Acoustic-hydrophysical experiments in the coastal zone of the Korean Peninsula

This paper presents the results of a pilot experiment on determination of the possibility for effective application of the navigational systems of autonomous robots and remote tools of water structure and dynamics monitoring in shallow water areas. The experiment was based on investigation of the regularities of formation and interaction between hydroacoustic and hydrophysical fields when sounded by complex phase-shift keyed signals with the central frequency of 2500 Hz. The possibility of monitoring of temperature and current fields by acoustic tomography methods in the water area of several square kilometers in size and no more than 10 m in depth, at depth changes up to several meters due to tidal effects, was studied. Additionally, the possibility and precision of solution of navigational problems for underwater objects at such shallow depths was studied. For this purpose a hardware-software complex, equipped with two sources of navigational signals and an imitator of the submersible receiver path, was used.     

瞬变电磁法回线源形态对一次场畸变特征研究

近年来,地面瞬变电磁法在矿产资源、水文地质勘查等领域均取得了良好的勘探效果,而当地表条件较差时,探测结果的可靠性明显降低。究其原因,矩形回线源的布设随地形起伏致使形态变化是重要影响因素之一。根据毕奥—萨法尔定律,对通电矩形回线在空间任意点所产生磁场进行计算。通过对比、分析水平矩形回线源和起伏矩形回线源一次场地下介质不同深度三分量的分布特征,总结得出起伏回线源一次场的畸变与源的形态有明显的相关性,其特征表现为浅部畸变程度严重,随着深度的增加畸变程度明显减弱,以上研究为瞬变电磁法探测中地形影响的认识和校正工作提供了理论指导。      

The effect of the large-scale mantle flow field on the Iceland hotspot track

Fluid dynamical simulations were carried out in order to investigate the effect of the large-scale mantle flow field and the depth of the plume source on the structure of the Iceland plume through time. The time-dependent location and shape of the plume in the Earth's mantle was calculated in a global model and it was refined in the upper mantle using a 3D Cartesian model box. Global flow was computed based on density heterogeneities derived from seismic tomography. Plate motion history served as a velocity boundary condition in both models. Hotspot tracks of the plume conduits and the plume head were calculated and compared to actual bathymetry of the North Atlantic. If a plume source in the lowermost mantle is assumed, the calculated surface position of the plume conduit has a southward component of motion due to southward flow in the lower mantle. Depending on tomography model, assumed plume age and buoyancy the southward component is more or less dominating. Plume models having a source at the 660 km discontinuity are only influenced by flow in the upper mantle and transition zone and hence rather yield westward hotspot motion. Many whole-mantle plume models result in a V-shaped track, which does not match the straight Greenland–Iceland–Faroe ridge. Models without strong southward motion, such as for a plume source at 660 km depth, match actual bathymetry better. Plume tracks were calculated from both plume conduits and plume heads. A plume head of 120 K anomalous temperature gives the best match between plume head track and bathymetry.     

Influence of mesoscale eddies on sound propagation in the northwest Pacific Ocean

The influence of a warm anticyclonic eddy occurring in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean near the Kuroshio flow on the sound field structure under radiation of acoustic signals with the frequencies of 232, 348, and 696 Hz is studied. The results of field measurements are compared to the acoustic field calculations in parabolic approximation and by the normal mode method. Calculations are in good compliance with experimental data, which makes it possible to estimate the influence of the eddy on transmission losses and the interference structure of the sound field.     

地球化学场及其在隐伏矿体三维预测中的作用

本文从物理学"场论"的角度介绍了地球化学场的概念,并从场源、场作用及地球化学指标分布三个基本要素出发阐述了地球化学场的扩散、对流-扩散的动力学机制。首先,按照采样介质,将地球化学场分为原生的岩石地球化学场,以及次生的土壤、水系沉积物、水文和气体地球化学场,描述了组成各类地球化学场的要素。其次,将地球化学场的分析方法概括为静态的空间结构分析和动态的时空结构分析两种,提出要以场的动力学机制为基础,利用地球物理学中的正、反演理论来研究四维时空中地球化学场的发展和演化。最后,探讨了地球化学场时空结构分析与三维地学模拟两者之间彼此补充和相互验证的关系,三维地学模拟构建的场源及空间介质模型,为地球化学场的正、反演提供了初始条件,地球化学场反演的结果又可用来修正三维地质模型;探讨了地球化学场与大数据分析技术间的关系,即采用大数据的"数据驱动"的思路来挖掘其与多元地学数据之间的隐性联系,探索其与成矿过程的关联性。地球化学场与三维地学模拟、大数据分析技术的结合将为隐伏矿体三维预测中地下成矿物质的分布和演化提供依据。     

DST－3型井间声波探测和井中声波采油系统在冀东油田的试验

我们研制的DST-3型井间声波探测和井中声波来油系统,用于油气田井间层析成像,分辨率高、可检测度高;用于油层井中震动来油,功率大、作用范围大.该系统在冀东油田投入高104-5井和高105-5井试验,取得了210m井间距、1854.1m-1890m深部油层上较高质量的井间数据,经CT处理,获得了井间声波层析成像剖面.高104-5井1867.6m-1884.8m含油层经过13个小时井下声源震动解堵,这口原已不出油停产的井竟然出现原油自溢流出井口,后下泵抽油恢复产能.试验效果证实了系统的可靠性和实用性,显示该系统将会在油气田开发和开采中发挥特殊作用.     

深埋隧道围岩松动圈探测技术研究与数值模拟分析

围岩松动圈支护理论已被工程界广泛认同和接受,如何准确快速地探测松动圈深度更好的为工程服务,成为大家所关注的问题。以新建兰新铁路大梁隧道现场试验为依托,对测试断面围岩松动圈深度采用单孔声波测试法、地质雷达法进行探测,结合现场地应力及岩体物理力学参数实测结果进行数值模拟分析可知,以单孔声波测试法结果为基准,地质雷达测试结果与声波法测试结果基本一致,在围岩含水区域测试结果存在一定偏差,地质雷达发出的电磁波对含水区域比较敏感,发射和接收干扰较大,但地质雷达作为一种快速、无损的检测方法应该得到大力推广应用。由于数值计算时没有考虑爆破对围岩松动圈的影响,其计算结果与声波法探测结果相比偏小,但是两者的变化趋势基本上是一致的。数值计算应以现场地应力及岩体物理力学参数测试结果为依据,使计算结果更加真实,更好地为工程决策服务。     

湖南沃溪金矿区及其外围烃汞叠加晕找矿方法的应用效果

为解决沃溪矿区鱼儿山矿段及其外围的红岩溪—马儿桥矿段深部找矿问题,在区内开展了构造叠加晕和烃汞综合气体测量试验工作。通过对已知矿区鱼儿山矿段的不同地质体、不同标高烃汞组分演化规律和矿体上部土壤形成的地球化学烃汞异常的特征研究,总结土壤地球化学异常场结构、叠加特点及其空间对应关系来开展深部找矿预测,并对外围的红岩溪—马儿桥预测区开展烃汞叠加晕找矿方法的综合研究。经研究发现:红岩溪—马儿桥矿段土壤地球化学场存在两种不同类型叠加场,一类是深源叠加场,Au与烃类组分相关性较好,烃类异常组分齐全,同时Au、Hg异常较好,具有深源成矿热液叠加,深部找矿潜力较大;二类是同生叠加场,Au与烃类组分相关性较差,元素组合相对简单,缺少烃类组分异常,找矿意义不大。烃类异常模式以对偶双峰异常模式为主,在烃类异常双峰之间的低值区发育有较好的烃汞类综合叠加异常,说明深部具有平行盲脉存在。经钻探验证,深源叠加场深部见真厚度8.58 m、平均品位3.55×10^-6的金矿体,而同生叠加场只见有金矿化,故本次研究取得了良好的预测效果。     

DST－3型井间声波探测和井中声波采油系统在冀东油田的试验

我们研制的ＤＳＴ－３型井间声波探测和井中声波来油系统，用于油气田井间层析成像，分辨率高、可检测度高；用于油层井中震动来油，功率大、作用范围大。该系统在冀东油田投入高１０４－５井和高１０５－５井试验，取得了２１０ｍ井间距、１８５４．１ｍ—１８９０ｍ深部油层上较高质量的井间数据，经ＣＴ处理，获得了井间声波层析成像剖面。高１０４－５井１８６７．６ｍ—１８８４．８ｍ含油层经过１３个小时井下声源震动解堵，这口原已不出油停产的井竟然出现原油自溢流出井口，后下泵抽油恢复产能。试验效果证实了系统的可靠性和实用性，显示该系统将会在油气田开发和开采中发挥特殊作用。     

井外爆炸点源激发井孔声波场

利用井外爆炸点源激发的声波场与井孔的相互作用模拟井间地震的物理过程,推导了全频域井孔内外声波场的理论计算公式,并针对不同震源主频、不同源距(震源到井轴的径向距离)和软硬地层进行了井内声场的全波模拟与频率-相速度分析。结果表明:井外爆炸点源激发井孔内外的声场等效于无穷多级声场迭加的结果;震源靠近井壁时的频率-相速度图与震源在井内时相似;震源的主频越高、源距和接收器离井轴的径向距离越大、地层越硬,则顾及的多级声场的项数就要越多;震源主频越低、源距越小,井中激发的斯通利波则越强。     

断层构造对煤层底板突水的影响分析

在原岩应力、地质构造、地下水等因素基础上,从应力场和渗流场共同作用的角度出发,研究含底板岩体在内的采场岩体系统的变形与破坏。研究结果表明,随着工作面向前推进,底板岩层的破坏深度和范围逐渐增加,底板岩层中水平应力低于承压水压力的深度也逐步增大。随着开挖接近断层,断层对应力分布情况的影响越来越明显,最终在断层处造成突水。为了预防底板突水的发生,合理留设防水煤岩柱是必要的工程措施。     

Passive ocean acoustic tomography

The possibility to apply natural acoustic ocean noise in the ocean and noise of distant vessels as sounding signals in order to determine the physical parameters of a water layer is considered in this paper. We developed the methods making it possible to suppress the non-diffuse components of noise produced, e.g., by local vessels and to account for hydrophone motion. These methods are applied to the noise records obtained in the course of a year-long experiment on long-range sound propagation in the Pacific Ocean. We confirmed experimentally our theoretical predictions as to the possibility of retrieving deterministic acoustic ray travel times in a nonuniform environment from a mutual correlation function of imperfectly diffuse (gradually anisotropic and spatially nonuniform) noise without invoking any data on its source. We performed passive measurements of sound velocity in the ocean with a relative error of about 0.1% by correlation of noise fields recorded with vertical aerials. This accuracy approaches that needed for oceanological applications. Further investigations are necessary to study the feasibility of passive acoustic tomography and thermometry in the ocean at distances of tens and hundreds of kilometers and the possibility to use simpler arrays not equipped with hydrophone positioning systems.     

A numerical study of storm surges caused by cold-air outbreaks in the Bohai Sea

Storm surges in the Bohai Sea are not only associated with tropical cyclones and extra-tropical cyclones, but also cold-air outbreaks. Cold-air outbreaks attack China from four major tracks, with each track having its own prevailing wind over the Bohai Sea. As the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks can be converted into the surface wind, storm surges can be investigated by the pressure field of cold-air outbreaks entirely. This paper took the different major tracks, pressure field, and high wind period into consideration and constructed 20 scenarios to describe the actual situation of cold-air outbreaks. Based on the results modeled by FVCOM, the influence of various cold-air outbreaks on the maximum surge in the Bohai Sea and the probability of the surge elevation at three typical tide gauges were investigated. Finally, a powerful decision-making tool to estimate storm surges induced by cold-air outbreaks was provided.     

Method for Estimating the Doppler Factors of Relativistic Radio Jets

An expression for the intensity of synchrotron emission from a radio source (in the optically thin regime) in terms of the energy densities in the magnetic field and particles is obtained, based on a definition of a relativistic electron related to its rest energy. A relationship is obtained between the energy densities in particles E_e and the magnetic field E_H for a physical system containing a magnetic field and relativistic electrons in a minimum-energy state. A method for estimating the Doppler factors of the relativistic electrons has been developed. This method does not requires that all radio sources have the same radiation energies (brightness temperatures): it is sufficient that the energies of the magnetic fields and relativistic particles in the source be approximately equal. The method yields Doppler-factor estimates with reasonably good accuracy, even when there are modest deviations from energy equipartition in the radio source,making it applicable to many radio sources. The method is used to estimate the Doppler factor of the radio jet in CTA 21.

     

四川盆地高含H2S天然气的分布与TSR成因证据

四川盆地是中国高含硫化氢天然气分布最集中的地区,目前已在震旦系(威远气田)、下三叠统飞仙关组(罗家寨、普光、渡口河、铁山坡、七里北)、嘉陵江组(卧龙河)和中三叠统雷口坡组(磨溪、中坝)发现了近10个高含硫化氢的大中型气田(藏),探明储量5000×108 m3.这些高含硫化氢气藏普遍经历过较大的埋深过程(储层经历过较高温度),储层上下或储层中间均发育有膏质岩类,且气源充足,具备硫酸盐热化学还原反应(Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction,TSR)发生的物质基础和热动力条件.从气藏地质特征以及天然气组成和碳、硫同位素等方面的证据表明,四川盆地中、下三叠统和震旦系气藏的硫化氢属于TSR成因.而且TSR对烃类的大量选择性消耗一方面导致天然气干燥系数增大,另一方面导致气藏充满度降低,气藏压力系数变小.     

Requirements for the performance of a ground-penetrating radar system in searching for cavities

The requirements for the performance of a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system for detecting subsurface cavities are analyzed by numerical modeling of the GPR problem. The algorithm used to solve the forward GPR problem is approximated to a real experiment with regard to the design of the GPR system, the parameters of the source and receiver, and their position relative to the medium under study and its inhomogeneity. We calculated the spatiotemporal distribution of the field of the detected signal from a pulse source located at the interface between the medium and a cavity anomaly of a given geometry. The results were used to estimate the dynamic range of the GPR system necessary for determining the anomaly. We also performed GPR surveys of low-contrast inhomogeneities (cavities in mines) using GROT 12 GPR systems and analyzed the survey results by numerical modeling. It is shown that the GPR performance required to detect and locate inhomogeneities of interest at a certain sounding depth can be estimated in the experiment design phase.     

Atomistic calculations of structural and elastic properties of serpentine minerals: the case of lizardite

The physical properties of the hydrous phyllosilicate lizardite have been investigated by atomistic simulation using the GULP code based on transferable semi-empirical interatomic potentials. Lizardite behavior was first investigated during structure relaxation at room temperature. The Helmholtz free energy is minimum for an equilibrium structure that is in agreement with experiment. The bulk, shear, and Young modulii for lizardite were calculated along with the Poisson ratio. From the shear and bulk modulii, we also calculated translational and longitudinal acoustic wave velocities that are important quantities for tectonophysics models. As expected, lizardite is stiffer in the a direction parallel to the layers than in the c perpendicular direction; the variation of the unit cell parameters with pressure is in good agreement with experiment. The cohesive energy between two successive layers along c direction was calculated at 0.33 eV (i.e., 0.11 eV per OH bond) in good agreement with recent ab initio calculations. Upon pressure and temperature variations, we evidenced that structural changes are mainly pressure induced; pressure being accommodated by a decrease of the c parameter up to 10 GPa. We also found that the change of slope in the derivative of the c cell parameter with respect to pressure occurring around 2 GPa originates from the bending of the interlayer hydroxyl groups with respect to the layer normal direction.     

孔隙压力对碳酸盐岩储层声学特性的影响研究

与传统的砂岩、泥岩不同,缝洞型碳酸盐岩具有较强的非均质性及各向异性,因此利用传统的方法对其进行孔隙压力预测尤为困难。利用声学信息进行孔隙压力预测是一种有效的预测方法,研究孔隙压力对碳酸盐岩储层声学特性的影响,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。通过对孔洞发育程度不同的缝洞型碳酸盐岩进行不同孔隙压力下的声学实验测试,在实验的基础上,分析了不同孔隙流体压力条件下岩心的声波时差、衰减系数、时频特性,得到了孔隙压力与不同类型碳酸盐岩纵横波时差及衰减系数之间的关系;探讨了孔隙压力对不同类型碳酸盐岩纵横波在时域及频域上的影响。此研究为利用声学特性对碳酸盐岩储层孔隙压力预测提供了借鉴。     

Powerful seismovibrators as a possible source of acoustic and electromagnetic disturbances

The observations of the disturbances of the acoustic, electric and magnetic fields at various distances from a vibroseismic source (5–12 Hz frequency range) are presented. Two centrifugal vibrosources (VS) with sinusoidal vibrational force onto the ground of 100 and 40 tons are used. Infrasonic signals are reliably recorded at distances up to 50 km. When the acoustic signal is large, a seismic signal with the same arrival time is also detected. Magnetic and atmospheric electric fields are detected at distances of several kilometers. These signals have practically zero lag time and precede the acoustic and seismic signals. The disturbances caused by the VS were also registered by telluric field measurements at distances up to 2 km from the source.     

川西坳陷南段天然气来源与碳同位素地球化学研究

川西坳陷南段是四川盆地主要的天然气产区之一。前人对该区天然气的来源有多种见解。为了更清楚地认识此地区天然气的来源与运移，本文分析了平落坝、大兴西和白马庙气田16件天然气样品的C1-C4烃及CO2组份的碳同位素组成。所获得的同位素数据结合化学成份和地质资料表明，3个气田的烃类完全是热解成因的，都来源于气田下面的上三叠统烃源岩。这些气田的甲、乙烷碳同位素组成随深度呈不同规律的变化，这些变化归因于烃源岩生烃的热解过程和烃类运移的动力学过程。平落坝气田中侏罗统气藏的烃类大部份形成于烃源岩低成熟和成熟的早期阶段并受到晚期成熟气体的不断补给。平落坝和大兴西气田多数气藏的烃类被认为是从源区垂直向上运移通过上伏地层而进入气藏的，白马庙气田的烃类被认为是沿断裂通道向上侏罗统气藏聚集的。平落坝和大兴西气田的δ^13Cco2值有很宽的分布范围(-10.7‰～-0.7‰)，这表明气田的CO2由来自基底的海洋碳酸盐岩无机碳成份和沉积地层的有机碳成份混合而成。这些气田的[He／CH4]-[N2／CH4]值之间和δ^13Cco2-δ^13Cc1值之间的相关性表明，非烃气体在进入气藏前已同烃类很好地混合，并被CH4为主流相的气流携带着向气藏运移。