盐度对双齿围沙蚕耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为优化双齿围沙蚕养殖条件,促进沙蚕资源的合理开发和利用,作者探讨了不同盐度下(8、16、24、32、40、45)双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)耗氧率和排氨率的情况。结果表明:盐度对双齿围沙蚕的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P0.05)。在盐度为8~32时,耗氧率随着盐度的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时耗氧率最低(0.22 mg/(g·h)±0.01 mg/(g·h));在盐度为32时耗氧率达到最大值(0.37 mg/(g·h)±0.05 mg/(g·h))。在盐度为8~40条件下,沙蚕的排氨率随着盐度的升高呈先降低后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率最低(0.10μmol/(g·h)±0.02μmol/(g·h));当盐度为40时排氨率达到最大值(0.94μmol/(g·h)±0.11μmol/(g·h))。盐度为8~40时,沙蚕的O︰N比值随着盐度的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势,在盐度24和32时,沙蚕的O︰N比值分别为130.84和126.47,且变化较小,当盐度40时,O︰N比值急剧下降到13.3,然后再度上升。综合上述结果,双齿围沙蚕生活的最适盐度为24~32。     

海水盐度对紫血蛤耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在实验室条件下采用静水法测定了海水盐度(16、20、24、28、32、36、40、44)对紫血蛤(Sanguin-olaria violacea)耗氧率和排氨率的影响.紫血蛤按壳长分为大(50 mm以上)、中(40～50 mm)、小(小于40 mm)三种规格.结果显示,在盐度16～36范围内紫血蛤单位体重耗氧率和排氨率均随盐度升高显著增加(p<0.01),在盐度为36取得最大值,三种规格紫血蛤的耗氧率最大值分别为1.11、1.25和1.57 mg/(g.h),排氨率最大值分别为62.34、83.89和104.68μg/(g.h);其后随盐度上升,耗氧率和排氨率显著降低,表明在一定范围内,紫血蛤可通过调整生理代谢水平适应低盐或高盐环境.养殖驯化7 d后的累计死亡率以盐度44组为最高(55%),表明44可能是紫血蛤的耐盐上限.在盐度16～36范围内,紫血蛤单位体重耗氧率、排氨率和组织干重之间的关系可用幂函数表示.     

温度和体重对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响

于 2 0 0 0年 2月 2 8日— 4月 1 1日 ,采用实验生态学的方法 ,研究了温度对刺参呼吸和排泄的影响。按海参个体大小分别设立大 [(1 49 9± 2 8 0 )g]、中 [(5 2 1± 1 2 9)g]、小 [(1 7 3± 5 5 )g]3个组别 ,以及 1 0℃、1 5℃、2 0℃、2 5℃、3 0℃ 5个梯度。主要实验结果为 :(1 )大、中规格刺参夏眠前后其耗氧率 (OCR)和排泄率 (AER)变化明显 ,而小规格刺参的耗氧率和排泄率受夏眠的影响较小 ;(2 )在 1 5— 3 0℃条件下 ,刺参的体重 (W)与耗氧量 (R)之间的回归关系符合幂函数方程 R =aWb ,其 a值范围为 0 0 1 1 6— 0 0 4 3 6 ,b值为 0 9475— 1 3 1 2 3。在一定范围内 ,三组刺参的耗氧率都随温度的升高而增大并出现一个峰值 ,但温度变化对小规格刺参的耗氧率影响较小 ,对大、中规格刺参则影响较大 ;(3 )实验温度下 ,刺参的体重 (W )与排泄量 (A )也可用回归方程A =aWb 表示 ,a、b平均值分别为 4 941 0和 0 772 4。在一定范围内 ,随温度的升高刺参的排泄率也呈上升趋势 ,在 2 0℃时大、中规格刺参排泄率出现最高值 ,而小规格刺参排泄率在 2 5℃达到最高     

光谱和体重对刺参耗氧率和排氨率的影响

实验采用室内受控的方法,研究了不同光色下,大(73.32±1.73) g、中(46.71±0.15) g和小(25.67±0.25) g 3种规格刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的耗氧率和排氨率的变化.实验采用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝色和对照组(白色)6种光照处理.研究结果表明:光谱对刺参的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P<0.05),3种规格刺参的耗氧率趋势相同:白色＞红色、黄色、绿色、蓝色＞橙色;3种规格刺参的排氨率有相似的变化趋势:白色＞红色＞橙色、绿色、黄色、蓝色.刺参的体重与单位体重耗氧率及排氨率之间的回归关系均可以表示为R=aW~b,耗氧率a值在0.005 9～0.012 1之间,b值范围是1.119 7～1.214 6,排氨率a值的变动范围为0.004 2～0.02,b值的变动范围为0.455 3～0.867 8.这说明光谱对刺参的耗氧率和排氨率有显著性的影响,丰富了刺参的基础研究,对于刺参养殖生产有一定的指导意义.     

不同盐度梯度和规格体重对横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)幼鱼耗氧率(RO)及排氨率(RN)的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同盐度梯度(10、15、20、25、30和35)和规格体重[S组(1.55±0.37) g, M组(3.92±0.74) g, L组(9.08±1.38) g]对横带髭鲷(Hapalogenys mucronatus)幼鱼耗氧率(R_O)和排氨率(R_N)的影响,以及氧氮比(O:N)对横带髭鲷幼鱼能源物质的分析。结果表明,当盐度恒定时,横带髭鲷幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均随体重(W)的增加而下降,体重与单位体重的耗氧率之间呈一元三次函数关系,体重与单位体重的排氨率之间呈幂函数关系;盐度和体重对横带髭鲷幼鱼的耗氧率、排氨率均有显著影响(P<0.05),但盐度和体重的交互作用对耗氧率、排氨率影响均不显著(P>0.05)。随着盐度的升高,三种规格横带髭鲷幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,耗氧率在盐度20时出现相对最大值,而排氨率则在盐度25时出现相对最大值。三种规格横带髭鲷幼鱼O︰N值均随盐度的上升呈波动趋势, O:N值波动范围在5.035～7.533之间,其总平均值为5.916;同一规格不同盐度间O︰N值差异不...     

温度和盐度对毛蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用静水实验法,研究了在不同温度(15、20、25)和盐度(8、13、18、23、28、33)下对壳长为(25.10±0.84)mm的毛蚶耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高,耗氧率和排氨率逐渐增大,在温度25、盐度28时,耗氧率和排氨率均达到最大,分别为1.5111mg/(g·h)、0.2412mg/(g·h);盐度18~28时,耗氧率和排氨率随着盐度的增加而增加,盐度28时达到最大,之后,随着盐度的增加而降低;毛蚶的氧氮比值范围为3.55~5.48,在温度15~25、盐度28时,各实验组均有最大的氧氮比值。经方差分析,温度和盐度以及二者交互作用均对毛蚶的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(P0.05)。     

温度、体重对斑石鲷耗氧率、排氨率的影响及昼夜节律变化

采用密闭流水式呼吸实验方法,研究了不同体重组((50.94±5.50)g、(103.61±10.48)g、(154.58±7.56)g、(194.56±14.56)g)斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)在3个不同温度(20、25和30℃)下的耗氧率和排氨率,以及斑石鲷耗氧率、排氨率的昼夜节律变化。研究表明,3个温度条件下斑石鲷耗氧率和排氨率随温度的升高而升高,随体重的增大而降低,斑石鲷白天平均耗氧率为(2.535±0.204)μg·(g·min)~(-1),夜间平均耗氧率为(2.531±0.064)μg·(g·min)~(-1),其耗氧率的昼夜差异不明显。白天平均排氨率为(0.104±0.007)μg·(g·min)~(-1),夜间平均排氨率为(0.083±0.007)μg·(g·min)~(-1),白天平均排氨率明显大于夜间。投喂饲料后斑石鲷耗氧率最高点出现在投喂饲料后1~3h,最低点出现在投喂饲料后19~23h,耗氧率呈逐渐降低的趋势,排氨率呈先升高后降低的趋势,温度升高使斑石鲷排氨率达到峰值的时间提前。     

盐度对毛蚶(Arca subcrenata Lischke)呼吸与代谢的影响

在实验室的条件下.研究盐度(16、24、32、40)对不同规格(A:(50.79±3.24)cm,B:(42.24±0.78)cm,C:(34.82±1.51)cm)的毛蚶(Arca subcrenata Lischke)耗氧率(R_0)(mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1))、排氨率(R_n)(μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1))的影响。实验表明:在实验盐度(16～40)范围内,毛蚶的耗氧率(R_0)和排氨率(R_n)与软组织干质量(0.27～1.81g)呈幂指数关系,符合公式R= aW~b,其单位体重的耗氧率和排氨率在盐度为32时达到最大,而后随着盐度的升高其值逐渐减小。     

不同温度和盐度对大竹蛏耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在实验室条件下,设置12、17、22、27和32℃五个温度梯度和12、17、22、27和32五个盐度梯度,研究了不同温度和盐度对大竹蛏(Solen grandis)耗氧排氨的影响。结果表明:随着温度的升高耗氧率先降低再逐渐升高,在温度为22℃时为最小值1.571 mg/(g·h);排氨率先降低后升高再降低,在温度17℃时为最小值0.127 mg/(g·h)。随着盐度增加耗氧率先升高后降低,在盐度22时达到最大值3.106 mg/(g·h),排氨率先降低再升高,在盐度为27时为最小值为0.145 mg/(g·h)。在盐度32时,不同温度的O:N范围是5.525~79.037。在温度12℃时,不同盐度下的O:N范围是4.378~16.755。不同温度下耗氧率Q_(10)变化范围为1.054~2.421,排氨率的Q_(10)变化范围是0.748~1.256。研究结果为进一步完善大竹蛏的人工养殖技术提供参考。     

盐度对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎呼吸和排泄的影响

采用室内实验的方法研究了盐度对二倍体(2n)和三倍体(3n)长牡蛎(Crassostrea gi-gas)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验的盐度(S)梯度为15,20,25,30,35共5个梯度,实验牡蛎的规格为,2n:W(软体部干质量,单位为g)=0.347±0.071 g;3n:W=0.301±0.099g。实验结果表明:盐度对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的呼吸和排泄有显著影响。在实验的盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率逐渐增大,盐度与耗氧率的关系可表示为,2n:Ro[mg/(g·h)]=0.0142S~(1.219),3n:Ro[mg/(g·h)]=0.0085S~(1.391);随盐度的升高,排氨率逐渐增大,当S为35时,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的排氨率略有下降,在实验的盐度范围内,盐度与排氨率的关系可表示为,2n:RA[μg/(g·h)]=-12.25+2.902S-0.0573S~2;3n:RA[ug/(g·h )]=-39.39+3.882S-0.06S~2。在实验的盐度范围内,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎耗氧率的差异未达到显著水平(P>0.05),而排氨率的差异则有所不同,当S为15～20时,二倍体和三倍体牡蛎的排氨率差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),而S为25～35时,其差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,