南海夏季风爆发与热带海洋海温和大气环流异常变化关系的研究

用合成和相关分析方法及SVD技术研究了南海夏季风爆发早、晚年份4～6月季风建立时期季风环流的异常及其与热带太平洋-印度洋海温的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风爆发与热带大气环流和海温变异密切相关。（1）当热带中、东太平洋—印度洋（主要在西南部）及南海海温低（高）,西太平洋—澳洲邻近海域海温高（低）时,南海夏季风爆发早（晚）。不同区域海温对季风的影响有明显的季节差异,印度洋主要为晚春至初夏（4～6月）,南海为5～6月,而热带太平洋从前冬一直持续到夏季。（2）不同的海温异常产生不同的季风环流型,南海夏季风爆发早、晚年大气环流的异常变化基本相反。南海夏季风的活动主要受印度季风环流变化的影响,与前期冬春季西太副高的强弱及位置变化密切相关。西太副高弱时,南海夏季风爆发早;反之,爆发晚。（3）热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常引起季风环流和Walker环流的异常变化可能是影响南海夏季风爆发早、晚的物理过程。     

2019年南海季风爆发异常偏早的机制分析

利用美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）逐日再分析资料及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）逐日向外长波辐射、海温距平等资料诊断分析2019年中国南海季风爆发异常偏早的机制。结果表明:（1）南海季风爆发于5月6日，青藏高原和中南半岛热源较常年弱，对季风爆发无明显影响。（2）中高纬度环流中期变化过程中在青藏高原及附近区域形成为期两周的偏强高压脊，来自热带的暖平流以及青藏高原东部晴空辐射强等因素使其温度偏高，起到加快海陆热力差异季节转变进程的作用，对季风爆发至关重要。（3）孟加拉湾气旋 “Fani”北上及登陆后迅速减弱后的残留低压的凝结潜热释放，“Fani”凝结潜热释放和气旋性环流增强诱发孟加拉湾西南季风爆发从而引起西南季风暖平流输送，因“Fani”而加强北跳的南亚高压反气旋环流的暖平流输送，“Fani”影响结束后西南季风与东亚冷槽后部回流辐合产生降水释放凝结潜热等因素，一步接一步，形成了加剧温度正距平的“接力”，最终导致中国南海地区温度梯度增强，越赤道气流增强，南海季风爆发。（4）厄尔尼诺及赤道西太平洋实时海温阶段性正距平增大使得西北太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强，本身不利于季风爆发；但其西端的偏东风在赤道印度洋与中高纬度南下的偏北气流辐合，并在赤道印度洋和孟加拉湾海温正距平阶段性增强的背景下得以强烈发展，生成孟加拉湾气旋“Fani”，其在北上过程中发展成为台风，由此引起大气环流一系列变化，最终导致南海季风的偏早爆发。      

热带次表层海温与南海夏季风的关系研究

分析了南海夏季风强度指数 ,与热带太平洋至印度洋 0～ 4 0 0m海水海温距平场的相关关系 ,发现南海夏季风在 12 0m层的信号最强 ,并且与ENSO循环有关。根据相关场反映的信息对季风强度与海温场分类 ,针对其中 4种情况对 12 0m层海温距平和 85 0hPaU分量进行合成分析 ,发现热带海温异常影响南海夏季风强度 ,季风强弱反过来改变海温分布。最后给出了对季风和ENSO预报有指示意义的海温及风场分布     

热带印度洋海温异常不同模态对南海夏季风爆发的可能影响

热带印度洋海温异常两种主要的模态分别是春季最强的全区一致型海温变化和秋季发展成熟的东西反位相偶极型模态, 本文主要分析了这两种海温模态对当年南海夏季风爆发的不同影响机制。对热带印度洋全区一致增暖和变冷年份的合成分析表明: 热带印度洋的增暖 (变冷) 通过海气相互作用激发印度洋－西太平洋异常的Walker环流圈, 加强 (减弱) 西太平洋副热带高压的强度, 进而有利于南海夏季风爆发的推迟 (提早)。由于热带印度洋全区一致型海温变化滞后响应于前冬ENSO事件, 因此, 作者提出热带印度洋的这种海温模态对维持ENSO对第二年南海夏季风爆发的影响起到了重要的传递作用。作者进一步通过1994年个例研究了热带印度洋偶极型海温模态对南海夏季风爆发的可能影响。1994年的热带印度洋偶极子在初夏就表现出很强的强度, 显著削弱了印度洋的夏季风环流, 尤其是索马里急流和赤道印度洋西风气流的强度。南海上游季风气流的减弱以及热带印度洋异常反气旋的发展阻碍了印度洋西南季风向南海的推进, 从而使得这一年南海夏季风爆发偏晚大约2候。     

海温异常对东亚夏季风及长江流域降水影响的分析及数值试验

对夏季的向外长波辐射(OLR)场及前期热带海温之间的奇异值分解(SVD)分析表明,当自前冬开始的热带海温呈La Nia 型异常分布,相应的对流的最佳耦合模态将是:从印度半岛经孟加拉湾直至南海以及西太平洋暖池都为强对流活动区,而在中国江淮流域地区则为弱区.当海温呈El Nio分布时,则相反.数值试验的结果是:在1998年实际海温强迫下,模式十分成功地模拟了该年夏季流场的基本特征,南海季风爆发的日期及强度皆与实际十分符合,印度季风也偏弱.特别是模式成功地模拟出了1998年长江流域6～7月的强降水,距平百分率达到100%以上.改变热带海温,分别用气候海温代替赤道东太平洋和西印度洋实际海温.结果发现,在用赤道东太平洋气候海温取代实际海温时,与1998年实况相比,印度季风与南海季风明显加强,长江流域降水趋于正常值.即如果1998年不出现El Nio现象,或者海温异常的强度减弱,则长江流域降水就会大大减弱.1998年热带西印度洋海温异常对东亚季风的影响与热带东太平洋十分相像.暖洋面将有利于长江流域的强降水,而不利于南海季风的加强.关键词:海面温度;长江流域;洪涝;南海季风;数值试验     

南海西南季风多时间尺度变化及其与海温的相互作用

利用NCEP再分析资料和OLR、SST观测数据, 研究了南海地区西南季风的多时间尺度变化特征, 对比分析了强弱西南季风年大气环流的差异. 南海西南季风的强弱变化与海表面温度 (SST) 之间存在显著的相互作用, 年际或以上时间层次变化主要表现为南海西南季风强弱与东太平洋海温、南海-阿拉伯海海温存在显著负相关.对月季时间层次, 东太平洋海温变化对西南季风强度变化的影响仍起重要作用, 南海-阿拉伯海海温与西南季风之间相互作用不但表现为西南季风对海温的作用 (西南季风强 (弱) 导致后期海温降低 (升高)), 同时海温变化对西南季风也起相当重要的作用, 前期海温正 (负) 距平有利于西南季风增强 (减弱).     

异常南海夏季风的OLR前期特征

应用1979-1999年NOAA卫星月平均OLR资料及1950-1999年NCAR/NCEP再分析的海表温度月平均资料，采用合成分析的方法对异常南海夏季风爆发前期的特征进行分析，并做信度检验。结果表明，在季风爆发的前期，对流活动和海温的异常与南海夏季风的异常关系密切。OLR在初春、垂直速度在整个前期与南海夏季风的异常存在着极强的相关性。在强（弱）南海夏季风年的前期，热带海温基本呈LaNina(ElNino)型分布，其中在12月，海温的距平分布与来年南海夏季风的强弱关系最为密切。     

1998年南海西南季风活动的初步分析

利用NCEP再分析资料和OLR、SST观测数据,分析了1998年南海西南季风的建立日期、强度的多时间尺度变化特征、与海面温度的相互作用以及对广东降水的影响.得出南海西南季风建立的日期为5月17日(5月4候).1998年为弱季风年,OLR具有1个月左右的振荡周期,西南风具有半个月左右的振荡周期.孟加拉湾地区季风和105°E越赤道气流是南海季风低频变化的重要策源地.1998年南海季风弱,主要是由于初春赤道东太平洋海温正距平,并导致南海-阿拉伯海海温正距平的结果.     

南海西南季风爆发日期及其影响因子

利用1950～1999年NCEP全球格点日平均资料,在总结南海西南季风爆发前后850 hPa大气环流特征的基础上,提出了一个较为客观的确定南海西南季风爆发日期的大气环流方法.在与1980～1991年其他多种指标确定的爆发日期比较后,作者认为该大气环流方法所确定的爆发日期基本合理,并给出了1950～1999年各年南海西南季风爆发的日期.通过合成对比分析和相关分析发现,前期热带太平洋地区海温异常分布是影响南海西南季风爆发早晚的重要因素.菲律宾以东洋面海温偏高,赤道太平洋中部偏东地区海温偏低,可以使低层西太平洋副高减弱、高层中东太平洋洋中槽加深,印度洋热带地区偏西风偏强,印度洋-太平洋热带地区Walker环流偏强,为热带对流在孟加拉湾-南海地区发展提供了有利的环境.在孟加拉湾南部偏西气流的作用下,南海地区对流活动较为容易发展起来,低层较弱的西太平洋副热带高压也容易较早地撤出南海上空,使得南海西南季风较早爆发.反之亦然.     

热带海温变化与高原季风发展

利用NOAA长波辐射OLR，NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料，探讨了热带太平洋、印度洋海温等环境场变化与高原季风发展的联系。揭示了春季孟加拉湾和南海以及西太平洋暖池附近海表增温、赤道东太平洋降温有利于高原夏季风发展。分析了高原季风强弱年同期和前期SST场、风场和OLR场演变特征。结果表明，高原季风强弱年热带环境场存在明显差异。高原夏季风发展时SSTA从春季到夏季, 孟加拉湾经南海到西太平洋SST呈正距平, 赤道中东太平洋SST负距平发展, 表现为La Ni?a特征。反之，高原夏季风减弱时SSTA在孟加拉湾和南海地区SST呈负距平，东南太平洋SST正距平发展。表现为El Ni?o特征。     

SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WARM POOL AND ITS RELATION TO THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET

The South China Sea warm pool interacts vigorously with the summer monsoon which is active in the region. However, there has not been a definition concerning the former warm pool which is as specific as that for the latter. The seasonal and inter-annual variability of the South China Sea warm pool and its relations to the South China Sea monsoon onset were analyzed using Levitus and NCEP/NCAR OISST data. The results show that, the seasonal variability of the South China Sea warm pool is obvious, which is weak in winter, develops rapidly in spring, becomes strong and extensive in summer and early autumn, and quickly decays from mid-autumn. The South China Sea warm pool is 55 m in thickness in the strongest period and its axis is oriented from southwest to northeast with the main section locating along the western offshore steep slope of northern Kalimantan-Palawan Island. For the warm pools in the South China Sea, west Pacific and Indian Ocean, the oscillation, which is within the same large scale air-sea coupling system, is periodic around 5 years. There are additional oscillations of about 2.5 years and simultaneous inter-annual variations for the latter two warm pools. The intensity of the South China Sea warm pool varies by a lag of about 5 months as compared to the west Pacific one. The result also indicates that the inter-annual variation of the intensity index is closely related with the onset time of the South China Sea monsoon. When the former is persistently warmer (colder) in preceding winter and spring, the monsoon in the South China Sea usually sets in on a later (earlier) date in early summer. The relation is associated with the activity of the high pressure over the sea in early summer. An oceanic background is given for the prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon, though the mechanism through which the warm pool and eventually the monsoon are affected remains unclear.     

南海暖池的季节和年际变化及其与南海季风爆发的关系

用ＬＥＶＩＴＵＳ和ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ ＯＩＳＳＴ资料，分析了南海暖池的季节和变化特征及其与西太平洋暖池和印度洋暖池的关系，讨论了南海暖池强度指数的年际变化与南海季风爆发时间的联系，结果指出，南海暖池有明显的季节变化牲，１２～２月隆冬季节最弱，３～４月迅速发展北上，６～９月达其盛期，整个南海均为高于２８℃的暖水，１０～１１月迅速减弱南退：在南海暖池盛期，整个南海均为高于２８℃的暖水最大厚度达５５ｍ，     

南海地区OLR变化与华南汛期降水的联系

用奇异值分解的方法逐月分析了华南汛期（4-9月）降水与南海地区OLR变化的关系，并用合成分析的方法对OLR异常年份的降水进行对比分析，结果表明两者确实有一定的相关关系，后汛期（特别是7、8月）两者的相关程度比前汛期大，但每个月的情况各有不同。     

南海灾害性土台风统计分析

根据台风年鉴资料统计分析了南海热带气旋(指在南海海域生成的热带气旋、又称南海灾害性土台风、下面简称TC)，TC数量逐年逐月变化较大，除3月没有TC出现外，其余月份均有TC出现，年生成最多的TC为11个，最少的为1个，年平均6．2个，月生成最多的TC为5个，最少的为零个。TC登陆最多的是8月，12月至翌年4月没有TC登陆中国大陆，登陆范围主要在汕头至海南岛之间。TC的持久期一般均在4—7天，最长亦有19天。南海上生成的TC只有15％能够加强为台风，均集中在水深超过150米的海域。南海是TC发生频繁、数量较多的海域。     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Using 1975-1993 (with 1978 missing) data of the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), characteristics of seasonal variation of low-frequency oscillations in the South China Sea and its relation to the establishment and activity of the summer monsoon there are studied. As is shown in the result, the low-frequency oscillation in the South China Sea is much stronger in the period of summer monsoon than in that of winter monsoon and the summer monsoon there usually begins to set up in a negative phase of the first significant low-frequency oscillation for the early summer. The study also reveals that the circulation for the low-frequency oscillation during the summer monsoon in the Sea is embodied as north-south fluctuations of the ITCZ and east-west shifts of western ridge point of the West Pacific subtropical high, suggesting close correlation between the low-frequency oscillation and the active and break (decay) of the South China Sea monsoon. In the meantime. the work illustrates how the low-frequency oscillation in the South China Sea are superimposed with the seasonal variation of the general circulation. so that the summer inonsoon covers the establishment of the I^st, intensification of the 2^nd and 3^rd the low-frequency oscillations and decay of the 4^th oscillation.     

南海季风爆发前后辐射特征分析

利用“2000年南海海气通观测”项目现场观测的辐射资料分析了南海季风爆发前后南海太阳总辐射，海面反射辐射，大气长波辐射，海面长波辐射，净余辐射的日变化和逐日变化规律的实际事实，结果表明，季风爆发前后，云系增多云层增厚，对太阳总辐射，海面反射辐射，海洋和大气长波辐射均有显著的影响，季风爆发期间产生的大浪对海面反射辐射，洋面反射率影响很大，可导致两者的强度急剧增加。     

ANALYSIS OF CHANGING FLOOD CHARACTERISTICS IN SOUTH CHINA DURING THE RECENT 50 YEARS

1 INTRODUCTION The trend of drought and flood variation has been a wide concern among scientists in the background of climate warming in the late 20th century[1]. Both of them are serious natural disasters that regularly take place in China. Relevant studies have shown that there are roughly the same number of stations in China showing increasing rainfall as those showing decreasing rainfall over the past 50 years. There are no obvious trends of variation of annual precipitation averaged…     

IMPACTS OF MONTHLY ANOMALIES OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA AND SOUTH ASIA ON THE ACTIVITY OF SUMMER MONSOON AND RAINFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The impact of strong (weak) intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over South China Sea (SCS) and South Asia (SA) in summer on the SCS and SA summer monsoon and the summer rainfall in Eastern China are studied by using the NCEP-NCAR analysis data and the rainfall data of 160 stations in China from 1961 to 2010. It is found that the impacts are significantly different in different months of summer. The study shows that in June and July cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS and SA corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SCS. In August, however, strong (weak) ISO over SCS still corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA. In June and August cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over South Asia corresponds to strong (weak) ISO over SA while a strong (weak) ISO corresponds to anticyclonic (cyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SA in July. Besides, in June the strong (weak) ISO over SA corresponds to cyclonic (anticyclonic) atmospheric circulation over SCS, while in July and August the atmospheric circulation is in the same phase regardless of whether the ISO over SA is strong or weak. The impacts of the strong（weak）ISO over SCS on the rainfall of eastern China are similar in June and July, which favors less (more) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River. However, the impacts are not so apparent in August. In South Asia, the strong (weak) ISO in July results in less (more) rainfall in the south of Yangtze River but sufficient (deficient) rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe Rivers basin. The influence on the rainfall in eastern China in June and August is not as significant as in July.     

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF SST IN SOUTH CHINA SEA AND TROPICAL INDIAN OCEAN AND SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON OUTBREAK

Conclusions are divided regarding the role of the variations of thermodynamics in the monsoon activity for the South China Sea region. In this study, primary eigenvectors are studied for the SSTA from East Asia to the tropical eastern Indian Ocean in May. The results show that temperature anomalies that center on Sumatra are closely related with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon. When the SST is warmer (cooler) than average year, it is likely that the monsoon set in late (early). It may be caused by the changes in meridional difference in thermodynamics between the Indochina Peninsula and its southern tropical oceans. Studying the temporal and spatial evolution of primary eigenvector distribution of the SSTA in the South China Sea-tropical eastern Indian Ocean from winter to summer, we find that the temperature anomalies that center around Sumatra in late spring and early summer can be traced back to the variations of the SST fields in the South China Sea in the preceding winter. Being well associated with the outbreak of the South China Sea monsoon, the latter is a signifi-cant index for it. The work helps understanding the atmospheric and oceanic background against which the South China Sea monsoon breaks out and behaves.     

南海暖池初步研究

观测事实表明,南海有暖池存在。本文主要采用南海２０ｍ层的水温分布资料,讨论了南海暖池的时空演变特征,并结合地转流和海洋环流数值模拟的结果探讨了暖池的形成机制。结果南海暖池有显著的季节张年际变化;暖池的发展除有太阳辐射有关外,还与海洋中涡旋活动及从印度洋输入的暖水有密切关系。