Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

Characterizing the winter concurrent variation patterns of the subtropical and polar-front jets over East Asia

In this study, the concurrent variation relationships between the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar-front jet (PFJ) over the East Asian land mass in the winter season on different timescales are identified and the impacts of the jet concurrent variation patterns on the atmospheric circulation in mid–high latitude regions and climate anomalies in China are examined, using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and observational data. The major variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field on interannual timescales are characterized by the meridional shift of the PFJ and out-of-phase variation in the intensity of the subtropical jet and PFJ. On subseasonal and synoptic timescales, the concurrent variation relationships can be categorized into four configuration patterns: a strong (weak) subtropical jet accompanied by a weak (strong) PFJ, or a strong (weak) subtropical jet with a strong (weak) PFJ. The out-ofphase variation [i.e., a stronger (weaker) EASJ and weaker (stronger) PFJ] is found to be more common than the inphase variation [i.e., a stronger (weaker) EASJ and stronger (weaker) PFJ]. These concurrent variation relationships represent the integral structure and variation features of the atmospheric general circulation over East Asia, and have significant impacts on the weather and climate. The strong subtropical jet/weak PFJ (weak subtropical jet/strong PFJ) pattern leads to anomalous negative (positive) geopotential height in midlatitude regions and favors cold (warm) conditions, and positive (negative) rainfall anomalies in southern China. For both strong jet configurations, the geopotential height anomaly in the mid–high latitudes shows a northwest–southeast tilted dipole pattern, resulting in northern warm–southern cold temperature anomalies, and positive rainfall anomalies in southern China. For both weak jet situations, positive geopotential height anomalies dominate the East Asian area, and warm conditions occur over most areas in China, corresponding to less negative rainfall anomalies in southern China. The complicated rainfall and temperature anomaly patterns in China can be explained by the concurrent variation relationships between the two jets. A close relationship may exist between the synoptic-scale transient eddy activity (STEA) and the intensity of jet streams, especially for the PFJ. Significantly reduced (strengthened) STEA over the polar-front area is intimately associated with a decreased (increased) intensity of the PFJ.     

Subseasonal Change in the Seesaw Pattern of Precipitation between the Yangtze River Basin and the Tropical Western North Pacific during Summer

There is a well-known seesaw pattern of precipitation between the tropical western North Pacific(WNP) and the Yangtze River basin(YRB) during summer. This study identified that this out-of-phase relationship experiences a subseasonal change;that is, the relationship is strong during early summer but much weaker during mid-summer. We investigated the large-scale circulation anomalies responsible for the YRB rainfall anomalies on the subseasonal timescale. It was found that the YRB rainfall is mainly affected by the tropical circulation anomalies during early summer, i.e., the anticyclonic or cyclonic anomaly over the subtropical WNP associated with the precipitation anomalies over the tropical WNP. During mid-summer, the YRB rainfall is mainly affected by the extratropical circulation anomalies in both the lower and upper troposphere. In the lower troposphere, the northeasterly anomaly north of the YRB favors heavier rainfall over the YRB by intensifying the meridional gradient of the equivalent potential temperature over the YRB. In the upper troposphere, the meridional displacement of the Asian westerly jet and the zonally oriented teleconnection pattern along the jet also affect the YRB rainfall. The subseasonal change in the WNP–YRB precipitation relationship illustrated by this study has important implications for the subseasonalto-seasonal forecasting of the YRB rainfall.     

Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific Strengthen the East Asia–Pacific Pattern during Summer

The contribution of tropical cyclones(TCs)to the East Asia–Pacific(EAP)teleconnection pattern during summer was investigated using the best track data of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and NCEP-2 reanalysis datasets from 1979 to2018.The results showed that the TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP)correspond to a strengthened EAP pattern:During the summers of strong convection over the tropical WNP,TC days correspond to a stronger cyclonic circulation anomaly over the WNP in the lower troposphere,an enhanced seesaw pattern of negative and positive geopotential height anomalies over the subtropical WNP and midlatitude East Asia in the middle troposphere,and a more northward shift of the East Asian westerly jet in the upper troposphere.Further analyses indicated that two types of TCs with distinctly different tracks,i.e.,westward-moving TCs and northward-moving TCs,both favor the EAP pattern.The present results imply that TCs over the WNP,as extreme weather,can contribute significantly to summer-mean climate anomalies over the WNP and East Asia.     

Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models

The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.     

热带西太平洋夏季风和南海夏季风之间的联系

根据热带西太平洋（１３０°－１６０°Ｅ,１０°－２０°Ｎ）上空对流的年际变化,对表面温度、向外长波幅射、８５０ ｈＰａ纬向风进行了合成分析。合成分析结果表明,热带西太平洋上空的弱（强）对流对应着前冬和春季厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）型的海温异常。与以前的研究结果进行了比较,说明上述海温异常的时空分布也与热带西太平洋和南海季风的爆发早晚相关联。合成分析结果还表明,热带西太平洋上空的弱（强）对流对应着从热带西太平洋向西伸展到盂加拉湾的东风（西风）异常。数值模拟也得到类似的结果。此外,在对流弱（强）的夏季,热带西太平洋上空的对流和南海低层纬向风均表现出弱（强）的季节演变特征。     

热带和副热带环流对东亚低纬度冬季风强度影响

东亚冬季风具有南北一致变化和南北反相变化两种主要模态。与第一模态反映的南北贯穿的冬季风整体强弱变化不同,第二模态体现了低纬度（中国南方地区）冬季风强弱变化不依赖于中高纬度（中国北方地区）冬季风强弱、甚至与之相反的变化状态。本文利用经验正交函数分析、相关分析、偏相关分析等方法重点研究了在第二模态背景下,低纬度（中国南方地区）冬季风强弱变化对应的热带和副热带环流异常特征。研究发现:热带辐合带是影响低纬度冬季风的一个重要系统。当热带辐合带加强并向北推进时,热带西太平洋及南海地区对流上升运动相应加强。这一上升支可能强迫出低层偏北风异常,从而引起低纬度冬季风加强。此外,副热带高空急流是影响低纬度冬季风的另一个重要系统。急流轴上风速加强会造成入口区准地转偏北风的异常,它强迫出的正次级环流也会相应加强,对应急流北侧的异常下沉和南侧的异常上升,并促使低层产生偏北风异常,也即促进了低纬度冬季风加强。进一步考察热带辐合带对流活动和副热带急流风速异常对低纬度冬季风的独立和协同影响发现,前者的影响相对更为重要。而在二者同时增强的综合作用下,可引起中国南部35°N以南地区的偏北风异常显著增强,反之亦然。上述结果揭示,冬季低纬度风场的变化不仅受到北方冷空气爆发的影响,它还受制于热带、副热带环流系统异常的共同调控作用。     

Teleconnections associated with Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) has strong convective activity centers in Indian (I), Western North Pacific (WNP), and North American (NA) summer monsoon (SM) regions. The present study attempts to reveal BSISO teleconnection patterns associated with these dominant intraseasonal variability centers. During the active phase of ISM, a zonally elongated band of enhanced convection extends from India via the Bay of Bengal and Philippine Sea to tropical central Pacific with suppressed convection over the eastern Pacific near Mexico. The corresponding extratropical circulation anomalies occur along the waveguides generated by the North African-Asian jet and North Atlantic-North European jet. When the tropical convection strengthens over the WNPSM sector, a distinct great circle-like Rossby wave train emanates from the WNP to the western coast of United States (US) with an eastward shift of enhanced meridional circulation. In the active phase of NASM, large anticyclonic anomalies anchor over the western coast of US and eastern Canada and the global teleconnection pattern is similar to that during a break phase of the ISM. Examination of the evolution of the BSISO teleconnection reveals quasi-stationary patterns with preferred centers of teleconnection located at Europe, Russia, central Asia, East Asia, western US, and eastern US and Canada, respectively. Most centers are embedded in the waveguide along the westerly jet stream, but the centers at Europe and Russia occur to the north of the jet-induced waveguide. Eastward propagation of the ISO teleconnection is evident over the Pacific-North America sector. The rainfall anomalies over the elongated band near the monsoon domain over the Indo-western Pacific sector have an opposite tendency with that over the central and southern China, Mexico and southern US, providing a source of intraseasonal predictability to extratropical regions. The BSISO teleconnection along and to the north of the subtropical jet provides a good indication of the surface sir temperature anomalies in the NH extratropics.     

秋季南极涛动异常对冬季中国南方降水的影响

本文针对秋季南极涛动（AAO）和冬季中国南方降水的关系作了研究,发现两者之间存在显著的反向年际变化关系。AAO正（负）异常年,副热带西风急流显著增强（减弱）,欧洲西部槽、乌拉尔山高压脊和东亚沿岸大槽均偏强（偏弱）,阿留申低压、南支槽和西太平洋副高偏弱（偏强）,西南急流上的扰动不活跃（活跃）,我国大部分地区出现异常偏北风（偏南风）和OLR弱正距平,导致南方降水偏少（偏多）。两半球存在东亚—南半球高纬地区和纵贯太平洋南北的两个遥相关型,海洋性大陆对流活动可能是秋季AAO影响南方冬季降水的一个机制。因此,秋季南极涛动的异常很可能对预测我国南方冬季降水有显著指示意义。     

WINTERTIME MIDDLE EAST SUBTROPICAL WESTERLY JET STREAM INTERANNUAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS POSSIBLE PHYSICAL FACTORS

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) monthly reanalysis data and an extended reconstruction of the sea surface temperature data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the basic characteristics of the interannual variation in the wintertime Middle East subtropical westerly jet stream (MEJ) and its possible physical factors are studied. The results show that the climatological mean MEJ axis extends southwestward-northeastward and that its center lies in the northwest part of the Arabian Peninsula. The south-north shift of the MEJ axis and its intensity show obvious interannual variations that are closely related to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation. The zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing causes the MEJ axis shift, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO) causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Due to the influences of both the zonal symmetric response of the Asian jet to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the dynamical role of the AO, an east-west out-of-phase MEJ axis shift is observed. Furthermore, the zonal asymmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing can lead to an anomalous Mediterranean convergence (MC) in the high troposphere. The MC anomaly excites a zonal wave train along the Afro-Asian jet, which causes the middle-western MEJ axis shift. Under the effects of both the zonal symmetric response to the ENSO-related tropical convective forcing and the wave train along the Afro-Asian jet excited by the MC anomaly, an east-west in-phase MEJ axis shift pattern is expressed. Finally, the AO affects the MEJ intensity, whereas the East Atlantic (EA) teleconnection influences the middle-western MEJ intensity. Under the dynamical roles of the AO and EA, the change in the MEJ intensity is demonstrated.     

索马里急流与南亚高压年代际变化的可能联系

索马里急流是北半球夏季最为强盛的越赤道气流,南亚高压则是出现在对流层高层、平流层低层最大最稳定的反气旋环流系统,基于近60年NECP/NCAR再分析资料,本文研究了年代际尺度上夏季索马里急流与南亚高压的联系。研究结果表明:年代际尺度上,索马里急流与南亚高压存在显著的正相关关系,当索马里急流偏弱(强)时,夏季南亚高压偏弱西退(偏强东进)。对不同年代际背景下南亚高压东西部的经向垂直环流的分析发现,当索马里急流处于偏弱位相时,南亚高压西半部(20°~70°E)经向垂直环流偏强,而其东半部(75°~120°E)经向垂直环流减弱;反之亦然。南亚高压南北两侧的纬向垂直环流的变化也有差异,索马里急流偏弱(强)时,北部南亚高压(27.5°~35°N)的青藏高原上空纬向垂直环流显著减弱(增强),而南部南亚高压(20°~27.5°N)的伊朗高原上空纬向垂直环流减弱(增强)明显。进一步的研究发现,年代际尺度上索马里急流与南亚高压的联系受到PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation)年代际变化的调制。PDO正负位相的转折,首先改变了对流层高层副热带西风急流的强弱变化,从而使得位于其南部的南亚高压强度和热带东风急流发生相应的改变,热带东风急流的变化又通过热带印度洋上空的局地纬向垂直环流将异常信号传递到对流低层,改变热带地区索马里急流的强弱变化。     

晚秋与后冬间欧亚遥相关型波列反相现象探究

围绕1979/1980—2013/2014年晚秋(11月)与后冬(次年1、2月)间欧亚遥相关(EU)型波列关系展开研究,揭示了晚秋与后冬间欧亚遥相关指数存在显著负相关,即二者主要呈反位相变化。对比晚秋与后冬间欧亚遥相关型呈反位相和同位相变化时的环流演变规律发现,反位相变化年晚秋环流异常对后冬有显著的指示意义,而同位相变化年晚秋环流异常对后冬指示意义较弱。就可能的外部成因而言,反位相与同位相变化过程均与北大西洋湍流热通量(NATU)异常有较好的对应关系。具体物理过程表现为:当北大西洋湍流热通量正(负)异常时,有利于北大西洋50°N附近上升(下沉)运动及对流层中低层水汽含量显著增多(减少),相应北大西洋上空高度场乃至整个欧亚遥相关型波列表现为负(正)异常。     

2006年北半球大气环流及对中国气候异常的影响

2006年，赤道中东太平洋经历了一次从La Nina状态到El-Nino事件的过程。500hPa高度场上，欧亚中高纬度地区前冬为经向型环流，后冬亚洲地区盛行纬向环流；夏、秋季，亚洲高纬度地区为经向型环流而中纬度为纬向环流，这种环流形势不利于冷空气南下，导致我国2006年的夏、秋季变得异常暖。2006年西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大、强度偏强且西伸脊点异常偏西。夏季没有出现持续性的较强的阻塞形势，从而使长江中下游地区降水较常年同期偏少，梅雨较弱。东亚夏季风异常偏强。2005／2006年冬季，青藏高原温度异常偏高，各季的高度场也较常年同期偏高，这有利于副高的加强西伸，而7-8月、10月太平洋暖池区对流活动强盛，为热带气旋的生成发展提供了有利的动力条件，并在副高的引导下多为西行路径。     

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific(WNP) since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia(WNP-EA) before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.     

东亚高空急流协同变化研究新进展

东亚高空急流是东亚大气环流系统的重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。以往对东亚高空急流的研究多关注副热带急流及其对天气气候的影响,近年来,学者们在明确区分东亚副热带急流和极锋急流的基础上,从东亚副热带急流和极锋急流协同变化的视角,对东亚高空急流的变化规律和机理及其对我国气候异常的影响,开展了一系列研究,揭示出副热带急流和极锋急流强度的反位相协同变化是以副热带急流强（弱）伴随着极锋急流弱（强）为其主要配置形式和模态,并对应着特定的大气环流形势以及相应的气温和降水异常分布,与冬季冷空气活动、梅雨期降水、极端事件、冬季风等具有密切关系。本文聚焦东亚高空急流协同变化方面的最新研究成果,从东亚高空急流协同变化规律、高空急流协同变化的热力和动力学影响机理、高空急流协同变化气候效应、高空急流与中高纬低频遥相关型的联系等方面进行较为全面的总结,以加深东亚高空急流活动基本特征和变化规律的认识。     

Intensified impact of northern tropical Atlantic SST on tropical cyclogenesis frequency over the western North Pacific after the late 1980s

Previous studies suggest that spring SST anomalies over the northern tropical Atlantic(NTA) affect the tropical cyclone(TC) activity over the western North Pacific(WNP) in the following summer and fall. The present study reveals that the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is not stationary. The influence of spring NTA SST on following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is weak and insignificant before, but strong and significant after, the late 1980 s. Before the late 1980 s, the NTA SST anomaly-induced SST anomalies in the tropical central Pacific are weak, and the response of atmospheric circulation over the WNP is not strong. As a result, the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency is insignificant in the former period. In contrast,after the late 1980 s, NTA SST anomalies induce pronounced tropical central Pacific SST anomalies through an Atlantic–Pacific teleconnection. Tropical central Pacific SST anomalies further induce favorable conditions for WNP TC genesis,including vertical motion, mid-level relative humidity, and vertical zonal wind shear. Hence, the connection between NTA SST and WNP TC genesis frequency is significant in the recent period. Further analysis shows that the interdecadal change in the connection between spring NTA SST and following summer–fall WNP TC genesis frequency may be related to the climatological SST change over the NTA region.     

ASIAN-PACIFIC OSCILLATION IN AUTUMN AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE SUBTROPICAL MONSOON IN EAST ASIA

Based on the 1961-2010 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, this work uses empirical orthogonal function(EOF) and composite analysis to study the distributions of zonal land-sea thermal contrast between Asia and the Pacific during transitions from the summer monsoon to the winter monsoon in East Asian subtropics, and investigates the interannual variations of the thermal contrast and their relationships with circulation systems over the East Asian subtropics. The findings are as follows. 1) In autumn, the interannual variations of the temperature deviation in the middle and upper troposphere show significant east-west out-of-phase teleconnection over Asia and the central and eastern Pacific, i.e. the Asian-Pacific Oscillation, or APO. 2) While not as significant as in summer with regard to coverage and intensity, the APO shows interannual variations in autumn that well depicts the change in the intensity of the subtropical monsoon. In the high(low) APO year, the current subtropical summer monsoon is strong(weak) and the winter monsoon is weak(strong) in East Asia as derived from the general circulation and wind field of the East Asian-Pacific region.     

Predictability of the western North Pacific summer climate associated with different ENSO phases by ENSEMBLES multi-model seasonal forecasts

Predictability of the western North Pacific (WNP) summer climate associated with different El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases is investigated in this study based on the 1-month lead retrospective forecasts of five state-of-the-art coupled models from ENSEMBLES. During the period from 1960 to 2005, the models well capture the WNP summer climate anomalies during most of years in different ENSO phases except the La Niña decaying summers. In the El Niño developing, El Niño decaying and La Niña developing summers, the prediction skills are high for the WNP summer monsoon index (WNPMI), with the prediction correlation larger than 0.7. The high prediction skills of the lower-tropospheric circulation during these phases are found mainly over the tropical western Pacific Ocean, South China Sea and subtropical WNP. These good predictions correspond well to their close teleconnection with ENSO and the high prediction skills of tropical SSTs. By contrast, for the La Niña decaying summers, the prediction skills are considerably low with the prediction correlation for the WNPMI near to zero and low prediction skills around the Philippines and subtropical WNP. These poor predictions relate to the weak summer anomalies of the WNPMI during the La Niña decaying years and no significant connections between the WNP lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies and the SSTs over the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean in observations. However, the models tend to predict an apparent anomalous cyclone over the WNP during the La Niña decaying years, indicating a linearity of the circulation response over WNP in the models prediction in comparison with that during the El Niño decaying years which differs from observations. In addition, the models show considerable capability in describing the WNP summer anomalies during the ENSO neutral summers. These anomalies are related to the positive feedback between the WNP lower-tropospheric circulation and the local SSTs. The models can capture this positive feedback but with some uncertainties from different ensemble members during the ENSO neutral summers.     

An Asian–Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability

We identified the Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) and its associated index, a zonal teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Asian–Pacific region. This was done through the correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses on the summer mean tropospheric eddy temperature from the monthly European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast reanalysis. The APO reflects an out-of-phase relationship in variability of the eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific and is associated with the out-of-phase relationship in atmospheric heating. The APO index shows a decadal variation, tending to a high-index polarity before 1975 and afterward to a low-index polarity. Moreover, the APO index has a quasi-5-year period. With higher APO-index conditions in the upper troposphere, the summer South Asian high and the North Pacific trough are stronger, while the westerly jet stream over Asia and the easterly jet stream over South Asia strengthen. Also, the Asian low and the North Pacific subtropical high are stronger in the lower troposphere. The anomalous southerlies prevail at the midlatitudes of East Asia, accompanied by a more northward Mei-yu front, and the anomalous westerlies prevail over South Asia. Summer rainfall increases in North China, South China, and South Asia, while it decreases from the valley of the Yangtze River to southern Japan, and near the Philippines.     

夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国近海热带气旋活动的关系

采用联合台风警报中心的台风最伟路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacif-ic Oscillation,简称APO)与东亚近海-西北太平洋大气环流的关系,并进一步探讨了APO与中国近海热带气旋(tropical cy-clone,简称TC)活动的关系.研究表明:(1)夏季APO强弱与同期西北太平洋及中国东部近海TC活动存在密切关系,即在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋TC活动偏西(东)和偏北(南),中国东部近海TC明显增多(减少);(2)当APO偏强(弱)时,中国东部近海大气环流有(不)利于TC的维持和发展,表现为低层存在异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流,对流层高低层纬向风垂直切变减小(增大),且对流加强(减弱);(3)APO强弱也影响着TC引导气流的方向:在APO强(弱)年,西北太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)偏北和偏东(偏南和偏西),副高南侧偏东气流减弱(加强),有利于TC的向西北行或在偏北(南)纬度西行,进入中国东部近海的TC增多(减少);(4)APO强弱也影响着南海-热带西太平洋TC源地上空的大气环流,在APO强(弱)年,南海-热带西太平洋季风槽偏北、偏西(偏南、偏东),热带西太平洋TC活动偏北和偏西(偏南和偏东),有利于进入中国东部近海TC的增多(减少).