时空变化特征深度符合我国煤炭向绿色化、清洁化发展的趋势。     

宁东煤炭基地煤炭开采对地下水的影响预测

宁东煤炭基地生态环境脆弱,水资源匮乏,煤炭开采过程中的水资源保护备受关注。采用公式法及现有3个工作面实测数据研究,确定了首采煤层开采导水裂缝带发育的最大高度,对比首采煤层至主要含水层之间的距离与导水裂缝带发育的高度差值,预测首采煤层开采对含水层结构的影响程度。研究结果表明,宁东煤炭基地首采煤层开采的导水裂缝带发育高度一般为20～80m,其中大于180m的区域面积约5.9km2,集中于西北部灵武矿区;石炭纪—二叠纪煤矿区横城矿区7个钻孔导水裂缝带突破石盒子组达主要含水层(新生界含水层)底部,侏罗纪煤矿区灵武矿区9个钻孔的导水裂缝带已经沟通地表。将首采煤层开采影响含水层的程度划分为影响大、影响较大、影响一般、影响微弱4种类型,各种类型所占比例分别为14.7%、40.31%、18.65%、26.34%。     

陕北能源化工基地采煤生态环境破坏及补偿机制研究

陕北能源化工基地煤炭、石油、天然气、岩盐等矿产资源储量丰富,经过近20a的开发,已初步建成为中国重要的能源接续地和大型煤化工基地。但该区又具有水资源相对短缺、生态环境脆弱的特点,加之近年来煤炭生产和转化等资源开发增长速度较快,采煤造成的区域性环境污染与生态破坏问题较为突出,严重制约着该区的可持续发展。通过探索建立陕北能源化工基地生态补偿机制,解决了煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护的矛盾,使资源得到适度、可持续的开发利用,环境生态得到持续的恢复和改善,从而使该区的经济发展与保护生态环境相协调,最大限度的实现了可持续发展的战略。     

“双碳”目标下煤田区地热资源开发利用与储能技术

开发煤田地热不仅可以改善煤田开采的温度环境,还可以通过地热能的清洁利用变“害”为“利”,尤其是在目前“双碳”目标下利用煤田采空区储能大有前景。评估获得我国主要赋煤区地热资源热储量为1.12×1019 kJ,折合标煤3 795.39亿t,可采热储量1.71×1018 kJ,折合标煤569.31亿t。其中,华北赋煤区的可采热储量约占74.7%,特别西区(晋陕蒙宁分区)拥有神东、晋北、晋东、晋中、陕北、黄陇(华亭)、宁东7大煤炭基地,资源最为丰富,占近48.7%。进一步指出“煤-热共采”是煤田区地热开发利用的主要形式,包括充填埋管取热、采空区矿井水取热和深部煤矿含水层取热等。此外,提出将采空区以及排水后腾出来的空间作为“储层”加以利用是下一步的工作方向,并对回填(相变)材料储热、废弃煤田抽水蓄能和废弃煤田压缩空气蓄能做了详细评述。最后,对煤田热害防治技术进行了简要评述。总之,煤田规模化储能与热害防治和地热利用将成为煤田地热研究和开发利用的主要方向,是实现煤矿绿色转型和国家“双碳”目标的重要抓手。     

基于资源和地质环境特征的河东煤田煤炭绿色开采战略研究

河东煤田位于黄河中游吕梁山西麓的晋西黄土高原地区,是我国重要的炼焦煤产地,也是水土流失和生态脆弱区、地质灾害频发区、岩溶大泉分布区。通过对河东煤田资源和地质环境特征的分析,发现河东煤田中部离柳矿区稀缺炼焦煤保有资源量占比河东煤田稀缺炼焦煤总量的70.8%,但开发强度高于煤田平均值,应从战略上重视离柳矿区的稀缺炼焦煤资源,进行保护性与节约式开采;河东煤田薄煤层占煤田煤层总厚的17.0%,离柳和石隰矿区薄煤层占其煤层总厚的近25.0%,应重视河东煤田薄煤层的开发,尤其是中部离柳矿区和石隰矿区的薄层炼焦煤资源,提高煤炭资源采收率;河东煤田地区采煤时,可充分利用当地的黄土资源与煤炭开采产生的煤矸石等材料大力发展充填开采,以减少地表的黄土滑坡与崩塌地质灾害与水土流失;河东煤田下伏奥陶系峰峰组上部地层具有一定的隔水性,充分评价和利用峰峰组上部地层的富水性和隔水性能,可大幅提高煤炭采收率的同时最大限度地减少采煤引发的地下岩溶水资源破坏,保护岩溶大泉。河东煤田是黄河中游重要的能源基地和黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略的主战场。煤炭绿色开采技术能够实现河东煤田煤炭开发利用最优化和生态环境影响最小化,未来发展前景及应用价值巨大,需要多专业多学科共同参与。      

黄河上游甘南地区地质灾害形成条件及防治对策

作为"黄河蓄水池"的黄河上游甘南地区,为整个黄河流域重要的水源补给区,区域内的地质环境条件直接影响着黄河流域生态安全及经济社会的可持续发展。目前,区内发育地质灾害点346处,威胁人口6.79万人,财产21.42亿元,已成为区内威胁较为严重的环境地质问题之一。本文通过对地质灾害形成条件的调查分析,在充分了解灾害特征的基础上,有针对性的提出地质灾害治理的防治对策,为地方防灾减灾工作提供借鉴和参考。     

生态脆弱矿区采煤对泉的影响

陕北榆神府矿区地处毛乌素沙漠和黄土丘陵两大结构系统接壤地带,是典型的生态脆弱带。矿区沙漠区多有泉水出露,泉的分布对陕北煤炭基地供水,维持矿区生态环境及揭示矿区水文地质条件变化,有着至关重要的作用。通过分析采煤后典型泉域地下径流量的变化特征,将矿区煤炭开采对泉的影响分为四级:强烈影响、较强影响、中等影响和轻微影响,并从采煤后上覆岩层移动变形规律、地下水流场变化和地下水位变化三个方面探讨了煤炭开采对泉的影响机理,提出了在保护生态水位条件下科学采煤思路。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.