水电站地下洞室群分步开挖的非连续变形分析

利用大岗山水电站的地质勘探资料建立不同贯穿节理组合下地下洞室群的DDA模型,分析了洞室群开挖的破坏模式,并简单阐述其破坏机制。基于Monte-Carlo方法模拟节理的随机分布,结合大岗山水电站的开挖设计方案,对地下洞室群在分步开挖过程中的位移及应力演化进行研究。研究表明：洞室群开挖完成后,洞周块体的位移均指向洞内,尾调室上下游与主厂房上游的变形较大;洞周块体的大主应力均平行于洞室边界线,尾调室的应力释放比较明显,其边墙块体发生了滑移;洞室群在开挖过程中互相影响,其中主变室受主厂房和尾调室的影响比较明显。研究结果指出了洞室群开挖过程中需要关注和加固的具体部位,为工程支护措施的优化提供了依据。     

多夹层盐矿水采沉渣空隙特征与储气能力评价

在低品位、多夹层盐矿地层中建设地下储库,利用水采溶腔（盐穴）底部不溶物沉渣空隙储气有望较大幅度扩大储气库库容,但需要开展沉渣空隙储气可行性和适用性评估。首先,采用不溶物沉渣制备大尺寸CT扫描试样,构建了沉渣空隙三维重构模型,定性分析了沉渣空隙尺寸和空隙连通性,发现沉渣空隙尺寸大且连通性好;其次,采用自主研制的盐矿水采沉渣储气试验装置,利用不溶物小颗粒和夹层垮塌大尺寸块体混合堆积样品进行注气排卤试验,测定注气排卤前后沉渣空隙率,分析了沉渣空隙率变化的原因;最后,建立沉渣空隙体积预测模型,提出了盐腔采动空间和沉渣可排卤水体积的计算公式。通过考虑盐层不溶物小颗粒连续堆积,又考虑夹层垮塌大尺寸块体无序堆积,计算了沉渣堆积体积及可排卤储气体积,计算结果与现场采卤数据吻合较好。该研究可为评价低品位、多夹层盐矿沉渣空隙储气能力提供参考。     

大型地下洞室顶板稳定性的岩体结构控制效应

采用结构力学方法和块体稳定性分析程序UNWFDGE分析了溪洛渡水电站大型地下洞室中错动带单条发育、结构面成组发育和结构面集中发育呈碎裂岩体三种情况下的围岩稳定性,得出了错动带出露的临界稳定厚度和潜在不稳定块体的特征,为支护处理提供了重要的理论依据。     

复杂断层网络环境下地下洞室群三维地质分析与应用

断层构造是制约地下工程设计与施工的关键因素。综合考虑复杂地质构造与地下洞室群结构的耦合关系,采用三维地质建模方法建立实现了地层体、断层体与地下洞室群结构的统一模型。基于三维模型提出了断层复杂度的概念,为水利水电工程地下厂房洞室群的选址方案分析提供了一种新的手段。针对地下围岩稳定性问题,提出基于断层与断层、断层与开挖面相互切割的曲面块体识别方法,搜索地下厂房洞室群内可能的失稳区域。上述方法已成功应用在某水电工程地下厂房洞室群分析中,在设计方案优化分析中取得了良好的效果。     

Geological structure,history of development,and oil and gas bearing properties of the Dongying Depression (Basin of Bohai Bay)

The basin of Bohai Bay is formed by numerous large and small blocks of the earth’s crust submerged to different depths along large faults. Depressions occur along submerged limbs of the largest blocks, which are depocenters of sediment accumulation, mainly for deep water sediments. Eighty depressions are located in this territory, which measures 200000 km², and the Dongying Depression is one of the largest among them. During the Cenozoic age, the amplitude of submersion within the limits of this depression reached 6–9 km. Numerous deposits of oil and gas have been found in the sediments formed during this period, which are mainly gritstones, sandstones, clays, and pyroshales.     

Compositional and Isotopic Analytical Methods in Archaeological Micromorphology

Resin‐impregnated sediment blocks are a by‐product of micromorphological sample processing. These blocks can be further studied using a variety of destructive, nondestructive, and minimally destructive geochemical techniques. X‐ray fluorescence microanalyses conducted on sediment blocks yield semiquantitative major and trace elemental abundances that can be used to generate compositional maps, and to illustrate compositional change within or between archaeological strata and features. Sediment blocks can also be drilled to obtain small sediment samples for stable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses. Both elemental and isotopic analyses can be conducted in conjunction with micromorphological analyses to yield a holistic picture of archaeological sediment composition, source, and depositional processes. The integration of micromorphological, compositional, and isotopic analyses is used here to aid in the differentiation of calcareous ash and lime plasters from the Neolithic site of Asıklı Höyük, Turkey.     

彭水地下电站围岩稳定性分析

在分析彭水地下厂房地质条件的基础上,采用3DEC程序建立了3#机组部位三维离散元数值计算模型,对地下厂房开挖支护全过程进行了计算,详细分析了围岩变形情况、应力状态、塑性区分布及稳定性影响因素。计算结果反映：按基本计算条件,地下厂房开挖支护后,围岩整体稳定性良好。受开挖及结构面空间组合作用,上、下游边墙部位变形量在15? 35 mm左右;边墙变形主要发生在从其开挖往下的2?3级开挖步之内,从整个厂房开挖来分析,223.0?201.0 m高程开挖阶段对围岩稳定影响最重要;围岩稳定主要受层面、软弱夹层及贯通节理特性及其切割块体在开挖临空面的位置控制,局部分布的页岩本身变形及地应力因素对围岩稳定性影响相对较小。     

Sediment failure and sedimentary framework of the wilmington geotechnical corridor,U.S. atlantic continental margin

Seaward of New Jersey and the Baltimore Canyon Trough, a 7500 km² corridor across the continental margin was studied in detail using geotechnical and geophysical techniques. The objective of the study was to identify the sedimentary pattern and bottom processes which have occurred and are active on the continental margin. Delineation of a mid-Pliocene unconformity, present throughout most of the corridor, permits an evaluation of the Quaternary sedimentation pattern and its variability. Sediment failure characterized by large slide blocks and thin layer slide deposits was found on the continental slope and rise within the Quaternary sediments. Spencer and Wilmington Submarine Canyons have been active in channeling large volumes of sediment to the lower slope and rise. An increase in sediment thickness near Wilmington Canyon indicates the importance and activity of the Delaware Bay drainage system during the Pleistocene. Although both Spencer and Wilmington are as old as late Tertiary the Wilmington Valley on the lower slope and rise is a recent topographic feature. Based on geophysical data the numerous valleys that dissect the continental slope and rise appear to be active periodically in the seaward transport of sediment to the deep sea.     

Identification and characterization of the encrusting materials in a coastal liquefied petroleum gas storage cavern

An examination was carried out of the encrusting materials on the seepage removal pumps in a bottom sump of an undersea liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cavern. The studied cavern, constructed at 8 km off the western coast of Korea, facing the Yellow Sea, is at 130–150 m below the seabed. Since the first filling of the LPG into the cavern, it has suffered from the unexpected problem of a thick encrustation of unknown materials on the seepage removal pumps of the cavern. The XRD and XRF analyses revealed that the encrustation materials were mainly iron (hydro)oxides and carbonate mineral (aragonite). Based on the geological setting below the cavern site, it was inferred that iron oxides found in the Pleistocene sandy sediment and the Precambrian gneiss might be supplying ferrous iron to the cavern waters under an anaerobic condition, evidenced by low dissolved oxygen and negative redox potential in the cavern water. A significant change in the hydraulic condition near the pump intake and mixing the cavern water with oxic waters supplied through re-circulated seawater and terrestrial groundwater discharge, would precipitate the dissolved iron. Precipitation of the carbonate mineral is thought to have occurred due to over-saturation of calcium and bicarbonate, which may have resulted from the dissolution of cement grouting materials used during the undersea cavern construction and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). This study reports the iron and carbonate precipitation in the man-made undersea cavern, which is affected by the surrounding hydrogeological condition and the SGD.     

Reef margin collapse, gully formation and filling within the Permian Capitan Reef: Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, USA

An area of reef margin collapse, gully formation and gully fill sedimentation has been identified and mapped within Left Hand Tunnel, Carlsbad Caverns. It demonstrates that the Capitan Reef did not, at all times, form an unbroken border to the Delaware Basin. Geopetally arranged sediments within cavities from sponge–algal framestones of the reef show that the in situ reef today has a 10° basinwards structural dip. Similar dips in adjacent back-reef sediments, previously considered depositional, probably also have a structural origin. Reoriented geopetal structures have also allowed the identification of a 200-m-wide, 25-m-deep gully within the reef, which has been filled by large (some  >15 m), randomly orientated and, in places, overturned blocks and boulders, surrounded by finer reef rubble, breccias and grainstones. Block supply continued throughout gully filling, implying that spalling of reef blocks was a longer term process and was not a by-product of the formation of the gully. Gully initiation was probably the result of a reef front collapse, with a continued instability of the gully bordering reef facies demonstrated by their incipient brecciation and by faults containing synsedimentary fills. Gully filling probably occurred during reef growth, and younger reef has prograded over the gully fill. Blocks contain truncated former aragonite botryoidal cements, indicating early aragonite growth within the in situ reef. In contrast, former high-magnesian calcite rind cements post-date sedimentation within the gully. The morphology of cavern passages is controlled by reef facies variation, with narrower passages cut into the in situ reef and wider passages within the gully fill. Gully fills may also constitute more permeable zones in the subsurface.     

水平薄层岩体中大跨度地下洞室工程地质研究

山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩为水平薄层岩层,工程竣工发电已多年,施工及运行期安全,但工程开工前,还没有在水平薄层岩体中开挖大跨度高边墙地下洞室的成功范例,鉴于此,以山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程为依托,从工程地质角度,对水平薄层围岩岩性特征、岩体结构特征、岩体力学特性、大跨度高边墙地下洞室围岩分类、围岩变形特征等方面进行了研究,依据研究成果,对洞室开挖支护施工、围岩变形监测等进行了分析,依据围岩变形监测成果对围岩力学参数进行了反演,验证了前期勘察成果,取得了在水平薄层状地质环境中开挖大型地下洞室的宝贵经验,进而为在水平薄层状地质体中修建大跨度、高边墙地下洞室提供了更多的技术支持,对此类不良地质条件下大型地下洞室群建设具有重要的指导意义。     

Thermomechanical effects of a rapid depressurization in a gas cavern

Rapid gas depressurization leads to gas cooling followed by slow gas warming when the cavern is kept idle. Gas temperature drop depends upon withdrawal rate and cavern size. Thermal tensile stresses, resulting from gas cooling, may generate fractures at the wall and roof of a salt cavern. However, in most cases, the depth of penetration of these fractures is small. These fractures are perpendicular to the cavern wall. The distance between two parallel fractures becomes larger when fractures penetrate deeper in the rock mass, as some fractures do not keep growing. These conclusions can be supported by numerical computations based on fracture mechanics. Salt slabs are created. However, these slabs remain strongly bounded to the rock mass and it is believed that in many cases their weight is not large enough to allow them to break off the cavern wall. Depth of penetration of the fractures must be computed to prove that they cannot be a concern from the point of view of cavern tightness.     

地下洞室群围岩稳定的离散元计算

针对水电工程中的地下洞室群围岩稳定问题,采用三维离散元软件3DEC, 首先对围岩可能出现的破坏类型进行了分析,然后建立计算模型,对随机结构面进行了模拟,最后计算出了开挖过程中可能出现的破坏块体。使用的方法和得出的结论对类似工程具有一定的参考意义。     

大型地下洞室群开挖支护弹塑性损伤优化研究

正在设计施工的某大型水电站地下洞室群地质条件复杂,其开挖支护方案对围岩稳定性非常重要,因此,对支护方案进行优化研究非常必要。为更真实地模拟岩体的力学特性,研究施工过程中岩体的损伤破坏,根据不可逆热力学理论建立了弹塑性损伤模型和损伤演化方程,并编制了三维弹塑性损伤有限元程序D-FEM,具有模拟开挖与支护、计算速度快、群组功能等特点。建立大型地下洞室群三维数值模型,将通过实测地应力反演的应力作为初始地应力。采用D-FEM模拟了不同支护方案洞室群的施工过程,通过分析洞室围岩的应力、位移和破损区,支护方案2的支护效果最好,建议采用此方案。考虑岩体损伤演化后与FLAC3D塑性区相比,洞室群边墙中部的破损区显著增加,因此,程序可应用于地下工程的稳定性分析     

长屿采矿遗址1997年采石塌陷及地震记录

采矿塌陷在开采施工中被给予了特别关注,也是施工地质灾害重要表现形式之一。已有地震记录中不乏对其形态辨识,然而少见对塌陷机理和发生过程中能量转换等较全面的研究。温岭市长屿硐天采矿遗址区碧玉潭洞室群1997年8月11日早晨发生持续时间约20 s大塌方。现场残留了面积约31 380 m2、体积约1.35×106 m3的塌陷岩体。通过现场工程地质调查、塌陷过程追溯、邻近地震台站频谱记录分析,笔者认为这次发生在凝灰岩中的大规模塌陷系因地下采石过程中保安矿柱被过量开挖掉而引发局部顶板破裂和应力分布的大改变,进而发展至整个矿区岩体塌落破坏,使矿坑积水飞溅和压缩空气冲击波带来了沿途150 m范围内人员伤亡、树木折断和财产损失。塌陷区南93 km的温州台地震波谱记录了这次采矿塌陷地震活动,其波形数据与现场塌陷破坏能量转化情况基本吻合。在采矿活动中保安矿柱的合理配置、为人员安全设置变形破坏过程监测等,是需考虑的预防塌陷措施。     

基于地层信息的三维洞室可视化仿真技术研究

在大规模的岩土工程建设中隧洞和洞室群是最为常见的地下结构。由于受岩土工程所处复杂地质条件的影响,针对地层和洞室的三维GIS综合建模及可视化分析是信息岩土工程面临的难题。讨论了基于栅格模型的地层三维建模技术,提出了由多层数字等高模型（DEM）生成三维地层的自适应控制算法。在此基础上,系统研究了地层中的三维洞室可视化仿真技术,提出了地层信息和洞室的三维综合建模技术,通过地下洞室的三维实体模型生成、洞室和地裙相减、洞室和地层相交等运算,实现了基于地层模型的洞室开挖与漫游,最终生成了赋含地层信息的三维洞室,并给出了一个典型的工程应用实例。     

Subglacial deformation at sub-freezing temperatures? Evidence from Hagafellsjökull-Eystri,Iceland

We report evidence of deformation at sub-freezing temperatures beneath Hagafellsjökull-Eystri, an Icelandic surge-type glacier. The bed of a piedmont lobe that advanced during the 1999 surge comprises deformed blocks of glacier ice set within frozen sediment. This material has also been injected through overlying ice to form a network of crevasse-squeeze ridges. This layer contains evidence for two phases of deformation under contrasting rheological conditions: (1) deformation under relatively warm conditions, when the blocks of glacier ice acted as competent clasts within an unfrozen deforming matrix and (2) subsequent deformation at sub-freezing temperatures when the ice blocks were attenuated into the surrounding frozen matrix along fractures and planar shears enriched with excess ice. This suggests that the basal thermal regime of the advancing ice margin changed from warm-based to cold-based during the surge event. The persistence and potential prevalence of subglacial sediment deformation at sub-freezing temperatures has fundamental implications for our understanding of the dynamic behaviour, sediment flux and geomorphic ability of cold-based glaciers.     

大跨度高边墙地下洞室分层间隔施工方法

结合某大垮度、高边墙地下洞室的施工实践,详细阐述了大洞室纵向预留隔层、隔层上中下同步开挖、最后清除隔层这一新的开挖方法施工全过程。通过数值模拟,对这一新的开挖方法与自上而下台阶式开挖方法引起围岩最大变形、围岩塑性破坏和锚杆轴力进行了对比分析,结果表明,新的开挖方法对围岩的扰动破坏更小。指出了采用这种新方法的适用条件。对于其他用途大跨高边墙地下洞室的施工具有一定的参考价值。     

Synsedimentary tectonics of the Palaeozoic of the Drahany Upland (Sudeticum, Moravia, Czechoslovakia)

Southern parts of the Moravian Palaeozoic afford a good example of the complicated interrelationship between geosynclinal sedimentation and tectonics. The function of transverse deep-seated synsedimentary faults, separating the basin into big transverse blocks, is described in detail. The mobility of the basement of the individual transverse blocks influence sediment development, thickness, and the intensity of their deformation. The flysch and molasse facies complexes display a close relationship with the lifting of intermountain blocks and subsidence of basins. The clastic material was transported transverse to the basin axis. Where transverse axial depressions occur coarse clastic material accumulated as alluvial fans. This material was reworked by lateral currents and distributed parallel to the basin axis, within the limits of the zone of maximum subsidence. This zone of maximum subsidence shifted from the intermountain block toward the foreland (geosynclinal polariry in the sense of Aubouin, 1965). The transverse blocks with maximum sediment thickness (mainly those belonging to pre-flysch and flysch facies complexes) display the most distinct polarity and most intense sediment deformation. By contrast, transverse blocks with sedimentary sequences of small thickness (where carbonate, and eventually molasse facies complexes prevail) lack the pronounced polarity and are less deformed. Our observations lead to the conclusion that dilation stage of geosyncline development did not exist in the course of the deposition of pre-flysch facies complex.     

华北裂陷盆地不同块体地壳结构及演化研究

通过对华北裂陷盆地内不同块体的深地震测深资料处理 ,得到与构造演化过程相关的、不同性质块体的地壳结构特征。盆地隆起区块体地壳一般呈均匀成层 ,速度随深度逐层增加 ,保留了古大陆地壳块体的稳定结构特征 ;盆地坳陷区块体地壳松散巨厚的表层沉积、通常低速占主导的壳内构造、强反射的下地壳和高低速相间的薄互层壳 幔过渡带 ,反映了上地幔物质上隆、侵入、地壳增温、张裂等塑、脆性变形改造的新生地壳构造。讨论了这两类截然不同块体地壳构造的地球动力学演化及形成。裂陷区内中强地震的孕发和深源矿产、油气生贮存等都与这两类块体地壳结构、构造密切相关。