欧美地下水有机污染调查评价进展

1999年中国地质调查局启动了第一个地下水有机污染调查项目,当时检测指标只有20个(包括11个挥发性有机污染物、8种有机氯农药和1种多环芳烃)。"十一五"的地下水有机污染调查必测项目包含了38项(挥发性指标28项、有机氯农药9项和1种多环芳烃),取得了地下水有机污染的基本资料。但从对国外文献的调研来看,地下水中有机污染的种类远远超过38种。为了更全面地掌握中国地下水的质量,有必要对不同地区或不同类型的地下水中典型的有机污染物的种类进行研究,为后续地下水有机污染调查的增项做准备。通过检索美国环保局(USEPA)、美国地质调查局(USGS)和欧盟(EU)近年来的地下水质量年度报告和相关文献,调研了地下水中典型有机污染物的类型,选出最常检出的有机污染物,形成最常检出的有机污染物的检出率排序表,列出了检出率高的前50个污染物的名单。     

欧美地下水有机污染调查评价进展

1999年中国地质调查局启动了第一个地下水有机污染调查项目,当时检测指标只有20个(包括11个挥发性有机污染物、8种有机氯农药和1种多环芳烃)。“十一五”的地下水有机污染调查必测项目包含了38项(挥发性指标28项、有机氯农药9项和1种多环芳烃),取得了地下水有机污染的基本资料。但从对国外文献的调研来看,地下水中有机污染的种类远远超过38种。为了更全面地掌握中国地下水的质量,有必要对不同地区或不同类型的地下水中典型的有机污染物的种类进行研究,为后续地下水有机污染调查的增项做准备。通过检索美国环保局(USEPA)、美国地质调查局(USGS)和欧盟(EU)近年来的地下水质量年度报告和相关文献,调研了地下水中典型有机污染物的类型,选出最常检出的有机污染物,形成最常检出的有机污染物的检出率排序表,列出了检出率高的前50个污染物的名单。     

Assessment of organic pollutants (PAH and PCB) in surface water: sediments and shallow groundwater of Grombalia watershed in northeast of Tunisia

Toxic organic compounds in wastewater are serious threats for both human and environment healthy states. This study investigates the potential sources of surface water, sediment and groundwater pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) as discharged by wastewater into the River of Oued El bey in northeastern Tunisia. Analysis indicates that the concentration of PAHs and PCBs are high in wastewater and vary from 0.37 to 0.83 mg/L and from 0.28 and 1.18 mg/L, respectively. The spatial distribution of PAHs and PCB in surface water showed a variation between 0.37 to 9.91 mg/L and between 0.1 to 0.47 mg/L, respectively. However, the quality of surface water is changed after wastewater evacuation at Oued Tahouna. The determination of PAH and PCB pollutants in groundwater shows a great interest in the development of water resources. The Concentration of these pollutants varying from 0.0204 to 1.93 mg/L and from 0.0052 to 0.196 mg/L, respectively. For PAH, analysis reveals also that naphtelene, fluorene, anthracene and chrysene are the most detected PAHs compounds in water and sediment samples while benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene are less present and in trace level. Higher concentrations of PAHs and PCBs are found in samples taken close to industrial areas of Bouargoub and Soliman, and wastewater discharge locations in Soliman. Analysis of the spatial distribution of PAHs and PCBs clearly link their higher concentration in water and sediments to wastewater and manufacturing discharges in the study area. In surface sediment, the organic pollutants are present. The cluster analysis for organic pollutants in different state and different matrix highlight a relationship between the wastewater evacuation and the water qualities which confirmed the direct response of the pollution sources on the surface water and groundwater organic pollution quality.     

我国东部农村地区土壤及水环境中全氟化合物的组成特征和来源初探

关于全氟化合物(PFCs)在我国农村环境中的分布还未见相关的报道。本文利用固相萃取分离富集结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾负电离源串联质谱法分析我国东部8个农村地区土壤、地表水、地下水样品中17种PFCs的污染水平和组成特征, 并利用比值法初步判定了水环境中PFCs的污染来源。结果显示, 土壤中全氟羧酸类以PFOA为主(0.34~14.5 ng/g), 全氟烷基磺酸类以PFOS为主(0.02~0.08 ng/g);地表水中PFCs以PFOA、PFHxA、PFOS和PFBA为主(4.8~29.6、0.73~31.8、nd~7.1和nd~6.1 ng/L);地下水中PFCs主要为PFOA、PFHxA、PFBA(nd~176、nd~50.1和0.08~16.1 ng/L)。土壤及水环境中PFCs总体上呈现从南到北递减的趋势;地表水中PFCs污染源大致分为生活污水和大气沉降两大类, 其中大气沉降的贡献较大。     

Potential of groundwater contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a sensitive bedrock aquifer (Canada)

It is necessary to understand the presence, movement, and persistence of contaminants in aquifers to develop adequate groundwater protection plans. Fractured bedrock aquifers with thin overburden cover are very sensitive to contamination, and little is known about transport processes from the ground surface to depth in this setting. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of groundwater contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are flame retardants, in a natural fractured bedrock aquifer in Canada proven to be sensitive to contamination. PBDEs, which had not been previously measured in groundwater in detail, were detected in the study aquifer at concentrations greater than those observed in surface-water bodies. Potential sources include manure, septic tanks, and the atmosphere. From this scoping study, it is evident that additional surveys of PBDE concentrations in groundwater are warranted, especially in settings with high potential source concentrations coupled with sensitive aquifers.     

贵阳观山湖区至白云区地下水有机污染现状与防治对策

文章按水文地质条件将全区划分为12个地下水系统,并选择43组控制性水点分丰枯两季进行有机样品采集和测试,在此基础上对研究区地下水中有机污染物的检出、超标、分布及来源均进行了分析。结果显示,参评的86组地下水样品中,有32组检出有机污染物;27种参评有机组分中,10种有机组分存在不同程度的检出,其中,三氯甲烷检出25次,检出率29.07%,其余组分检出率均低于5%;仅有1,2二氯丙烷超标1次,超标率低;区内地下水有机污染物检出浓度较低,超标率低,处于轻度污染阶段;12个系统中,有9个系统发现有机物污染物检出;检出点多分布于工矿企业的下游地段,排污河渠两侧;污染物多来源于中小型工矿企业,以污染物通过落水洞、天窗等进入含水层为主要污染途径;地下水系统排泄区的近源污染多发,危害程度大。针对上述污染特征,提出加强对中小企业污染源的集中管理,加大污水管网建设力度等对策建议。      

广州地区蔬菜生产基地有机污染物含量状况及分布

为了解广州地区蔬菜基地有机污染物的分布情况,选取了6个代表性基地进行调查采样,测试分析了表层土壤、蔬菜及灌溉水中15种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物、16种多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物和19种有机氯农药(OCPs)化合物的质量分数及质量浓度.结果表明:在15种PAEs化合物的总质量分数(w(ΣPAEs))中,土壤样品为158.0~4 321.0 ng/g,蔬菜样品为1 134.0~48 576.0 ng/g;水样中15种PAEs化合物的总质量浓度(ρ(ΣPAEs))为632.0~14 271.0 ng/L;就单个化合物而言,以DiBP、DBP、DEHP三种污染物为主,其三项之和占所有PAEs质量分数的97.5%~99.1%;在16种PAHs化合物的总质量分数(w(ΣPAHs))中,土壤样品为28.48~1 121.96 ng/g,蔬菜样品为238.09~1 000.61 ng/g;水样中16种PAHs化合物的总质量浓度(ρ(ΣPAHs))为338.21~1 239.78 ng/L;在19种OCPs化合物的总质量分数(w(ΣOCPs))中,土壤为0.04~71.28 ng/g,蔬菜为1.08~9.18 ng/g.总体上看,各基地土壤中DBP质量分数均超标,多环芳烃类在灵山、花东、黄埔菜地土壤中存在轻微污染,有机氯农药均未出现污染.     

地下水中有机污染物分析质量控制研究

建立了水中96种有机化合物的分析配套方案,包括吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定水中挥发性有机化合物,气相色谱火焰光度检测器测定水中有机磷农药,气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定水中有机氯农药和多氯联苯,高效液相色谱二极管阵列-荧光检测器联用测定水中多环芳烃。方法检出限满足中国地质调查局《地下水污染调查评价规范》的要求。同时对样品测试中质量控制方法进行研究,制定了一套行之有效的质量控制方案,质量控制结果满意。     

Contamination of groundwater by arsenic and other constituents in an industrial complex

This study examined the natural and anthropogenic pollution of groundwater at a national groundwater monitoring station (NGMS) in a dyeing industry complex, Korea. The arsenic contamination of a shallow well at the NGMS was noticed, starting from 22 months after the well installation. Possibilities of several mechanisms for As pollution of the groundwater were examined. The arsenical pyrite oxidation as a source mechanism in the shallow aquifer may be disregarded because of deficiency of pyrite in the shallow sediments, concomitant with depleted dissolved oxygen and very low levels of redox potentials of the As-polluted groundwater. The effect of wastewater from the general industrial area through a covered sewer stream was also considered as a possible source. Even though occurrence patterns of phenol and volatile organic hydrocarbons were very similar to those of the polluted shallow groundwater, As was not detected in the wastewater. One of the most plausible sources of the arsenic pollution was believed to be the reductive dissolution of Fe hydroxide. The As-polluted shallow groundwater had also very high levels of pH, HCO₃, COD and very low levels of DO and NO₃, which support the possibility of As pollution by the reductive dissolution. Consequently, the shallow groundwater in and around the NGMS has been polluted with various contaminants including As, phenol, chlorinated solvents, and petroleum hydrocarbons through multiple sources of contamination, such as natural reductive dissolution, dyeing wastewater, industrial wastewater, and municipal sewage.     

药物和个人护理用品对地下水污染的风险评价

为进一步明确污泥土地利用过程中新型有机污染物—药物和个人护理用品（PPCPs）对地下水污染的风险,采用数学模型初步预测和评价了29种PPCPs在砂土和壤土2种介质条件下对地下水污染的风险。结果表明：砂土条件下,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、土霉素、诺氟沙星和咖啡因等5种PPCPs的风险指数大于1,具有高地下水污染风险,其中,除咖啡因外,其余4种PPCPs均为抗生素类药物,应加强其在地下水中的监测和防控。壤土条件下,29种PPCPs对地下水均表现为低污染风险。吸附强度是影响PPCPs对地下水污染风险的最主要因素。PPCPs在包气带中的半衰期、有机碳-水分配系数、土壤密度、有机碳含量、含有机质的上层土壤层厚度是模型主要的敏感参数。不确定性分析显示,PPCPs的有机碳-水分配系数和其在包气带中的半衰期的改变对地下水污染风险评价结果影响较大。验证表明,地下水污染风险指数越大的PPCPs在地下水中的检出率也越高,说明评价结果具有一定的合理性。今后应加强对PPCPs降解产物、地下水中安全浓度值、共存PPCPs相互作用及介质非均质性影响等方面的研究,以便更加精确地评价PPCPs对地下水污染的风险。     

地下水微量有机污染

在简要评述其污染特征与研究特点的基础上，总结介绍了地下水微量有机污染的分布，污染物种类、性质、危害和来源，有机物的物化特征及其在环境中的迁移转化，以及污染控制技术。非极性难溶挥发性有机物（ＶＯＣ＇ｓ）是地下水中危害最大而又最为常见的有机污染物，主要由氯代脂肪烃（ＣＨＣ）和单环芳香烃（ＢＴＥＸ）构成。多数水溶相ＶＯＣ＇ｓ不易被吸附，在地下环境具有很强的迁移性，但在适当条件下可生物降解。非水溶相ＣＨＣ常在地下水中积聚潜伏于含水层底板，迁移不受地下水流向的控制；非水溶相ＢＴＥＸ则漂浮于地下水表面。非水溶相ＶＯＣ＇ｓ很难产生生物降解。ＶＯＣ＇ｓ的去除过程复杂，许多领域有待探索。     

Occurrence of phthalate esters around the major plastic industrial area in southern Taiwan

The increasing usage and disposal of plastic products could cause the wide distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs) in various environmental media. In this study, six PAE compounds, namely dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate, were analyzed in various samples collected from the major plastic industrial area of southern Taiwan, including soil, fertilizer and plastic products, for the purposes of identifying of the possible sources of PAEs and assessing the related health risk. The results show that PAEs in soil samples was dominated by DEHP, with the total concentrations in the range of 0.7?±?0.5, 0.2?±?0.1, and 0.3?±?0.2 mg kg^?1 for soil samples from farmland, household back gardens and the roadside, respectively. Contents of PAEs in chemical fertilizer (ND—0 0.87 mg kg^?1) were higher than that in organic fertilizer (ND—0.08 mg kg^?1), and PAEs concentrations (ND—316 mg kg^?1) in plastic mulching films were much less than those in the other types of plastic products (ND—1719 mg kg^?1), implying that major sources of PAEs in agricultural soil could be the use of chemical fertilizer and plastic products other than plastic mulching films. Health risk assessment suggested that, via the exposure to PAEs in soil, the potential non-cancer and carcinogenic risks for adults and children are minimal in most cases, except that a “moderate” carcinogenic risk for children exposure to DEHP. The results of this study can serve as a reference for further pollution prevention and environmental protection plans in relation to the industrial operation and discharge as well as the farming practices.     

重工业区高脆弱岩溶含水层中多环芳烃污染的初步研究

以西南岩溶地区某市重工业区为研究对象,采集水文地质单元内地下水和土壤样品,利用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS)测试美国环保署16 种多环芳烃（PAHs）优控物。初步研究表明,研究区地下水16种PAHs均被检出,浓度为1 135.79～1 361.26 ng/L,以菲、蒽、萘、屈、芘为主;地下水处于中等污染程度,其中苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽4种浓度超过美国EPA2009《国家推荐的优先有毒污染物水质标准》标准;PAHs特征比值显示含水层中的PAHs来源于燃煤和炼焦污染源,与钢铁厂和化肥厂排放的特征有机污染物一致。研究区污染源下游大面积区域地下水已经受到PAHs污染,且出现排泄区PAHs浓度高于径流区的现象,岩溶含水层PAHs的污染主要受两方面影响:一是洼地、裂隙发育,断层破碎带和强风化白云岩等为PAHs在含水层中的运移提供了有利条件,同时污染源区内地下水大量开采加速了污染物向地下水的入渗;二是水电站建坝蓄水发电,江水水位抬高,河岸地下水排泄速度减慢,可能致使岩溶含水层中PAHs的自净能力减弱。生态风险评价显示地下水中菲、蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽处于重污染风险,应采取措施降低污染风险。      

中国典型有机污染场地土层岩性和污染物特征分析

目前我国存在大量待修复场地,其分布具有一定的规律性和区域性,场地地层系统结构复杂、渗透性空间异质性显著,污染物种类复杂。总结场地典型土层结构和典型污染物有助于有针对性地开展修复技术的研发。为此,本文收集并整理了全国136处有机污染场地相关资料,对其地域性、地层及污染物特征总结如下:目前我国已经开展调查与修复的有机污染场地主要集中在京津冀和沪宁杭地区;有机污染场地土层基本都含有黏土等低渗透介质,而且都具有非均质性,其中67%场地土层有强非均质性;沪宁杭地区场地土层渗透性总体低于京津冀和辽中南地区,此外我国京津冀和辽中南地区场地调查深度(20.3 m)总体大于沪宁杭地区(12.8 m);我国有机污染场地地下水中最常见的有机污染物种类为氯代溶剂,依次为氯代烷烃类(场地数量占比84%)、氯代苯类(场地数量占比46%)和氯代烯烃类(场地数量占比33%);最常见的3种氯代溶剂依次为二氯乙烷、一氯苯和三氯甲烷。     

太湖流域某地区浅层地下水有机污染特征

对太湖流域某地区浅层地下水有机污染特征进行了总结，并就污染来源、污染途径和典型污染源附近浅层地下水有机污染特征等问题进行了研究。研究结果表明，该地区浅层地下水中各组分的检出率较高，但检出浓度较低，除苯在个别采样点处超出美国环保局（EPA）饮用水标准外，其余卤代烃和单环芳烃组分均没有超标；平面分布上，卤代烃和单环芳烃各组分的浓度高值点大都集中于该地区东南部的工业区内，这种空间分布特征与工业区的分布具有明显的一致性；垂向上有浅部地下水的污染程度相对较重、深部地下水较轻的特点；典型污染源周边浅层地下水的污染程度较重，但随着采样点远离污染源，地下水中各有机污染组分的浓度迅速衰减。     

地下水有机污染的水文地球化学标志物探讨——以河南油田为例

经过野外现场调查和取样分析及室内研究得知南阳油田地下水已遭受不同程度的有机物污染，且污染范围可能进一步向油田南部扩散。根据近似地下水流线方向上地下水中总油质量浓度和Fe,Mn等无机组分的变化势态，结合含水介质化学分析结果，发现硫酸盐、Fe和Mn可作为地下水有机污染和地球化学标志物。在含水介质中Fe和Mn质量浓度较高的地方，地下水有机污染物降解速度快，含水介质中Fe和Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物的还原作用导致了含水层介质中Fe和Mn的缺乏和地下水中溶解Fe和Mn的积聚；在含水介质中Fe和Mn质量浓度低的地方，地下水中的有机物质量浓度并没有降低，相应地地下水中溶解Fe和Mn的质量浓度也很低。同时，由于有机污染物的存在使地下水中硫酸盐被还原，导致城下水中硫酸盐质量浓度偏低，且地下水中Fe对有机物污染的敏感性比Mn强。     

Hydrogeological and multi-isotopic approach to define nitrate pollution and denitrification processes in a coastal aquifer (Sardinia,Italy)

Agricultural coastal areas are frequently affected by the superimposition of various processes, with a combination of anthropogenic and natural sources, which degrade groundwater quality. In the coastal multi-aquifer system of Arborea (Italy)—a reclaimed morass area identified as a nitrate vulnerable zone, according to Nitrate Directive 91/676/EEC—intensive agricultural and livestock activities contribute to substantial nitrate contamination. For this reason, the area can be considered a bench test for tuning an appropriate methodology aiming to trace the nitrate contamination in different conditions. An approach combining environmental isotopes, water quality and hydrogeological indicators was therefore used to understand the origins and attenuation mechanisms of nitrate pollution and to define the relationship between contaminant and groundwater flow dynamics through the multi-aquifer characterized by sandy (SHU), alluvial (AHU), and volcanic hydrogeological (VHU) units. Various groundwater chemical pathways were consistent with both different nitrogen sources and groundwater dynamics. Isotope composition suggests a mixed source for nitrate (organic and synthetic fertilizer), especially for the AHU and SHU groundwater. Moreover, marked heterotrophic denitrification and sulfate reduction processes were detected; although, for the contamination related to synthetic fertilizer, the attenuation was inefficient at removing NO₃^? to less than the human consumption threshold of 50 mg/L. Various factors contributed to control the distribution of the redox processes, such as the availability of carbon sources (organic fertilizer and the presence of lagoon-deposited aquitards), well depth, and groundwater flow paths. The characterization of these processes supports water-resource management plans, future actions, and regulations, particularly in nitrate vulnerable zones.     

广西南宁朝阳溪对浅层地下水污染特征研究

文章利用5个钻孔和3个水井监测资料,分析了广西南宁朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,朝阳溪排污沟对周边浅层地下水产生了明显的污染,特征污染物为氨氮,浓度超过地下水环境质量Ⅲ类水质标准1~65.75倍,氨氮浓度随距朝阳溪的距离增大而逐渐减小,且具有季节变化特征,丰水期污染程度明显低于枯水期。分析认为,浅层地下水的三氮主要来源于排入朝阳溪的人畜粪便;多环芳烃主要来源于草、木、煤燃烧;DDT来源于历史残留,BHCs则来源于上游林丹的使用和远距离大气沉降。      

膨润土研究现状及其作为PRB反应介质的探讨

在阐述膨润土的矿物学特性、类型及其改性方法（包括酸活化、焙烧、无机盐,有机铵盐）的基础上,探讨了其在废水处理、垃圾填埋场和土壤改良中的应用现状,并以膨润土作为反应介质,COD（化学需氧量）、Cr⁶⁺和NH₄⁺为靶污染物,进行垃圾渗滤液对地下水污染的渗透反应格栅（PRB）实验研究,结果表明：pH值和DO（垃圾渗滤液中的溶解氧）对靶污染物的去除效果有一定的影响,且反应介质对COD、Cr⁶⁺和NH₄⁺的去除率分别为53%、51%和53%,此结果说明了以膨润土作为PRB的反应介质是可行的.     

Worldwide distribution of polyclyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered as one of the most important groups of organic environmental contaminants due to their toxicity, persistence and ubiquity. PAHs have been monitored in urban road dust at various locations worldwide in about last three decades. Resuspension of road dust containing PAHs is an important route of human exposure to PAHs. This paper collates the available information on reported concentrations of PAHs in urban road dust at various worldwide locations classified as industrial, residential, traffic, city and commercial and other areas, reported sources of PAHs and related interpretations. The available information has been reviewed and documented country-wise. Variation in PAHs concentrations over various worldwide locations have been scrutinized, and interestingly, most of the reported average PAHs concentrations were found to be distributed within a very narrow range of values, implying only little variation in average PAH concentrations in spite of great distances between locations, climatic variation and differences in anthropogenic activities.