昆仑山口西8.1级地震后地震趋势分析

从地震活动周期对比、中国大陆周边边界动力条件变化以及西部地区强震迁移规律等方面，分析了昆仑山口西8．1级地震后中国大陆地震活动趋势，并统计分析了大陆西部7．5级以上强震对东部地区地震活动的影咱．结果显示，8．1级大震后中国大陆1900年以来的第五个地震活跃期已趋于结束，但地震频次、释放能量尚不够，大陆边界动力条件没有改变．因此今后几年大陆内部仍存在发生7级或稍强地震的可能，其中西部的西北区发震可能性相对较大；影咱东部地区地震活动的强度可能为6．5级左右。     

关于中国大陆五级以上地震的时间间隔问题

本文研究了我国大陆地区五级以上地震的时间间隔分布情况,发现我国大陆M_S≥5.0地震的时间间隔ΔT与其频次N_(ΔT)之间存在以下关系式:lgN_(ΔT)=2.14-0.15·ΔT本文还讨论了我国大陆出现长期无五级以上地震后,是否将有七级地震的问题。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震远场异常

2001年11月14日在我国大陆昆仑山地震带发生8．1级巨大地震,对该次地震前四川地区所出现的异常进行了分析。这类来自于震源外围地区与地震地质构造有关的信息与巨大地震的孕育－发生－发展的过程相呼应,是强震震源的一种场异常效应。这种远场异常效应包含了“孕育效应”、“震时效应”和“震后效应”。     

尼泊尔地震后喜马拉雅地区地震风险浅析

2015年4月25日,尼泊尔发生MS8.1地震,中国西藏、印度等周边多个国家和地区受到影响。此次地震是1934年1月15日尼泊尔Bihar 8级大地震后,尼泊尔遭受的最强烈地震。地震发生后,喜马拉雅地区的地震风险再度引起关注,在此,我们对相关研究做一简要梳理和总结,以供参考。     

六级以上强震后半年内有无五级以上地震的模糊聚类分析

根据３６个初选问题的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１０项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标，采用ＦＣＭ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，在分类过程中，将地震序列分为两类：Ｉ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内无Ｍ≥５．０地震。以中国大陆地区１９９６年以来的２６次Ｍ≥６．０强震序列建立震后判别模型，然后以近期发生的８次强震序列进行了外推检验。     

新疆于田地区背景地震与触发地震活动分析

正新疆于田地区历史上发生过多次6.0级以上地震,北京时间2020年6月26日在此地区再次发生MS 6.4地震。震后,中国地震局地震预测研究所紧急开展地震应急会商,并组织多家单位针对此次地震开展了虚拟科考工作。其中,所发生的地震是否属于其他强震的余震,与历史上已发生的多个强震存在怎样的关系,或者还是属于独立的背景地震活动,     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震后3年内中国大陆地震形势分析

从中国大陆动力学环境分析入手，分析了全球强震活动对中国大陆地震活动的影响、中国大陆强震活动特征，特别是对1900年以来中国大陆8级强震后第一、第二、第三年内大陆地区6级以上地震的频次和发震地点进行了统计分析后，对我国未来3年的地震形势作出了判定。     

2012年北苏门答腊西海域M_W8.6地震的孕震机理及其对地震活动性的影响

2012年4月11日在北苏门答腊的西部海域附近发生了MW8.6特大地震和2小时后的MW8.2强烈地震,这是到目前为止震级最大的板块内部走滑型地震。本文根据该地区的地质构造、地球物理观测资料及研究结果,对这次地震的孕育背景进行了分析,认为本次地震尽管发生于印度洋板块的沃顿海盆内(巽它海沟西南),但该地区断层发育、中强地震活跃、变形情况复杂,特别是印度洋板块在向NW方向运动时速度由南向北逐渐减小,这种差异运动导致在板块内部产生剪切应力,因此在板块内部近SN向的断层及附近区域不断积累弹性应变能;同时2004年的MW9.2地震产生的库仑应力变化对该次地震造成了应力加载,起到了触发作用,最终导致了本次特大左旋走滑型地震的发生。此外库仑应力变化计算表明,MW8.6地震在MW8.2地震的震源区附近的库仑应力增大,增加值超过0.05MPa,因此对MW8.2地震起到了触发作用。计算结果进一步显示,该次地震对其周围陆地影响较小,苏门答腊岛处于地震影响区中,库仑应力降低了0.03MPa,发生强余震的风险下降。主震后的余震活动的空间分布与库仑应力增加区一致。本次MW8.6特大地震后,全球范围内的M≥5.5地震活动性出现了大幅度的上升,而该现象在本世纪以来其他5次M≥8.5的强震之后并未出现;同样,该次特大地震对中国大陆的地震活动性也有一定的影响,震后中国大陆地区M>4.5地震活动水平明显增高。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震与我国西部地下水震后效应关系研究

对2001年11月14日昆仑山口西发生的8．1级地震,在我国西部新疆、青海、甘肃、陕西、四川和云南等六省区的地下水震后效应特征进行了分析研究,指出了地震后中国西部地区存在中期、中短期地震危险性。这是利用大范围地下水震后异常研究大区域后续地震的初步尝试。     

2011年日本9.0级地震的同震位错以及震后应力松弛过程对中国大陆的影响

本文基于日本GEONET的GPS观测资料, 对日本2011年9.0级地震的同震和震后形变过程进行了研究。 结果表明, 日本9.0级地震使中国大陆出现了显著的同震位移, 几乎对整个中国大陆都有影响。 位移量在中国东北地区最大, 接近甚至超过该地区的年运动速率。 震后1年观测到的形变基本上可由沿着断层面的蠕滑进行模拟, 粘弹松弛的贡献不大。 根据所得到的震后蠕滑模型, 震后1年形变所释放的能量等同于发生一个8.7级地震, 其影响主要在东部地区, 最大位移约为年运动速率的30%。 预测在未来2年, 该地震的影响范围将逐渐减小。 地震造成的粘弹松弛在未来50~100年的尺度上, 对东北地区有拉张效应。 日本9.0级地震整体上起到了卸载中国大陆在板块间挤压过程中所累积应变能的作用, 因此该地震发生后的几个月, 中国大陆东部的地震活动水平较震前明显降低。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...