在耀斑-日球电流片坐标系中——研究耀斑-激波相应地磁扰动的分布特征(Ⅱ)

本文采用一种新的坐标系——耀斑-日球电流片坐标系,对1966—1982年间由耀斑-激波所引起的277个耀斑-地磁扰动事件进行了分析.初步结果是:1.耀斑-地磁扰动事件在该坐标系中相对日球电流片的随机分布呈高斯分布,极大值在电流片附近;2.当地球和耀斑位于日球电流片同侧时,地磁扰动事件频次远高于异侧;3.地磁扰动强弱在该坐标系中的分布,亦呈现了同侧高于异侧,且极大值多在日球电流片附近;4.耀斑-激波能流密度ρ_2V_2~3及其跃变量ρ_2V_2~3-ρ_1V_1~3在该坐标系中具有十分类似于相应磁扰水平的分布,其离散程度后者略大于前者. 根据本文的结果可以看出,对耀斑-地磁扰动研究来说,近太阳日球电流片的存在是一个重要的特征面,它对耀斑-地磁扰动的产生和强弱水平有重要影响,使太阳耀斑活动与地磁活动效应之间的对应关系变得复杂化了.     

在耀斑-日球电流片坐标系中——研究耀斑-激波相应地磁扰动的分布特征（Ⅱ）

本文采用一种新的坐标系--耀斑-日球电流片坐标系,对1966-1982年间由耀斑-激波所引起的277个耀斑-地磁扰动事件进行了分析.初步结果是:1.耀斑-地磁扰动事件在该坐标系中相对日球电流片的随机分布呈高斯分布,极大值在电流片附近;2.当地球和耀斑位于日球电流片同侧时,地磁扰动事件频次远高于异侧;3.地磁扰动强弱在该坐标系中的分布,亦呈现了同侧高于异侧,且极大值多在日球电流片附近;4.耀斑-激波能流密度ρ₂V₂³及其跃变量ρ₂V₂³-ρ₁V₁³在该坐标系中具有十分类似于相应磁扰水平的分布,其离散程度后者略大于前者. 根据本文的结果可以看出,对耀斑-地磁扰动研究来说,近太阳日球电流片的存在是一个重要的特征面,它对耀斑-地磁扰动的产生和强弱水平有重要影响,使太阳耀斑活动与地磁活动效应之间的对应关系变得复杂化了.     

夏季中国西部地区辐射特征的观测分析和能量收支的模式计算

在2000年6-7月新疆阜康地区野外观测资料和美国宇航局Goddard地球观测系统资料同化系统计算相应时间能量收支基础上分析了夏季我国西部干旱地区辐射特征和能量收支.新疆阜康地区观测的夏季中午平均吸收辐射为664 W/m2左右,反照率为17%,夜间长波净辐射值为60W/m2左右.模式计算的相应地区的辐射特征与观测结果相当接近.模式计算结果表明,夏季新疆、甘肃西部、内蒙一带为感热通量高值区,其最大值在华北、东北地区,其值可达300W/m2.广大西北地区潜热通量都很低,其高值区在华东、华南、西藏东部和四川一带,最大值可达250-300W/m2.     

1998年4-5月地球同步轨道MeV电子通量增强事件

采用GOES9卫星观测的能量大于2MeV和大于4MeV电子通量和行星际飞船ACE太阳风参数的高时间分辨率资料,以及磁暴指数Dst资料,分析了1998年4-5月期间地球同步轨道电子通量增强事件的时间和能量响应特征及其与行星际太阳风参数、磁暴和亚暴等扰动条件的对应关系.结果表明,地球同步轨道相对论性（MeV）电子通量增强事件有明显的周日变化,中午极大和午夜极小.4月22日和5月5日开始的两次大事件中,能量大于2MeV电子通量中午极大值上升到最大值的时间尺度分别约为4天和1天,中午极大值高于背景水平的持续时间分别为13天（4月22日-5月4日）和16天（5月4日-20日）以上.每次MeV电子通量增强事件的能量范围不完全相同.两次大事件的上升段都对应于磁暴的恢复相,与太阳风动压脉冲、高速流脉冲和负Bz分量关系密切.     

太阳质子事件期间内辐射带质子通量的变化

本文介绍风云一号（B）卫星上的宇宙线成份监测器,在1991年1月30日及31目的耀斑期间及其前后几天,对能量在4-23MeV内的内辐射带质子通量的观测结果,并对这些结果做了详细的分析.结果表明,在这两次耀斑及其所产生的太阳质子事件期间,内辐射带质子通量有显著的变化:在磁漂移壳参量L≥1.64的空间,质子通量显著增强,增幅在40％-200％之间;在L=1.30-1.60的空间,质子通量的增强也较为明显,增幅在20％以上;总的变化趋势是,L越大的地方,质子通量的增强就越显著.质子事件之后,内辐射带质子通量又逐渐回复到质子事件之前平衡结构时的水平.     

JJI甚低频台站信号对太阳耀斑事件的响应特性

太阳耀斑发生时,日地空间的X射线通量会随之增大,进而影响到地球电离层的电子密度分布,导致地球-电离层波导状态发生改变,因此接收到的甚低频(VLF,Very Low Frequency)信号会表现出对应的扰动现象.2017年9月8日,位于湖北省内武汉和随州两站点的VLF接收机分别监测到与X射线太阳耀斑相关的来自日本宫崎县(130°49′E,32°04′N)的JJI甚低频台站信号(22.2 kHz)的振幅异常事件.分析当日的数据发现JJI信号的振幅对不同的太阳耀斑出现不同的响应类型,而且对于同一个耀斑,两地的信号响应类型不尽相同.通过统计2017—2019年间与太阳耀斑相关的JJI信号振幅扰动事件,发现两接收站点的JJI信号响应类型都与耀斑强度及其发生时间存在一定的关系,且呈现出四种响应类型,即两次上升下降型、先上升后下降型、下降型和上升型,但是四种响应类型的事件占比不同.拟合结果表明信号的扰动幅度与X射线通量的积分成正相关,但是两站点的线性拟合斜率存在差异.JJI信号到武汉和随州均属于近似沿纬度方向的短距离传播,且两接收站点相距较近,因此两传播路径大致相似.研究两路径上JJI信号对太阳耀斑响应的差异性有助于理解VLF信号的传播以及探索其在太阳活动监测方面的应用.     

太阳耀斑与磁暴的关系

一、引言自海尔（G.E.Hale）提出太阳耀斑活动的特性为日地关系的重要关鍵这一問題后,近30年来天文学家、地球物理学家对于耀斑所引起的一系列的現象,进行了許多研究工作。爱立生（M.A.Ellison）曾将研究太阳耀斑本身及其所引起的地球物理現象等工作,就其性貭綜合为九个方面.其中联系到地磁方面的为与耀斑几乎同时发生的紫外綫輻射所引起的“鈎扰”,和由于耀斑发射出来的微粒子流在1-2天以后达到地球而引起的“磁暴”.     

地球空间稳定核素的趋势分析方程与物质的超光速运动规律

通过讨论地球空间已有稳定核素内质子数与中子数的分布趋势,介绍了稳定核素的趋势分析方法及其有关周期性分布方程形式,给出了理论方程曲线与地球空间稳定核素实验数据分布点的对比结果,进而给出了稳定核素极限值和元素周期表中化学元素极限,以及其与正负粒子对的可能对应关系方程,包括位于电子中微子层面附近的粒子质量量级初步估计.随后通过建立真空物质能量状态的二个假设,及基于等效Binet方程,给出了与Einstein狭义相对论有关结论相融合的物质粒子以光速及超光速运动的质量及能量方程;作为推论,对这些方程与暗物质及暗能量的可能对应关系予以了初步探讨.     

2001年4月2日太阳耀斑及其太阳质子事件的观测结果研究

2001年4月2日, 太阳爆发了一个近年来X射线通量最大的一次耀斑并伴有质子事件, 利用“资源一号”卫星星内粒子探测器和神舟二号飞船X射线探测器的观测资料, 对这一事件的高能粒子响应进行了特例研究. “资源一号”卫星运行于太阳同步轨道, 高度约800km, 和宁静时期的统计结果对比, 这次耀斑后, 星内粒子探测器在地球极盖区（地球开磁场区）观测到耀斑粒子的出现, 这是宁静时期没有的; 神舟二号飞船轨道高度400km, 倾角为42°, X射线探测器在42°中高纬地区也观测到高能电子通量比宁静时明显的增加, 这表明, 太阳耀斑引起的近地空间辐射环境的变化遍及纬度约40°以上的区域, 甚至在40°N附近400 km左右的高度上仍然有响应. 但是, 中高纬度、极光带和极盖区的粒子来源, 加速机制和响应方式却不一定相同, 需要分别讨论. 资料分析和对比还表明, 质子事件的强度并不一定和耀斑的X射线通量成正比, 因此, 近地空间高能粒子对耀斑的响应也不是完全决定于X射线强度.     

在耀斑-电流片坐标系中——研究耀斑-激波的传播特性（Ⅰ）

本文提出一种用于研究太阳瞬变扰动在日球空间传播的新坐标系--瞬变源-日球电流片坐标系,并运用该坐标系以瞬变源耀斑为例,分析研究了由地球近空飞船观测到的277个耀斑-激波事件,发现:1.引起行星际激波和地球物理事件的大耀斑（H_α≥2,持续时间>半小时）的频数在耀斑-日球电流片坐标系中呈高斯分布,极值在电流片附近,那种在日面坐标系中随日面纬度呈双峰形的分布看不到了;2.当地球观测者和耀斑位于日球电流片同侧时,耀斑事件频次明显高于它们分处不同侧时的情形;3.激波参数（速度、磁场、密度和温度）呈现了同侧高于异侧,强激波多在同侧观测到;4.激波沿日球电流片方向的传播具有一定优势.上述结果表明,日球电流片的存在对瞬变扰动,如耀斑-激波在日球空间,特别是近太阳的传播可能具有重要影响.     

地磁钩扰的全球响应特征研究与初步统计结果

地磁钩扰是太阳耀斑效应的直观表现之一,其研究有助于深入理解太阳爆发对地球空间环境的影响过程,并能为空间天气建模和预报提供科学依据.本文利用山东大学威海地磁台和Intermagnet地磁链与子午工程的地磁观测数据,联合GOES卫星及数字测高仪等的数据,研究了一个由M5.6级太阳耀斑引发的地磁钩扰事件的全球响应特征.研究发现：地磁钩扰特征呈现出南北半球与午前/午后的差异,且地磁响应相对于太阳耀斑存在约3 min的滞后现象,而夜侧无明显扰动;利用位于日侧的50余个地磁台站的数据统计分析后发现地磁钩扰幅度呈现正态分布,且在当地时正午附近达到峰值;利用地磁数据反演出钩扰发生时电离层的电流体系S_s和宁静日电流S_q,并用该电流体系解释了此事件中地磁数据的变化特征.另外,本文初步统计了1996-2015年的地磁钩扰事件数以及相关的太阳耀斑事件数,分析后发现X级耀斑引发地磁钩扰的可能性最大,达42%,由M级耀斑引发的地磁钩扰事件数最多,A、B、C级等小耀斑引发地磁钩扰的可能性很小.     

Sympathetic flaring with BATSE,GOES, and EIT data

Sympathetic flaring is defined as the initiation of a solar flare as a result of a transient phenomenon occurring elsewhere on the Sun. Discovery of sympathetic flaring or lack thereof, may lead to a greater understanding of the physics of flare initiation. Knowledge of a mechanism for initiating solar flares would also aid in predicting at least some solar flares. Two studies of sympathetic flaring are presented in this paper. The first part of the paper presents a test for sympathetic flaring in flares observed with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the distribution of solar X-ray flares in time to that expected from a time-varying, Poisson distribution. No evidence for sympathetic flaring is found, though it cannot be ruled out. The X-ray flare data also do not allow discovery of sympathetic flares occurring within 2 min of the initial flare. Because the observations do allow for at least some flares to occur sympathetically, the second part of the paper examines one possible mechanism for initiating flares. The mechanism examined is large-scale coronal transients observed by the SOHO/Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope: EIT waves. A comparison of the rate of flaring in the interval prior to an EIT wave to the rate of flaring while the wave traverses the solar disk shows no increase in the number of flares due to the EIT wave.     

CME和太阳耀斑现象

在本文里, 我们对ＣＭＥ 和太阳耀斑现象的各种相互关系进行了讨论希望本文的内容能够引起天文、空间物理和地球物理等人员的兴趣, 促进ＣＭＥ的综合研究     

Modeling the responses of the middle latitude ionosphere to solar flares

In this paper, we investigate the solar flare effects of the ionosphere at middle latitude with a one-dimensional ionosphere theoretical model. The measurements of solar irradiance from the SOHO/Solar EUV Monitor (SEM) and GOES satellites have been used to construct a simple time-dependent solar flare spectrum model, which serves as the irradiance spectrum during solar flares. The model calculations show that the ionospheric responses to solar flares are largely related to the solar zenith angle. During the daytime most of the relative increases in electron density occur at an altitude lower than 300 km, with a peak at about 115 km, whereas around sunrise and sunset the strongest ionospheric responses occur at much higher altitudes (e.g. 210 km for a summer flare). The ionospheric responses to flares in equinox and winter show an obvious asymmetry to local midday with a relative increase in total electron content (TEC) in the morning larger than that in the afternoon. The flare-induced TEC enhancement increases slowly around sunrise and reaches a peak at about 60 min after the flare onset.     

Analysis of the events that occurred on July 30, 2005, according to ground-based observations in the Ca II 8498 ? line and on board spacecraft

The observations of active region (AR) NOAA 10792 in the Ca II 8498 ? line with an ATB-1 solar telescope at the Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University (SSAI MSU) on July 30, 2005, are illustrated, and the events are analyzed using the data obtained on spacecraft. Three flares and accompanying coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are considered. It has been indicated that the beginning of the first compact CME lagged behind the flare onset by 3 min. Plasma ascended with acceleration that reached 0.4 km/s² at the flare maximum. The matter was also apparently accelerated after the flare maximum, since an ejection could only appear at the edge of the occulting C 2 LASCO coronograph disk at 0557 UT when acceleration is about 0.5 km/s². The second CME (of the halo type) leaded the beginning of the corresponding flare.     

Twilight anomaly,midday recovery and cutoff latitudes during the intense polar cap absorption event of March 1991

A study was made of the polar cap absorption (PCA) event on 23–24 March 1991 produced by the largest solar proton event at E>10 MeV since August 1972. This PCA event was related to a solar flare in the eastern hemisphere lasting only 2 days and exhibiting a long time delay between the flare and the increase of ionospheric absorption. Midday recovery occurred regularly each PCA day near the cutoff lati- tudes during the noontime hours and is attributed to the daily variation in the proton cutoff latitudes. The maximum absorption during the PCA event was observed at high latitudes or near the cutoff latitudes where ionization may be due to both solar protons and trapped particles. The minimum in the absorption values during the night-time hours would appear to be caused by the chemistry of the D-region as well as access of the solar protons into the polar cap area.     

太阳活动区磁场与CMEs和太阳质子事件

文中选了５ 个典型活动区, 分析了这些活动区的磁场, 与活动区相应的ＣＭＥｓ, 太阳爆发事件和太阳质子事件我们发现, 对于Ｅ ≥１０ｍｅＶ 的太阳质子事件有相应的源活动区, 源耀斑和ＣＭＥ; 活动区矢量磁场有剪切, 磁场剪切越强质子事件越强; 多数在质子耀斑发生前出现磁流浮现; 太阳１０ｃｍ 射电爆发持续时间长文中结果还佐证了Ｓｈｅａｌｙ 等的结果： Ｘ 射线耀斑的长持续时间与ＣＭＥ 的发生正相关另外,在５ 个活动区中, 有三个大耀斑发生前没有明显的磁剪切作为它们的先兆, 它们是非质子源耀斑这是Ｍｏｏｒｅ, Ｈａｇｙａｒｄ 和Ｄａｖｉｓ 的磁场强剪切是耀斑产生的必要条件的反例     

Geomagnetic signatures of sudden ionospheric disturbances during extreme solar radiation events

We performed a comparative study of geomagnetic variations, which are associated with sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) caused by great X-class solar flares on July 14, 2000 (Bastille flare) and on October 28, 2003 (Halloween flare). Intense fluxes of solar X-rays and EUV radiation as well as solar energetic particles (SEP) were considered as sources of abundant ionization of the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Flare-initiated SIDs are revealed as transient geomagnetic variations, which are generated by enhanced electric currents flowing mainly in the bottom-side ionosphere. Those so-called solar flare effects (SFEs) were studied by using of geomagnetic data from INTERMAGNET worldwide network of ground-based magnetometers. In subsolar region the SFE is mainly controlled by the flare X-rays and/or EUV radiation. We found that in the Halloween flare the contribution of X-rays was comparable with the EUV, but in the Bastille flare the EUV flux was dominant. The ionization at high latitudes is generated by the SEP, which energy flux is comparable and even exceeds the solar electromagnetic radiation in that region. It was shown that in the Halloween event the pattern of SFE is formed by a two-vortex current system, which is similar to the quiet day Sq current system. However, during the Bastille flare, the pattern of induced currents is quite different: the northern vortex shifts westward and southern vortex shifts eastward such that the electroject is substantially tilted relative to the geomagnetic equator. From numerical estimations we found that at middle latitudes the SEP-initiated geomagnetic effect becomes comparable with the effects of solar electromagnetic radiation. It was also shown that the SEP contribute to the SFE in the nightside hemisphere. The revealed features of the SEP impact to the ionosphere were found in a good agreement with the theory of energetic particle penetration to the bottom-side magnetosphere.