基于地震易损性分析的平塘特大桥关键构件破坏顺序研究

为探究山区超高墩三塔大跨斜拉桥在地震作用下各关键构件（桥塔、支座、基础和桥墩）的破坏顺序,以在建的贵州平塘特大桥为工程依托,首先基于OPEENSEES软件建立空间有限元模型,然后基于概率理论建立斜拉桥地震易损性模型,最后以混凝土应变和支座相对位移为易损性指标进行增量动力分析,得到各构件易损性曲线,并基于各构件的易损性曲线对此类桥型的构件破坏顺序进行分析。研究表明：横向地震对该斜拉桥造成的破坏程度要大于纵向地震;在纵向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是中塔支座和边塔基础,在横向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是边塔支座和过渡墩基础。     

汶川8.0级地震中几座近断层桥梁失效模式的初步探讨

“5．12”汶川地震造成了多座大型桥梁严重破坏甚至完全垮塌。本文以庙子坪特大桥、百花大桥、小渔洞大桥、石蓑衣大桥、回澜立交桥为例,介绍了结构形式不同的这几座桥梁的破坏模式,初步分析了震害机理。地震动强度过大、强震持续时间过长、近断层特性以及地质灾害等是造成这些桥梁破坏的客观原因;桥梁结构的某些初始缺陷和特殊结构形式导致的受力复杂性是造成地震破坏的主观因素。针对震害特点和破坏机理,本文还探讨了强震区防御桥梁地震破坏应关注的问题。     

城市立交桥结构三维地震反应

本文建立了城市立交桥结构地震破坏过程的分析模型，考虑了柱墩、梁、支座的单元模式，推导并建立了行波法输入下结构动力平衡方程，进而研究了地震多点输入下立义桥结构的地震反应问题，建立了立交桥结构的破坏准则，分别对几种方式地震输入下城市立交桥结构的地震反应瓿进行了具体研究。从而为人们对实际立交桥结构在地震作用下的破坏过程有了更科学的认识；在对桥梁结构进行地震反应分析时，不应该忽略地震对它的多方面的影响。     

基于动水及桩-土-结构相互作用的斜拉桥地震响应分析

为了得到更为符合实际情况的跨江大桥动力稳定性的地震反应分析,在桥梁抗震研究中必须综合考虑动水及桩–土–结构的相互作用。基于此,结合某斜拉桥,采用基于Morison方程的动水力简便计算方法来模拟水对桥梁下部结构的动水压力,通过大型有限元程序Midas/Civil分别建立了没有考虑动水及桩土效应和考虑动水及桩土效应2种情形下的计算模型,通过输入El Centro波分析了动水及桩土效应对斜拉桥结构动力特性和地震反应的影响。分析表明:动水及桩土效应对斜拉桥动力特性和地震反应的影响较大,因此在对跨江斜拉桥结构进行抗震分析时,应考虑动水及桩土效应对其动力反应的影响。     

青海玛多M7.4地震中桥梁地震破坏现象分析

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生了M7.4地震,造成玛多县境内的野马滩1、2号桥破坏,其主要表现为桥梁纵向位移过大导致多跨主梁落梁,桥墩也有不同程度的破损.经现场专家鉴定,地震影响烈度均突破桥梁抗震设计值,并且初步判断这种整齐划一的落梁震害的机理系近断层地震动方向性效应的强速度脉冲作用所致.野马滩大桥位置的地震影响烈度调查结果为Ⅸ,但是野马滩大桥附近无强震动观测台站,大桥附近没有获得地震动记录,这不利于野马滩大桥地震作用下地震响应和破坏机理的研究.另外,野马滩大桥的设计参数和折损情况也很难掌握,桥梁模型难以准确估计.为此,本文拟采用另一座同等抗震设防烈度的桥梁,通过有限元程序,使用反应谱法作为参考,同时使用拟合的地震动和脉冲记录进行桥梁结构反应时程分析,以便间接地揭示玛多地震桥梁地震反应特征和破坏机理.计算结果分析表明,所分析的桥梁结构地震响应位移和内力均超过罕遇地震设计值,其中一条地震动记录最大反应接近极罕遇设计值,导致桥梁结构出现破坏甚至损毁震害现象的出现.     

多点激励下大跨度斜拉桥地震反应分析

大跨斜拉桥是交通运输的枢纽工程,一旦在地震中遭到破坏,将会造成巨大的直接和间接经济损失.由于大跨斜拉桥的跨度大,在地震中地震波到达不同桥墩的时间存在差异,这会对大跨斜拉桥的地震反应产生很大影响.因此,对大跨斜拉桥在多点输入下的反应开展研究,对进行正确有效的抗震设计,确保其抗震安全性具有非常重要的意义.本文分析了多点激励下大跨度斜拉桥的地震反应,并与一致激励下大跨度斜拉桥的地震反应进行了对比,研究了多点激励对大跨度斜拉桥地震反应的影响.     

地震动位移峰值对斜拉桥地震反应的影响

根据同一加速度反应谱拟合了加速度峰值相同、速度峰值相同、位移峰值不同的两组地震动时程。以大跨斜拉桥的三维模型为例，在以上两组时程的激励下，应用有限元立法，对斜拉桥的地震反应进行了分析。计算结果表明：在弹性阶段，地震动位移峰值时斜拉桥的动力响应影响不明显；但当结构进入弹塑性阶段时，在位移峰值较大的一组地震动激励下，桥梁的墩底弯矩和塔顶位移会有更大的响应。     

烟囱模型动力试验研究

烟囱结构的地震反应及其破坏机理是地震工程界长期讨论的问题，对高耸烟囱结构的模型试验研究是研究此工程问题的重要方法，作者通过对45m和180m高大烟囱结构的动力模型试验，对烟囱结构的地震反应及其破坏机理进行了模型试验研究，得出了有意义的结论，为这一问题的理论研究提供了有力的依据。     

大跨斜拉桥多点反应谱法地震响应分析

大跨度桥梁结构作为交通枢纽工程和生命线工程,为确保安全运营,对其进行地震响应分析和进行抗震研究十分重要。为了工程实际应用的方便,在大桥地震反应分析中,采用各国规范常用的反应谱法。但是对于大跨度斜拉桥,选用贯用的一致激励反应谱法存在很多不实际和不合理的地方,因此选用由Kiureghian和Neuenhofer首先提出和推导的多点反应谱法,考虑了地震动的空间效应。通过有限元软件ANSYS建立斜拉桥模型,计算了大跨度斜拉桥主塔主梁等主要构件的响应值。并和一致激励反应谱得出的响应值做比较,得出了相应的结论,对大跨度斜拉桥的地震响应分析和抗震设计具有一定的指导意义。     

地铁车站与横跨桥梁耦联破坏数值模拟

以典型的两层三跨形式地铁车站为研究对象,采用非线性动力时程反应分析方法,对软土场地的地铁车站与上部交叉桥梁模型进行数值模拟分析,给出了一种潜在的地铁车站-桥梁耦联破坏模式,分析了地铁车站与上部桥梁的地震动力相互作用.数值模拟结果表明:桥梁对车站的地震响应影响较小,车站发生破坏主要取决于地震作用及其本身的强度;地铁车站发...     

超大跨度斜拉桥考虑行波效应的地震动随机响应研究

斜拉桥地震反应不同于其它桥型,具有明显的空间耦合效应.利用有限元理论对苏通长江公路大桥的空间抗震性能进行分析,重点研究行波效应对结构响应的影响,并与一致激励计算的结果进行比较,为大跨度斜拉桥抗震分析采用随机方法提供了一定的参考依据.研究结果表明,行波效应对斜拉桥结构内力有显著的影响,大跨度斜拉桥抗震性能分析必须考虑行波效应.而行波效应的影响与结构自身动力特性、视波速、构件位置及研究响应类型(位移与内力)相关.     

考虑阻尼器极限状态的耗能减震体系 斜拉桥抗震性能分析

在大震或特大震下,黏滞阻尼器可能因某个极限状态的出现而发生破坏。现有在斜拉桥上设置黏滞阻尼器的研究多集中在阻尼器的参数优化上,很少考虑到阻尼器失效对斜拉桥抗震性能的影响。针对这一问题,以某三塔斜拉桥为背景,利用OpenSees平台建立斜拉桥有限元模型和可以考虑承载力及行程极限的黏滞阻尼器模型;分析黏滞阻尼器的阻尼系数和阻尼指数对斜拉桥地震响应的影响,确定阻尼器参数的取值;对不安装阻尼器、安装不考虑极限状态及考虑极限状态阻尼器等多种工况的斜拉桥进行非线性时程分析,对比各工况斜拉桥的地震响应。分析结果表明,在大震下,考虑极限状态阻尼器的耗能能力及减震效果将显著降低;不考虑阻尼器达到极限状态后失效的情况将高估耗能减震设计斜拉桥的抗震能力。     

强震下拱式体系桥梁震害特征及抗震研究

以汶川地震中拱式体系桥梁震害为主线,总结主拱圈、横向连接系和其它附属构件及减隔震设计拱桥的破坏情况,对国内外拱桥的震害特征及原因进行了剖析。以目前应用数量占优的钢管混凝土肋拱桥为具体背景,对拱式体系桥梁的抗震理论、抗震试验和减隔震设计进行了评述。分析认为拱式体系桥梁竖向和纵桥向抗震存在一定的安全储备,但横桥向存在明显的抗震薄弱环节。针对钢管混凝土肋拱桥横桥向振动及倒塌特点,就目前在拱式体系桥梁中引入防屈曲支撑代替横撑以形成耗能减震结构提出了建议及具体可行设计方式。     

Non-linear earthquake-response analysis of long-span cable-stayed bridges: Applications

The dynamic non-linear behaviour of three-dimensional long-span cable-stayed bridges under seismic loadings is studied. The cases of multiple-support as well as uniform seismic excitations of these long and flexible structures are considered. Different sources of non-linearity for such bridges are included in the analysis, as outlined in the companion paper. In this accompanying analysis a tangent stiffness iterative procedure is utilized to estimate the non-linear seismic response. Numerical examples are presented in which a comparison between a linear earthquake-response analysis (based on the utilization of the tangent stiffness matrix of the bridge at the dead-load deformed state which is obtained from the geometry of the bridge under gravity load conditions) and a non-linear earthquake response analysis using the step-by-integration procedure is made. In these examples two three-dimensional bridge models representing recent and future trends in cable-stayed bridge design are utilized. The study sheds some light on the salient features of the seismic analysis and design of these long contemporary bridges. In addition, parameters affecting the seismic response of these bridges are discussed: other factors considered are non-linearity, uniformity and spatial variation of ground motion inputs and structural configuration.     

Effects of ground motion spatial variability on the response of cable-stayed bridges

In order to extend our knowledge of the performance of long-span bridges under earthquake loading the effects of spatial variability of ground motion on the structural response of cable-stayed bridges are studied; the result can be useful to practising bridge engineers. The multiple-support excitation analysis is described, and two three-dimensional models representing the modern and future trends in cable-stayed bridge design are utilized to shed some light on salient features of the seismic response characteristics of these modern bridges. In addition, models of steel- and concrete-design alternates of an existing bridge are considered. Differential ground motion records (obtained from dense instrument arrays) are used as synchronous and non-synchronous support motions; in addition, non-dispersive seismic waves travelling along the bridge are considered. The bridge response to non-uniform ground motion is compared to its response to uniform input. An overview of the unique dynamic characteristics of these cable-supported bridges is also presented. Finally, the study, which was used in the seismic design of several existing cable-stayed bridges in U.S. and Canada, indicates that the response quantities may increase substantially from the non-uniform input ground motion, especially for more rigid bridges and for bridges having different dynamic properties of the local soils at the supporting points, but the degree of increase depends upon the specific problem, in particular upon the aspects of span length, rigidity and structural redundancy. Thus, the response to non-uniform input ground motion should be examined for these bridges.     

多点激励下自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系桥地震反应分析

考虑地震动的空间变化效应,对自锚式斜拉-悬吊协作体系桥进行了随机地震反应分析。研究了P波、SH波和SV波作用下该协作体系内力和位移峰值响应的特点,对比分析了均匀一致地面动和多点非一致地面运动对其地震反应的影响,计算中由于虚拟激励法的引入,计算效率获得极大的提高。结果表明行波效应和部分相干效应对该类超大跨径桥梁地震反应有相当大的影响。     

Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented.Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.     

Earthquake damage potential and critical scour depth of bridges exposed to flood and seismic hazards under lateral seismic loads

Many bridges located in seismic hazard regions suffer from serious foundation exposure caused by riverbed scour. Loss of surrounding soil significantly reduces the lateral strength of pile foundations. When the scour depth exceeds a critical level, the strength of the foundation is insufficient to withstand the imposed seismic demand, which induces the potential for unacceptable damage to the piles during an earthquake. This paper presents an analytical approach to assess the earthquake damage potential of bridges with foundation exposure and identify the critical scour depth that causes the seismic performance of a bridge to differ from the original design. The approach employs the well-accepted response spectrum analysis method to determine the maximum seismic response of a bridge. The damage potential of a bridge is assessed by comparing the imposed seismic demand with the strengths of the column and the foundation. The versatility of the analytical approach is illustrated with a numerical example and verified by the nonlinear finite element analysis. The analytical approach is also demonstrated to successfully determine the critical scour depth. Results highlight that relatively shallow scour depths can cause foundation damage during an earthquake, even for bridges designed to provide satisfactory seismic performance.     

基于损伤分析的旧曲线梁桥抗震性能评估

曲线桥梁在役期间可能面临地震灾害,导致结构损坏甚至坍塌,为了评估在役桥梁的抗震性能,提出基于损伤分析的曲线梁桥抗震性能评估方法。建立旧曲线梁桥有限元模型,基于损伤分析的原理,提出适合曲线梁桥地震响应特性的构件损伤模型,在全桥有限元模型中输入不同类型地震动,计算各构件的损伤指数,并结合旧桥检算系数,由各构件损伤指数综合得到桥梁的整体损伤指数。结果表明:不同地震动下主梁会发生碰撞破坏,桥梁两端的支座容易发生移位,桥墩沿横桥向或顺桥向均会产生位移;不同地震动对主梁、支座、桥墩等构件造成的损害程度有较大差异,各构件的地震响应会影响桥梁整体结构的抗震性能,其中桥墩对桥梁整体抗震性能的影响最大,桥墩位移超过极限值可能导致倒塌;主梁反复碰撞会加剧桥梁的破坏程度,桥梁两端支座在地震作用下更容易发生损坏。