钦州湾磷营养状态与浮游植物的碱性磷酸酶活性分析

碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,AP)是浮游植物在磷胁迫的情况下诱导表达的一种酶,其作用是能够将溶解有机磷(Dissolved organic phosphate,DOP)水解成浮游植物可以直接利用的正磷酸盐形式,因此碱性磷酸酶活性(Alkaline phosphatase activity,APA)可用来指示海区浮游植物的磷胁迫状态。本研究以2015-2016年钦州湾4个航次(春季、夏季、秋季、冬季)的调查资料为依据,研究了钦州湾海域表层无机及有机磷的空间分布特征、APA的分布及其与磷营养之间的调控关系。调查期间,钦州湾海域春季、夏、秋、冬的单位叶绿素APA的平均值分别为20.42±5.32 nmol/μg Chl a/h,138.17±94.32 nmol/μg Chl a/h,142.60±72.60 nmol/μg Chl a/h和29.48±18.52 nmol/μg Chl a/h。经分析,APA与无机磷之间存在显著的负相关(P0.05),与N/P呈极显著负相关(P0.01),该海区APA可以反映钦州湾浮游植物的磷胁迫水平。海区氮磷比平均值在除春季外的三个季节均高于35,存在潜在的磷限制,浮游植物在夏季和秋季遭受较严重的磷胁迫。夏季和秋季浮游植物大量表达AP,由此推测DOP可能在钦州湾浮游植物生物量的维持甚至赤潮发生期间的磷补给上起着重要作用。     

秦皇岛近海褐潮高发区浮游植物的碱性磷酸酶活性分析

碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,AP)是浮游植物在磷胁迫状态下表达的一种水解有机磷源的胞外酶,可用于指示海区浮游植物的磷胁迫状态。本研究于2013年7月,对秦皇岛近海抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)褐潮发生期间浮游植物的碱性磷酸酶活性(AP activity,APA)进行研究,结合其他理化参数,分析藻华发生时浮游植物的磷营养状态及其对海水中磷源的水解与利用情况。结果表明,褐潮发生时,抑食金球藻细胞密度高达108个/L,溶解有机磷(Dissolved organic phosphorus,DOP)成为浮游植物生长利用的主要磷源。抑食金球藻的细胞密度受到海水中NO3–、DOP、溶解无机磷(Dissolved inorganic phosphorus,DIP)浓度等的显著影响。浮游植物大量表达AP水解DOP,平均APA高达217.72 nmol/(μg·h)±90.86 nmol/(μg·h)(350.44 nmol/(L·h)±130.57 nmol/(L·h)),且APA随浮游植物生物量增大而显著增加。该结果表明抑食金球藻褐潮发生时,海区遭受严峻的磷胁迫甚至限制。磷源,尤其是有机磷源的可利用性可能在秦皇岛海区抑食金球藻褐潮的发生和维持中起关键作用。     

夏季长江口不同粒级浮游植物碱性磷酸酶活性

碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity, APA)是海洋研究中用于反映浮游植物磷限制状态的重要指标。在长江口等“氮过剩”海域,磷是控制海域初级生产力水平的主要因子,然而,磷限制的范围常常难以界定,当前对不同粒级浮游植物的磷限制效应所知甚少。该文根据2020年夏季长江口航次资料,给出了海洋表层各粒级浮游植物(Net:≥20 μm;Nano:2~20 μm;Pico:0.8~2 μm)APA、浮游细菌APA(0.2~0.8 μm)和溶解态APA(<0.2 μm)的空间分布特征,并分析了APA与环境要素间的相关性。结果显示,各粒级浮游植物APA均与无机磷酸盐浓度(dissolved inorganic phosphate, DIP)呈显著负相关,这表明DIP浓度是影响浮游植物APA分布的主要因素。在平面分布上,各粒级浮游植物APA在近口门的光限制区均较低,且呈现自口门向外逐渐升高的趋势,与DIP的分布特征相反。Net和Nano级APA[平均值分别为 (40.28±32.35) nmol/(L·h)和(52.38±34.78) nmol/(L·h)]显著高于Pico级APA[平均值为(28.43±20.23) nmol/(L·h)],这表明大粒级浮游植物可能更易受DIP下降的影响。该研究中,诱导浮游植物APA快速升高的DIP浓度为0.159 μmol/L,与近岸区磷限制经验阈值相接近。该研究揭示了夏季不同粒级浮游植物对长江口磷分布的响应特征,有助于理解长江口初级生产过程的环境调控机制。     

盐度对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)呼吸和排泄的影响

采用封闭式呼吸器法研究了(15±0.5)℃水温条件下不同盐度(22、27、31.5、36)对四种规格刺参{S[(39.60±8.77)g]、M[(71.80±14.04)g]、L[(128.30±19.69)g]和XL[(196.65±19.81)g]}呼吸和排泄的影响。结果表明,各规格组刺参单位体重耗氧率[Rwr,μg/(g·h)]和排氨率[(Rwe,μg/(g·h)]在盐度22—31.5范围内均随着盐度的升高而降低,当盐度升高至36时,二者都明显升高;各盐度下实验刺参的单位体重耗氧率分别为17.52、16.32、15.49和17.60μg/(g·h),单位体重排氨率分别为1.05、0.88、0.87和0.95μg/(g·h);在同一盐度下,刺参体重越大,其单位个体耗氧率[Rir,μg/(ind·h)]和排氨率[Rie,μg/(ind·h)]越高,二者呈幂函数关系,可用关系式Rir(或Rie)=aWb表示;关系式Rir=aWb中,a值的变动范围为40.6656—81.1900,b值为0.6432—0.8145;而关系式Rie=aWb中,a值的变动范围为2.0947—4.8489,b值为0.6507—0.8072;盐度对刺参O∶N比的影响不显著,各盐度条件下,不同规格的刺参,其O∶N比均在15左右,表明本实验条件下该参代谢所需要的能量主要由脂肪和碳水化合物提供。从呼吸和排泄的角度来看,刺参在其最适温度(15℃)条件下,具有一定的渗透压调节能力,能够适应较广的盐度变化范围(22—36)。     

秋季东海二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐浓度分布及降解速率研究

于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。     

冬季大鹏澳海域微表层浮游植物色素特征的日变化研究

于2013年12月3日清晨、正午、傍晚采集了大亚湾大鹏澳海域3个站位的微表层和次表层水样,经过三级分级过滤(小型:20μm;微型:2.7~20μm;微微型:2.7μm)后,对其进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)色素分析,通过藻类色素化学分类法(CHEMTAX)分析不同浮游植物对Chl a的贡献,研究了微表层及次表层光合色素粒径特征及浮游植物群落结构差异。结果表明,冬季大亚湾海域水体中存在的浮游植物光合色素主要有17种,以岩藻黄素和Chl a含量较高。微表层总Chl a平均浓度为0.797μg/L,略高于次表层的0.714μg/L,不存在显著性差异(P0.05);微表层和次表层Chl a含量清晨最高,傍晚次之,正午最低。微表层不同粒径浮游植物对Chl a的贡献率从大到小依次为小型、微型、微微型浮游植物,分别为80.7%,10.1%和9.2%。CHEMTAX分析结果得出,冬季该海域硅藻占绝对优势,甲藻、定鞭藻、青绿藻、蓝藻、隐藻所占比重相差不大。微表层中定鞭藻、青绿藻和蓝藻等较小粒径浮游植物种群所占比重高于次表层,说明相对于次表层,微表层中的浮游植物群落有小型化趋势。     

钱塘江河口浮游植物分布与环境因子的典范对应分析

2013年5月至2014年1月对钱塘江河口的浮游植物和环境因子进行了4个季度的航次调查,运用典范对应分析(CCA)技术对该海域浮游植物组成及与其他环境因子之间的关系进行了分析。主要结论为:钱塘江河口春、夏、秋、冬季水体中叶绿素a含量分别为0.48μg/L、0.83μg/L、0.77μg/L和0.51μg/L;浮游植物的总量以春季(444×105 cell/m3)最高,夏季(420×105 cell/m3)、秋季(405×105 cell/m3)次之,冬季(54×105 cell/m3)则显著降低;该海域主要浮游植物为硅藻,占浮游植物总量的87.5%~96.8%,优势种为中肋骨条藻和圆筛藻;浊度是控制该海域浮游植物种类的限制性因子,其次是温度,并在群落结构演替中发挥关键作用。与历史数据相比,该海域叶绿素a含量以及浮游植物细胞数明显降低,硅藻种类数减少了30%~50%,另外绿藻、蓝藻和甲藻的出现频率也明显增加,营养盐结构变化可能是浮游植物数量和种类变化的重要原因。     

枯水期钦州湾浮游植物群落结构组成与分布特征

应用浮游植物特征光合色素的分析方法,研究了2011年枯水期钦州湾浮游植物的结构组成与分布特征。结果表明:枯水期含量较高的浮游植物光合色素按含量高低依次为叶绿素a、岩藻黄素、叶绿素b、青绿素和多甲藻素,其他特征光合色素的含量很低。经CHEMTAX对光合色素转化计算,枯水期普遍检出的浮游植物类群为硅藻、青绿藻和甲藻,是枯水期浮游植物的优势类群,其生物量的平均值(±标准差)分别为(2.36±2.38)μg/L、(0.87±0.53)μg/L、(0.13±0.14)μg/L,变化范围为0.18~7.45μg/L、0.10~1.80μg/L和0.02~0.60μg/L。硅藻、青绿藻和甲藻占枯水期浮游植物生物量比例的平均值(±标准差)分别为59%±21%、30%±16%、6%±4%,占比变化范围为29%~96%、1%~53%和0.4%~14%,其他藻类所占比例很低。河口和外湾靠外海域两个区域以硅藻为优势类群,内湾及外湾近岸硅藻和青绿藻共同为优势类群。河流营养盐输入量和比例的不同决定了钦州湾河口海区浮游植物群落结构的差异,大面积贝类养殖导致了内湾至外湾近岸海区硅藻比例的降低,而外湾水温的增加引起暖水性硅藻大量增长成为优势类群,在温度进一步增加和营养盐持续输入等条件下存在会发生硅藻赤潮的风险。     

黄海微微型浮游植物对灰霾颗粒添加以及光照变化的响应

本研究于2020年夏、秋两季,在黄海的三个站位开展了船基受控培养实验,研究了灰霾颗粒添加和光照变化(相较于海面约40%、68%和82%的光衰减)对微微型浮游植物生长、群落演替及碳生物量和叶绿素a(Chl a)比值的影响。结果表明,微微型浮游植物均表现出对总Chl a相当甚至主导的贡献能力,且所有培养站位初始海水中微微型浮游植物优势类群均为微微型真核浮游植物和聚球藻。在黄海中部和北部的贫营养海域,灰霾颗粒添加提供的氮能够促进微微型浮游植物的Chl a(Chl a_pico)浓度、微微型真核浮游植物和聚球藻细胞丰度的增加,但光照变化的影响不显著。然而,微微型浮游植物碳生物量(C_pico)和Chl a_pico比值(C_pico/Chl a_pico)随着灰霾颗粒的添加和光照强度的衰减呈降低趋势,这与浮游植物的光合色素合成水平密切相关。在近岸富营养海域,培养实验期间海面的光照强度较低,且由于海域水体浑浊,光照强度是影响微微型浮游植物生长和C_pico/Chl a_...     

夏秋季东海陆架区二甲亚砜的分布特征及影响因素

于2013年10~11月和2014年5~6月调查测定了东海陆架区海水中二甲亚砜(DMSO)的浓度,探讨了溶解态二甲亚砜(DMSOd)和颗粒态二甲亚砜(DMSOp)的水平和垂直分布、季节变化及其影响因素;此外,对沉积物间隙水中DMSOd的浓度以及表层海水中不同粒径的DMSOp和叶绿素a(Chl a)进行了分析。结果显示,秋季和夏初表层海水中DMSOd和DMSOp的平均浓度分别为(10.52±7.16)、(8.99±6.34)nmol·L^-1和(17.51±9.90)、(16.96±10.73)nmol·L^-1,存在明显的季节差异。秋季表层海水中DMSOp的高值区出现在Chl a较低的远岸海域,而夏初表层海水中DMSO的浓度从近岸到远海逐渐降低。间隙水中DMSOd的浓度明显高于底层海水中DMSOd的浓度,说明沉积物中存在DMSO的生产释放,可能是底层海水DMSO的重要来源。此外,粒径分布结果表明较大微型浮游植物(5~20μm)是秋季东海表层海水中DMSOp的主要贡献者。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.