东亚气温前冬与后冬反相的变化特征及可能影响因子

东亚冬季气温除了季节平均外,其显著的季内起伏也对国民生活及经济活动有着深远影响。本文利用1959～2018年台站及再分析资料,使用S-EOF（Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法提取东亚冬季气温季内起伏的主要年际变化模态,其主要模态表现为前冬暖（冷）、后冬冷（暖）,即为前、后冬反相,其方差贡献达到31.1%。这种前后冬反相的特征并非局地现象,在北半球大尺度均存在。环流场上它表现为欧亚遥相关型波列（Eurasian teleconnection, EU）从前冬12月的负位相（正位相）向后冬2月正位相（负位相）的转变,相伴随的是低层西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的强度在前、后冬转折,高层副热带急流的变化也与之匹配。分析发现,欧亚遥相关型的季内转向可能与北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic oscillation, NAO）在前冬12月与后冬2月的转向有关,后者通过北大西洋热通量作用进而影响下游EU波列的转向。此外,宽窄厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation, ENSO）事件也有一定贡献,当厄尔尼诺（El Ni?o）发生时,经向上更宽（窄）的海温异常利于前冬气温偏高（低）向后冬气温偏低（高）的转向;而当拉尼娜（La Ni?a）事件发生时,情况与厄尔尼诺年相反。     

冬季北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的不对称关系

利用1951-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160个站逐月降水资料,探讨了冬季北大西洋涛动(NAO)与同期中国西南地区降水的关系.结果表明,冬季北大西洋涛动与西南地区降水存在显著的正相关关系,并且,正相关具有不对称性,即当冬季北大西洋涛动处于负位相时,东亚地区环流形势不利于中国西南地区降水的形成,对应着中国西南地区冬季降水的显著减少.而当冬季北大西洋涛动处于正位相时,北大西洋涛动与中国西南地区降水的正相关关系并不显著.进一步的分析表明,与中国西南冬季降水变化密切相关的主要环流结构是里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关型(CAT遥相关型).北大西洋涛动与里海和中东阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关结构存在不对称关系,两者的关系仅在北大西洋涛动负位相时显著.冬季北大西洋涛动高、低指数年分别合成的波射线和波作用通量的结果表明,当冬季北大西洋涛动为负位相时,冬季地中海地区的扰动源会形成与里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关路径一致的波射线,同时波作用通量的结果表明,定常波由里海和中东、阿拉伯海一直传播到青藏高原及下游地区,而冬季北大西洋涛动高指数年,地中海地区的扰动源所形成的波射线偏北,波动传播到达印度半岛地区之后不再向下游传播.冬季北大西洋涛动对里海和中东—阿拉伯海—青藏高原及其下游的遥相关波列的不对称影响决定了北大西洋涛动与西南冬季降水的不对称关系.     

春季北大西洋三极型海温模态与中国东部极端低温事件频次年际变化关系的年代际增强

本文研究了春季北大西洋海温异常与中国东部极端低温事件频次年际变化之间的关系。结果表明，北大西洋三极型海温异常模态（NATSST）在20世纪80年代末后可以显著影响中国东部极端低温事件频次第一主导模态的变化，但在80年代末之前却不能。进一步的机制分析表明，这两者关系之所以发生年代际变化，可能与NATSST激发的遥相关波列在20世纪80年代末前后期不同有关。在1960～1987年，NATSST激发的遥相关波列从北大西洋向中亚南部地区传播，路径偏南，对东亚地区大气环流的影响较弱，从而不能显著影响中国东部地区极端低温事件的变化。但在1992～2019年，NATSST能够激发南、北两支遥相关波列到达东亚。其中，北支波列与北大西洋涛动（NAO）有关，该波列从北大西洋出发沿欧亚中高纬向东传播，可以在蒙古地区造成异常气旋/反气旋性环流；南支波列从北大西洋出发沿欧亚中低纬向东传播，可以在中国中南部造成异常气旋/反气旋性环流。上述气旋/反气旋性环流有利/不利于中高纬冷空气南下，同时改变中国东部地区地表热通量，从而造成有利/不利于极端低温事件发生的气候背景条件，使得中国东部地区极端低温事件频次增加/减少。通...     

华南冬末春初降水变异关联主模态及机理

基于1951—2018年再分析资料和观测的降水量资料,采用联合经验正交函数分解的方法,分析了华南冬末春初(2、3月)降水年际变异特征,并讨论了相应的环流背景及物理机制。华南2、3月降水变异的第一关联主模态反映出全区2、3月同相变化,第二模态呈现反相变化。第一模态的降水异常与ENSO关联的热带海温异常分布有关,其导致的西太平洋异常反气旋的维持使得2、3月的降水持续出现同相异常。第二模态的降水异常与中高纬度的大气环流异常有关：2月表现为欧亚遥相关型,3月则表现为北极涛动型。第二模态2、3月位势高度异常型的转变分别与北大西洋的热通量的异常变化及平流层极涡信号的下传有关：当2月北大西洋热通量正异常显著时,500 hPa高度场呈现欧亚遥相关(EU)负位相的分布;平流层极涡异常信号在3月下传达到对流层低层,使得3月对流层极涡增强,有利于北极涛动(AO)正位相的形成。2、3月欧亚大陆上空分别在EU遥相关型和AO型环流异常的影响下,导致了华南地区上空的大气环流的辐合辐散异常,并最终造成2、3月华南的降水量反相异常的出现。     

北半球冬季欧亚遥相关型的变化特征及其对我国气候的影响?

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国160站地表面气温和降水的观测资料, 首先采用旋转经验正交函数 (REOF) 方法定义了冬季欧亚遥相关型 (EU), 并计算了冬季的欧亚遥相关型指数 (EU指数), 在此基础上分析了欧亚遥相关型的时间和空间变化特征, 并进一步研究了与欧亚遥相关型异常相联系的东亚冬季风系统变化以及我国冬季气温和降水的异常。针对欧亚遥相关型的分析结果表明, 在欧亚大陆上空, 大气内部存在与EU相联系的波列从北大西洋传播到乌拉尔山以东的欧亚大陆地区。在时间变化上, 冬季EU以为年际变率为主, 年代际变化的分量不明显, 其显著周期表现为2～4年。当冬季EU处于正位相时, 与之相关联的东亚大气环流异常表现为: 东亚地区高空的急流增强、 东亚大槽加深, 导致东亚冬季风偏强, 东亚地区温度偏低, 从而使得我国东部降温、 降水减少; 反之, 当冬季EU处于负位相时, 我国东部增温、 降水增加。     

欧亚北部2004年以来频繁冷冬的特征分析及机理初探

利用1961—2013年NCEP/NCAR发布的月平均全球再分析资料,分析了欧亚北部(40°65°N,50°-120°E)2004年以来频繁冷冬的异常特征及形成机理。结果表明:欧亚北部2004年以来冷冬频繁发生,但温度异常的空间分布,尤其中心冷区的位置有显著差异,主要表现为全区偏冷型(2005、2009、2010、2012年)和南部偏冷型(2004、2007、2011年)。全区偏冷年主要由北极涛动(AO)显著负位相所致,对应海表温度特征为北大西洋高、中、低纬度成东北-西南走向的"+、-、+"带状分布,该分布有利于北极涛动/北大西洋涛动(AO/NAO)负位相维持和增强;南部偏冷年大气内部活动异常为乌拉尔-贝加尔湖阻塞高压偏强,北极涛动/北大西洋涛动以弱正位相为主,对应主要海表温度特征为北大西洋中部偏高,其次则为太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)负位相下"类拉尼娜事件",上述海表温度异常均可促进类似欧亚遥相关的罗斯贝波列形成,有利于乌拉尔贝加尔湖阻塞高压偏强、亚洲中部多低槽活动。2004年以来欧亚北部两种类型冷冬的大气环流与海表温度均表现出与历史典型年相类似的特征。     

WP和NAO对中国东南部冬季温度的协同影响

利用NCEP/NCAR和ERA-Interim再分析资料,通过多元线性回归等分析方法,研究了西太平洋遥相关型(Western Pacific teleconnection, WP)和北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)的不同配置对中国东南部冬季气温的影响。结果表明:WP正位相年,中低纬太平洋被异常暖性高压控制,其局地作用使得中国东南部温度偏高;NAO正位相年,其遥相关作用通过南、北两支波列,分别调控南、北支槽系统,协同作用使得中国东南部30°N附近温度偏低。考虑这两种遥相关型的共同作用,当WP和NAO同位相时,两者作用部分抵消,中国东南部温度变化不显著;当WP正位相、NAO负位相时,两者同步的加热效应使得中国东南部显著暖异常;当WP负位相、NAO正位相时,两者同步的冷却效应使得中国东南部显著冷异常。     

吉林省盛夏降水季内变化特征及大气环流分析

利用1961—2017年吉林省46个地面气象观测站点降水月数据及NCEP/NCAR全球月平均位势高度场、风场再分析资料,采用EOF、SEOF、滑动相关、回归分析及合成分析等方法研究了近57 a吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水的基本特征,季内差异及其大气环流异常特征。结果表明：吉林省盛夏7月、8月降水在空间上以全区一致型为主,整个吉林省均表现为正（负）异常;吉林省7月、8月降水在1986—2004年基本呈现反位相变化,即7月多（少）,8月少（多）;2005—2017年两个月份呈现同位相变化,即7月少（多）,8月少（多）;反位相年中7月降水与北美东西遥相关（NAEW）及东亚太平洋相关（EAP）有关,8月降水与欧亚遥相关（EU）有关,同位相年中7月、8月降水与副热带高压强度和位置异常有关;吉林省盛夏降水同西太平洋副热带高压有着密切关系,反位相年高、低值年副热带高压的东西位置差异显著,同位相年期间副热带高压异常西伸北进、面积增大。     

中国北方冬季气温的年际变化对北太平洋东部海温异常的响应

利用地面气温观测资料及NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,分析了中纬度北太平洋东部海温异常变化对中国北方地区冬季气温的可能影响。结果表明,前期夏、秋季中纬度北太平洋东部海温与北方地区冬季气温存在持续稳定的正相关关系,并且这种相关性在年代际尺度上较年际尺度更为显著。这种联系与中纬度北太平洋东部关键区海温在对流层中低层激发出的一种类似北美—大西洋—欧亚遥相关型波列有关。当前期关键区海温偏高（低）时,其激发的波列使得乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏弱（强）,西伯利亚高压偏弱（强）,导致贝加尔湖以南大部地区受正（负）高度距平控制,亚洲地区中高纬以纬（经）向环流为主,有利于北方大部地区气温偏高（低）。研究表明,中纬度北太平洋东部海温异常通过激发出一个从关键海区到我国北方地区的跨越东西半球的遥相关型波列,引发北半球中高纬度大气环流异常,进而影响北方冬季气温。     

2008年1月中国低温与北大西洋涛动和平流层异常活动的联系

运用中国160站月平均气温和NCEP/NCAR 再分析数据, 在结合近30年中国1月地面气温年际异常变化可能机理基础上, 分析了2008年1月气温异常变化的原因。结果表明: 2008年1月中国大范围气温异常偏低, 其异常变化与同期北大西洋西风急流及其相联系的北大西洋涛动遥相关环流异常有密切的关系。北大西洋急流加强东扩, 北大西洋涛动正异常, 从北大西洋经欧亚中高纬到中国北方出现波状环流异常, 贝加尔湖南侧气压偏高, 冷空气活动偏强, 是中国1月气温偏低的主要环流因子。进一步分析发现, 2008年1月中国低温还受到了平流层的影响。平流层环流异常开始于2007年9月, 对流层从2007年12月开始, 两者都在2008年1月达到最强。从平流层环流显著异常的波源区有异常的波作用量向西向下传播, 在北大西洋东部到西欧上空平流层和对流层的波向量耦合, 导致对流层该地区上空高压脊扰动加强, 扰动向北的经向热输送异常偏强, 锋区向北扩展, 相应急流异常偏北东扩; 通过波流相互作用, 扰动能量向下游频散, 引起相应遥相关环流异常, 导致2008年1月中国低温。     

我国前冬和后冬的划分及其气温的年际变异

基于我国762站均一化逐日平均和逐日最低气温数据集，对我国年最低气温的概率密度分布的分析表明，我国年最低气温的概率密度呈现清晰的双峰分布特征。进一步考察其原因发现东亚冬季风盛行期间我国年最低气温的分布具有显著的地域性差异，以冬季气候态气温的0℃为界大致可以分为两种气候区。综合不同气候区内年最低气温所在日期的概率密度分布的结果，将11月16日至次年1月15日划分为前冬，次年1月16日至3月15日划分为后冬。在此基础上，通过依赖于季节的经验正交函数分解方法分析了近56年我国前冬和后冬气温在年际变异上的特征，并进一步利用NCEP/NCAR全球日平均再分析资料通过合成分析的方法研究了其对应的大气定常波和瞬变波特征。结果表明:年际变化时间尺度上，我国前冬和后冬气温演变仍表现为前、后冬同相演变和反相演变这两个主要模态。同相演变模态环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬较为一致，并随着前冬向后冬的推移其环流异常的强度在不断加强；反相演变模态则对应了环流异常在前冬和后冬的相反变化，且其环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬有较大不同。对大气波动特征的分析表明，瞬变波的动力和热力的强迫作用以及定常波能量向下游的频散对北大西洋至欧亚大陆上定常波列的维持和发展具有重要作用。同相演变模态中，北大西洋上的波列将能量从北美向欧洲地区传播，加强了后冬欧洲地区的高压异常，该中心在后冬向下游的能量频散显著增强，形成了一个自欧洲经喀拉海以东至贝加尔湖附近的定常波列，大气瞬变波所引起的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于欧洲和贝加尔湖地区的大气活动中心的维持和发展具有正的贡献。反相演变模态中前冬的波动特征与同相演变模态后冬基本一致，而后冬则表现为从北大西洋中部向格陵兰岛传播，并进一步向东经乌拉尔山附近传向青藏高原北部的波列，风暴轴移动所引起的大气瞬变波的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于北大西洋地区南侧的中心有维持作用。     

On the relationship between the winter Eurasian teleconnection pattern and the following summer precipitation over China

The Eurasian teleconnection pattern(EU) is an important low-frequency pattern with well-known impacts on climate anomalies in Eurasia. The difference of low-level v-winds in several regions in the Eurasian mid–high latitudes is defined as the EU index(EUIV). In this study, the relationship between the winter EUIVand precipitation in the following summer over China is investigated. Results show that there is a significant positive(negative) correlation between the winter EUIVand the following summer precipitation over North China(the Yangtze River–Huaihe River basins). Meanwhile, an interdecadal variability exists in the interannual relationship, and the correlation has become significantly enhanced since the early 1980 s.Thus, the proposed EUIVmay have implications for the prediction of summer precipitation anomalies over China. In positive winter EUIVyears, three cyclonic circulation anomalies are observed—over the Ural Mountains, the Okhotsk Sea, and the subtropical western North Pacific. That is, the Ural blocking and Okhotsk blocking are inactive, zonal circulation prevails in the mid–high latitudes, and the western Pacific subtropical high tends to be weaker and locates to the north of its normal position in the following summer. This leads to above-normal moisture penetrating into the northern part of East China, and significant positive(negative) precipitation anomalies over North China(the Yangtze River–Huaihe River basins), and vice versa. Further examination shows that the SST anomalies over the Northwest Pacific and subtropical central North Pacific may both contribute to the formation of EUIV-related circulation anomalies over the western North Pacific.     

江淮入梅的年际变化与前冬环流的联系及其可能成因

采用简单相关和合成分析的方法研究了江淮入梅的年际变化与前期冬季环流和前期冬、春全球海温的关系。研究结果表明江淮入梅的早晚与前期冬季北半球大型环流存在显著的相关：入梅早的年份,其前期冬季北太西洋涛动强,北半球只有一个强的极涡并位于格陵兰上空,相应东亚大槽弱;入梅晚的年份,则其前冬环流表现为,北大西洋涛动弱,北半球存在两个极涡,其中一个仍然位于格陵兰上空,而另一个则位于西伯利亚上空,相应东亚大槽较常年     

Teleconnection Patterns along the Asian Jet Associated with Different Combinations of Convection Oscillations over the Indian Continent and Western North Pacific during Summer

A zonal teleconnection has been found along the Asian jet over the Eurasian continent during summer.In this study,the authors investigated circulation anomalies in the extratropics,in particular for the zonal teleconnection,under different combinations of subtropical convection anomalies over the northern Indian continent (IND) and the western North Pacific (WNP).The outof-phase configuration (i.e.,stronger (weaker) IND convection and weaker (stronger) WNP convection) was found to be more common than the in-phase configuration (i.e.,stronger (weaker) IND convection and stronger (weaker) WNP convection),which is consistent with previous results.Composite results indicated that circulation anomalies for out-of-phase configurations of 30-60-day convection oscillations are much stronger in the middle latitudes than those for in-phase configurations.In addition,zonal teleconnection patterns are predominant for the out-of-phase configurations,particularly for the configuration of strong IND convection and weak WNP convection;however,they are either weak or obscure for the in-phase configurations.These results suggest that the zonal teleconnection pattern along the Asian jet is dependent on different combinations of the IND and WNP subtropical convection anomalies.     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

Combined effect of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the East Asian winter monsoon

Using long-term observational data and numerical model experiments, the combined effect of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the variability of the East Asian winter monsoon is examined. In the observations, it is found that when the ENSO and PDO are in-phase combinations (i.e., El Niño/positive PDO phase and La Niña/negative PDO phase), a negative relationship between ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon is significantly intensified. In other words, when El Niño (La Niña) occurs with positive (negative) PDO phase, anomalous warm (cold) temperatures are dominant over the East Asian winter continent. On the other hand, there are no significant temperature anomalies when the ENSO and PDO are out-of-phase combinations (i.e., El Niño/negative PDO phase and La Niña/positive PDO phase). Further analyses indicate that the anticyclone over the western North Pacific including the East Asian marginal seas plays an essential role in modulating the intensity of the East Asian winter monsoon under the changes of ENSO–PDO phase relationship. Long-lasting high pressure and warm sea surface temperature anomalies during the late fall/winter and following spring over the western North Pacific, which appear as the El Niño occurs with positive PDO phase, can lead to a weakened East Asian winter monsoon by transporting warm and wet conditions into the East Asian continent through the southerly wind anomalies along the western flank of the anomalous high pressure, and vice versa as the La Niña occurs with negative PDO phase. In contrast, the anomalous high pressure over the western North Pacific does not show a prominent change under the out-of-phase combinations of ENSO and PDO. Numerical model experiments confirm the observational results, accompanying dominant warm temperature anomalies over East Asia via strong anticyclonic circulation anomalies near the Philippine Sea as the El Niño occurs with positive PDO phase, whereas such warming is weakened as the El Niño occurs with negative PDO phase. This result supports the argument that the changes in the East Asian winter monsoon intensity with ENSO are largely affected by the strength of the anticyclone over the western North Pacific, which significantly changes according to the ENSO–PDO phase relationship.     

The North Atlantic Oscillation and oceanic precipitation variability

Global North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) oceanic precipitation features in the latter half of the twentieth century are documented based on the intercomparison of multiple state-of-the-art precipitation datasets and the analysis of the NAO atmospheric circulation and SST anomalies. Most prominent precipitation anomalies occur over the ocean in the North Atlantic, where in winter a “quadrupole-like” pattern is found with centers in the western tropical Atlantic, sub-tropical Atlantic, high-latitude eastern Atlantic and over the Labrador Sea. The extent of the sub-tropical and high-latitude center and the amount of explained variance (over 50%) are quite remarkable. However, the tropical Atlantic center is probably the most intriguing feature of this pattern apparently linking the NAO with ITCZ variability. In summer, the pattern is “tripole-like” with centers in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea/Baltic Sea and in the sub-polar Atlantic. In the eastern Indian Ocean, the correlation is positive in winter and negative in summer, with some link to ENSO variability. The sensitivity of these patterns to the choice of the NAO index is minor in winter while quite important in summer. Interannual NAO precipitation anomalies have driven similar fresh water variations in these “key” regions. In the sub-tropical and high-latitude Atlantic in winter precipitation anomalies have been roughly 15 and 10% of climatology per unit change of the NAO, respectively. Decadal changes of the NAO during the last 50 years have also influenced precipitation and fresh water flux at these time-scales, with values lower (higher) than usual in the high-latitude eastern North Atlantic (Labrador Sea) in the 1960s and the late 1970s, and an opposite situation since the early 1980s; in summer the North Sea/Baltic region has been drier than usual during the period 1965–1975 when the NAO was generally positive.     

Impacts of SST anomalies on the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation: a case study for the northern winter 1995/1996

The present paper selects the northern winter of December 1995–February 1996 for a case study on the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. In the Atlantic, the selected winter was characterized by positive SST anomalies over the northern subtropics and east of Newfoundland, and negative anomalies along the US coast. A weak La Niña event developed in the Pacific. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was low, precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa was anomalously high, and precipitation over northern Europe was anomalously low. The method of study consists of assessing the sensitivity of ensemble simulations by the UCLA atmospheric general circulation model (UCLA AGCM) to SST anomalies from the observation, which are prescribed either in the World Oceans, the Atlantic Ocean only, or the subtropical North Atlantic only. The results obtained are compared with a control run that uses global, time-varying climatological SST. The ensemble simulations with global and Atlantic-only SST anomalies both produce results that resemble the observations over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. It is suggested that the anomalous behavior of the atmosphere in the selected winter over those regions, therefore, was primarily determined by conditions within the Atlantic basin. The simulated fields in the tropical North Atlantic show anomalous upward motion and lower (upper) level convergence (divergence) in the atmosphere overlying the positive SST anomalies. Consistently, the subtropical jet intensifies and its core moves equatorward, and precipitation increases over northern Africa and southern Europe. The results also suggest that the SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic only do not suffice to produce the atmospheric anomalies observed in the basin during the selected winter. The extratropical SST anomalies would provide a key contribution through increased transient eddy activity, which causes an extension of the subtropical jet eastward from the coast of North America.