北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷灰岩潜山储层特征及分布规律

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷经过多年勘探,常规碎屑岩领域勘探潜力越来越小,灰岩潜山勘探程度低,剩余资源潜力大,1,2号断裂带周缘已发现多个潜山油田或含油构造,展示了其良好的勘探前景。综合利用岩心观察、薄片分析、测井分析、测试分析等,结合区域构造演化及海平面波动研究灰岩潜山储层特征,深入剖析灰岩潜山有利储层控制因素及展布规律,研究表明,涠西南凹陷1号断裂带灰岩潜山主要为碳酸盐岩台地边缘滩相储层,发育颗粒灰岩,为后期构造破裂作用和岩溶作用提供了良好的物质基础,储层储集空间为孔隙+缝、洞型,强烈白云岩化明显改善孔隙型储层,同时,1号断裂带周缘(廉江-信宜断裂向海延伸)经历中生代早期左旋压扭及晚期右旋张扭的复杂构造演变,晚期的张扭型裂缝可为岩溶提供良好的渗流通道,加速了风化淋滤的进程,形成沟通良好的溶蚀孔洞。指出涠洲E近似于涠洲A区,位于强应力的构造裂缝发育区,白云化及溶蚀作用发育,为有利勘探方向,为涠西南凹陷灰岩潜山勘探提供地质依据。     

下刚果盆地北部海域海相碳酸盐岩沉积储层特征

西非下刚果盆地为一典型被动大陆边缘含盐盆地,下刚果盆地北部海域在白垩系海相碳酸盐岩层系获得丰富油气发现。研究区海相碳酸盐岩领域油气勘探面临的核心瓶颈问题,即白垩系碳酸盐岩的沉积模式、演化规律、储层特征以及沉积储层发育控制因素。综合钻井、地震、区域地质等资料,分析认为自下向上相对海平面的上升控制了沉积演化,沉积体系演化模式为浅海碳酸盐岩台地→浅海混积陆棚→半深海-海底扇。下刚果盆地碳酸盐岩储层展布在纵向及平面上均可以划分为内中外3个储层发育带,碳酸盐岩储层最主要发育于下白垩统Albian阶下Sendji组。该时期研究区整体发育浅海碳酸盐岩混积缓坡台地沉积体系,沉积亚相可进一步划分为混积滨岸、后缓坡、浅水缓坡以及深水缓坡4种类型,其中浅水缓坡亚相颗粒滩微相与后缓坡亚相台内浅滩、砂质浅滩微相储层最为发育。碳酸盐岩储层岩性组合主要包括颗粒灰岩、砂岩、砂质灰岩、白云岩4种类型;储层发育主要受沉积相带的控制,并受成岩作用的影响。     

南盘江坳陷晚古生代碳酸盐岩储层特征及评价

南盘江坳陷的海相油气勘探潜力巨大,至今未取得实质性的突破的重要原因之一就是储集岩特征的认识不清。在储层沉积学各种研究的基础上,利用大量地面和井下资料,论述了南盘江地区海相碳酸盐岩储集岩特征及储集空间类型,探讨了本区储层发育的主要控制因素,如沉积相带及成岩作用等,研究区储集岩类型以礁滩灰岩和白云岩较好,有利储层发育的层位主要集中于中泥盆统、中上石炭统和二叠系,总体储集性能评价为Ⅱ—Ⅲ类储层,有利储层分布区主要位于研究区西北部的碳酸盐台地边缘一线,以及孤立台地周缘的礁滩环境。     

埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层有利区带预测

埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝十分发育,非均质性强。以地震、钻井、测井和室内分析化验资料研究为基础,深入分析碳酸盐岩储层岩性特征、储集空间特征,明确裂缝性储层发育和分布的控制因素。从叠后地震资料出发,采用地震属性技术和地震反演技术2种地震方法,优选方差体属性、振幅包络属性和频率衰减属性,对埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的裂缝、孔洞的发育程度和分布进行平面和空间预测,最终结合构造、烃源岩等控制埕海潜山油气成藏的因素,确定碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层的有利区带。     

渤海湾盆地胜海古2潜山古生界储层特征

胜海古2潜山是渤海湾盆地埕岛油田北部一个断块型潜山。为分析潜山油藏储层特征、实现潜山高效勘探开发,对胜海古2潜山地层特征、储集空间类型、储集空间特征、储层发育规律和控制因素进行了系统的研究。胜海古2潜山古生界储层主要为次生储集空间,包括晶间孔隙、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝等类型,其中裂缝是储层最重要的储集和渗流空间;胜海古2潜山储层主要发育在冶里—亮甲山组和凤山组;潜山顶部地层和断层附近地层是良好的储层。以上研究结果表明:风化淋滤作用(风化壳)、岩性特征和断裂作用是控制储层发育程度的3个主要因素。这一结论对埕岛油田以及渤海湾盆地潜山勘探开发有借鉴作用。     

南黄海崂山隆起下石炭统和州组至下二叠统栖霞组储层预测

以叠前时间偏移地震资料为基础,采用相干体、蚂蚁体和储层综合响应的物性因子方法针对勘探程度较低的南黄海崂山隆起下石炭统和州组至下二叠统栖霞组碳酸盐岩进行储层预测。相干体、蚂蚁体预测结果表明,和州组至栖霞组发育多套储层,栖霞组储层裂缝发育和分布受断裂和构造挤压变形控制强烈,北部断裂带和南部挤压背斜区裂缝较为发育。储层综合响应的物性因子预测结果显示,和州组至栖霞组在南部地区的有利储层发育,主要集中在挤压背斜发育区和沿断裂带发育区。该储层的预测结果为崂山隆起有利目标区的评价提供了地质依据,同时该方法的应用对于南黄海的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

桩海地区下古生界古潜山碳酸盐岩孔隙特征与空间组合规律

基于桩海地区下古生界碳酸盐岩古潜山储层的孔隙特征,分析了研究区不同潜山区块有效孔隙的空间组合特征,探讨了影响研究区下古生界孔隙类型及储层在空间上的组合特征的主控因素。下古生界碳酸盐岩古潜山以裂缝-扩溶缝-溶蚀孔洞为主,原生孔隙基本消失,具有储集意义的主要为次生孔隙。储层在空间上的组合形式主要包括非常发育的潜山内幕储层,且与风化壳储层不具有统一油水界面,深部溶蚀特征明显;太古界变质岩与下古生界碳酸盐岩之间往往具有统一的油水界面;许多下古生界古潜山带具有"上缝下洞"的储集空间特征等。孔隙的次生性及多样化的空间组合形式导致不同潜山区块储集能力的明显差异。多级不整合面古岩溶作用形成相时早期的溶蚀孔隙和潜山内幕储层;深埋藏溶蚀作用对碳酸盐岩先成孔隙的溶蚀改造和太古界与下古生界之间统一油水界面的形成具重要影响;新构造运动和埋藏期溶蚀作用相结合可合理解释研究区下古生界古潜山带"上缝下洞"的储集空间组合形式。     

巢北地区黄龙组岩石学、元素地球化学特征及意义

安徽巢湖麒麟山中石炭统碳酸盐岩地层是研究碳酸盐岩沉积及成岩作用的理想剖面之一。文章采用岩相学及元素地球化学分析法,对该处剖面碳酸盐岩的特征做了深入研究。表明,黄龙组岩石以泥晶或亮晶颗粒灰岩为主;元素分布中稀土元素总量较低。分析认为,巢北地区中石炭统属于浅海碳酸盐台地相产物,其成岩序列属于海退序列,成岩环境主要为大气淡水成岩环境。     

中国东部与西部典型碳酸盐岩潜山的岩溶特征

通过对比分析我国东、西部典型碳酸盐岩古潜山任丘潜山和轮南-塔河潜山的岩溶发育特征,总结得出了影响东西部岩溶差异性发育的主要因素为岩性因素和构造因素,对分析不同古潜山岩溶储层发育规律和古潜山油气田的勘探开发具有一定的指导意义和参考价值.     

南黄海盆地海相储层成岩作用与储层发育特征

南黄海盆地与下扬子陆域具有较为一致的沉积构造演化史,全区具有良好的油气成藏条件,油气资源潜力大,特别是中—古生界海相地层有可能是下一步油气勘探的突破新区。以南黄海盆地为主体的下扬子地区海相储层类型包括砂岩储层、碳酸盐岩储层和泥页岩储层三大类。基于岩性特征、成岩作用、储集空间和物性条件等分析,认为砂岩储层有利的储集体主要为裂缝—次生孔隙型,碳酸盐岩储层中未被胶结物充填或者部分充填的孔、缝、洞可作为有利储集体,泥页岩储层中的有利储集空间为高有机质丰度层段中的无机孔隙、有机孔隙和裂缝较发育带。     

涠西南凹陷二号断裂带断裂控藏研究及应用

涠西南凹陷是勘探开发一体化研究重点区，本文以二号断裂带为研究对象，综合断裂动力学特征、运动学特征、几何学特征等研究，将中段“坡坪式”断裂体系、两侧“铲式”断裂体系等差异性断裂体系内部划分为3级雁列式主断裂、4级分支断裂、5级分支断裂。中段“坡坪式”断裂体系受到更高强度地应力作用，主断裂与分支断裂更为发育，二号断裂带绝大多数油气分布于此。综合分析二号断裂带差异性断裂体系内部断裂系统与油气展布规律之间的关系，得到3方面断裂控藏规律及4种优势断裂控藏模式。在断裂控藏规律及断裂控藏模式的指导下，搜索、优选二号断裂带中段北1块、北3块、北4块潜力目标进行评价、实施。3个潜力区块均实施成功，达到地质油藏目的，断裂控藏规律、断裂控藏模式在涠西南凹陷二号断裂带潜力区块应用效果好。     

南黄海盆地古潜山分类及构造特征

南黄海是下扬子的主体,奠基于晋宁期变质基底之上,构造演化历经南华纪—早、中三叠世海相地层发育期、晚白垩世—古近纪箕状断陷发育期和新近纪—第四纪坳陷发育期,为一典型地台-断陷-坳陷多层结构的复合盆地。盆地历经多次构造运动改造,古潜山发育,类型多样。在总结前人对古潜山研究的基础上,结合南黄海新近采集的二维地震剖面,对该地区古潜山类型进行了系统划分,并对典型古潜山的构造特征及生储盖匹配关系进行了初步描述。根据成因划分为剥蚀型潜山、拉张型潜山、挤压型潜山和复合型潜山四大类,每一类又可根据形态划分出剥蚀残丘型潜山、拉张翘倾断块型潜山、拉张断阶型潜山、拉张断垒型潜山、挤压褶皱型潜山、拱张褶皱型潜山和褶皱—断块复合型潜山等类型。南黄海盆地古潜山的发育具有分带性,按盆地中潜山的构造位置,分为凸起潜山带、陡坡潜山带、洼陷潜山带和缓坡潜山带,每一构造带发育了不同类型潜山。研究表明南黄海古生界和中生界古潜山数量众多,规模较大,是南黄海地区实现油气突破的一种重要油气藏类型。     

渤中13—1油田薄层生屑云岩分布特征及成因分析

渤中13—1油田古近系沙河街组沙一段顶部发育一套薄层生屑云岩油气藏。由于该储层具有厚度薄、埋藏深、横向变化快、预测难度大等特点,给油田钻探部署带来了极大的困难。运用类比分析及相控储层预测技术,对薄层生屑云岩的分布特征和成因进行了系统分析,并预测生屑云岩储层有利区带,优化钻前井位部署。经钻探证实均获良好效果,钻探成功率达100％,经投产测试均获高产油气流,为相似油藏的开发部署提供了良好的借鉴和指导作用。     

辽河油田滨海区海月潜山油气评价

在辽河盆地中,海月潜山是一个典型的、由下古生界碳酸盐岩组成的规模较大的潜山。通过对海月潜山的地层、构造和构造应力场等分析,得出潜山西北边缘有一个裂缝发育带和潜山内4个较强的张应力区和张扭应力区,正好与4个构造圈闭吻合,它们是油气储集区．并发现潜山顶部局部保留有残留古风化壳,风化壳中网状裂缝是重要的油气储集空间。这些表明海月潜山是一个具有勘探潜力和油气远景的潜山区,它是我国东部中、新生代含油气盆地之下潜山油气藏勘探的一个很好范例。     

高邮凹陷南断阶许庄—竹墩地区断层发育演化和油气成藏

为了揭示高邮凹陷南断阶许庄—竹墩地区复杂断裂系统的成因、演化与油气成藏的关系,通过对不整合面地层剥蚀量计算、构造演化剖面分析等方法,系统地总结了许庄—竹墩地区断层的发育演化规律。吴堡运动和三垛运动时期是断裂活动最强烈的时期,许庄—竹墩地区的地层受到较强的剥蚀作用。本区主要断层的发育顺序依次为真①断层、纪③断层、真②’断层和真③断层,同一断层在不同的地质时期和平面上的不同位置,发育强度有明显的差异性。断层的活动一方面形成了一系列的断块圈闭,另一方面是油气垂向运移的主要通道,因此在本区形成了一系列的断块圈闭油藏。     

Frequency analysis across the drowning of a Lower Jurassic carbonate platform: The Calcare Massiccio Formation (Apennines,Italy)

This work illustrates the evolution the Lower Jurassic shallow-water carbonates known as the Calcare Massiccio Formation in the Central Apennines (Italy). The Calcare Massiccio is characterized by lateral and vertical variability in the facies associations, related to an articulated physiography of the Triassic to Lower Jurassic carbonate platform and to its tectonic evolution. This work documents the depositional environment changes during the platform evolution. Quantitative analysis on samples collected from three stratigraphic sections were performed through the Calcare Massiccio succession allowed up to the overlying Pliensbachian pelagites. Two type of carbonate sedimentation have been recognized: in the peritidal and shallow subtidal environments (Calcare Massiccio A) the carbonate production is dominated by microbial activity, while the carbonate sedimentation in a deeper environment of middle to outer ramp (Calcare Massiccio B), is dominated by a bioclastic sedimentation.The evolution from the Calcare Massiccio A to the B can be interpreted as the product of increase of accommodation that in turn produced a backstepping of carbonate facies belt, the photic microbial dominated peritidal facies developed on the persistent Latium-Abruzzi Platform while the bioclastic carbonate production factory settled on the structural highs resulting from the dismembering of the platform by syn-sedimentary tectonic.The bioclastic carbonate factory was not efficient in filling the available accommodation space produced by Sinemurian extensional tectonic. This inefficiency was amplified by the restricted area available for this factory in the small structural highs. These conditions were sufficient to predispose the platform to the drowning without invoke change in the trophic resource or change in the palaeoceanography.     

Structural characteristics of central depression belt in deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin and the hydrocarbon discovery of Songnan low bulge

The Qiongdongnan Basin has the first proprietary high-yield gas field in deep-water areas of China and makes the significant breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration. The central depression belt of deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin is constituted by five sags, i.e. Ledong Sag, Lingshui Sag, Songnan Sag, Baodao Sag and Changchang Sag. It is a Cenozoic extensional basin with the basement of pre-Paleogene as a whole. The structural research in central depression belt of deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin has the important meaning in solving the basic geological problems, and improving the exploration of oil and gas of this basin. The seismic interpretation and structural analysis in this article was operated with the 3D seismic of about 1.5×10~4 km~2 and the 2D seismic of about 1×10~4 km. Eighteen sampling points were selected to calculate the fault activity rates of the No.2 Fault. The deposition rate was calculated by the ratio of residual formation thickness to deposition time scale. The paleo-geomorphic restoration was obtained by residual thickness method and impression method. The faults in the central depression belt of deep-water area of this basin were mainly developed during Paleogene, and chiefly trend in NE–SW, E–W and NW–SE directions. The architectures of these sags change regularly from east to west: the asymmetric grabens are developed in the Ledong Sag, western Lingshui Sag, eastern Baodao Sag, and western Changchang Sag; half-grabens are developed in the Songnan Sag, eastern Lingshui Sag, and eastern Changchang Sag. The tectonic evolution history in deep-water area of this basin can be divided into three stages,i.e. faulted-depression stage, thermal subsidence stage, and neotectonic stage. The Ledong-Lingshui sags, near the Red River Fault, developed large-scale sedimentary and subsidence by the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during neotectonic stage. The Baodao-Changchang sags, near the northwest oceanic sub-basin, developed the large-scale magmatic activities and the transition of stress direction by the expansion of the South China Sea. The east sag belt and west sag belt of the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin, separated by the ancient Songnan bulge, present prominent differences in deposition filling, diaper genesis, and sag connectivity. The west sag belt has the advantages in high maturity, well-developed fluid diapirs and channel sand bodies, thus it has superior conditions for oil and gas migration and accumulation. The east sag belt is qualified by the abundant resources of oil and gas. The Paleogene of Songnan low bulge, located between the west sag belt and the east sag belt, is the exploration potential. The YL 8 area, located in the southwestern high part of the Songnan low bulge, is a favorable target for the future gas exploration. The Well 8-1-1 was drilled in August 2018 and obtained potential business discovery, and the Well YL8-3-1 was drilled in July 2019 and obtained the business discovery.     

New insights into the carbonate karstic fault system and reservoir formation in the Southern Tahe area of the Tarim Basin

As worldwide hydrocarbon exploration has extended from shallowly to deeply buried strata, reservoir quality has attracted substantial and persistent interest in petroleum geology. In particular, deeply buried strata (>5500 m) in the Tarim Basin have attracted considerable attention because carbonate reservoirs that have experienced fracture or dissolution have also been shown to demonstrate considerable hydrocarbon potential. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how these reservoirs are developed and distributed in detail from both scientific and practical standpoints.In this paper, we address this issue using a case study in the southern Tahe area, which is contained within the largest Palaeozoic marine oilfield in China. In the northern Tahe area, mega-paleokarst systems developed in the Ordovician strata; however, the reservoir quality in the southern part of the Tahe area is relatively poor because it is covered by insoluble formations during karstification. Observations of cores and analyses of images of well logging demonstrate that these reservoirs are dominated by caves, vugs and fractures that have developed near faults. We speculate that the faults penetrating insoluble formations represent the main dissolution passages that originally developed these karstic fault systems. Additionally, we analyse a series of outcrops, seismic data, and structures to characterize the spatial geometry of these major faults and their surrounding fractures in detail. Most of these are strike-slip faults, and their subsequent reservoirs can be divided into three categories based on their development, including dendritic, sandwich and slab reservoirs. Recent studies demonstrate that karstic fault reservoirs are most common traps in the study area. Although various types of carbonate karstic fault reservoirs are represented in this region, the dendritic karstic fault reservoir is the most hydrocarbon-rich.Guided by these initial results, 108 wells were drilled from 2013 to 2014, producing 485 thousand tons of oil and yielding success ratios greater than 89%. The average production of dendritic reservoirs is 37.4 tons per day (t/d), while those of sandwich and slab types are 20.2 t/d and 14.0 t/d, respectively. These results represent significant references for future hydrocarbon exploration and the development of similar deeply buried karstic fault reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere.     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷南部花港组砂岩储层成岩流体演化特征：来自岩石、矿物及同位素地球化学的约束

渐新世花港组是东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷发育的最主要储层，基于普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和荧光显微观察，结合同位素地球化学对东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷花港组砂岩储层的成岩作用、成岩序列及成岩流体演化进行了研究。结果表明，花港组砂岩储层目前处于中成岩阶段B期，主要经历了机械压实、绿泥石粘土摸、酸性及碱性溶蚀作用，石英次生加大，碳酸盐胶结和自生高岭石胶结等成岩作用。研究区发育有三期碳酸盐胶结物，早期菱铁矿胶结物，中期铁方解石和晚期铁白云石。根据碳酸盐胶结物的碳氧同位素特征分析认为早期碳酸盐胶结物是由过饱和的碱性湖水沉淀造成的，而晚期碳酸盐胶结物的形成与有机酸密切相关。研究区存在两类溶蚀作用，酸性溶蚀作用和碱性溶蚀作用，早期的酸性溶蚀作用主要是有机酸对长石、岩屑及早期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀，晚期的碱性溶蚀作用主要是发生于碱性环境下流体对石英及硅质胶结物的溶蚀。研究区发育有两期油气充注，早期发生于晚中新世，早期发生于晚中新世，早于中期碳酸盐胶结，晚于长石溶蚀和石英胶结充注，充注量较大，第四纪以来研究区发生了第二次充注，第二次充注发生于铁白云石胶结之后，此时储层已非常致密。     

Petrology and depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks of Iraq

The study integrates petrographical and lithological data from deep exploration wells and outcrops in northern Iraq to better understand the sedimentary environments present in the basin and to evaluate the depositional evolution of the Paleozoic rocks in Iraq. The studied Paleozoic successions are represented by five sedimentary cycles of intracratonic sequences. These are dominated mainly by siliciclastic and mixed sedimentary packages, and are separated by major and minor unconformity surfaces. These cycles are as follow: the Ordovician cycle, represented by the Khabour Formation; the Silurian cycle, represented by the Akkas Formation; the Middle-Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Chalki, Pirispiki, Kaista, Ora and Harur formations; the Permian–Carboniferous cycle, represented by the Ga’ara Formation and late Permian cycle, represented by the Chia Zairi Formation. Generally, the cycles are characterized by siliciclastic and mixed carbonate–clastic facies with abrupt changes during Late Paleozoic reflecting the environmental and tectonic events during this period. The Ordovician Khabour Formation is suggested to be of shallow marine environment of deposition with stacked transgressive and regressive cycles that are eustatically controlled. The shale of Silurian Akkas Formation was deposited in open-marine environment. Depositional regimes in the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous are considered as a continuation of deposition in the subsiding basin with a wide geographic distribution that reflect the epicontinental or epeiric seas in a homoclinic ramp setting. The Permo-Carboniferous Ga’ara Formation was deposited in continental to paralic environment while the Late Permian Chia Zairi Formation represents the carbonate platform deposition. The study revealed that potential source rocks may include some shale beds of the Khabour Formation, hot shales of Akkas Formation and the shales of Ora Formation. The sandstones of the Khabour, Akkas and Kaista formations have good reservoir potential. The Late Permian carbonates of Chia Zairi Formation may be self-sourcing and contain multiple reservoirs. The occurrence of shale as source rocks and limestone as reservoir rocks and some evaporates as sealing horizons make the formation as a reservoir in its own right.