1988年AR5278活动区的形态及演化特征

本文对1988年12月中旬Boulder AR5278(云台编号88374)活动区的形态、特点及黑子间的相互作用作了描述和初步分析。结果表明:在本活动区过日面期间,前导黑子半影纤维呈现较为明显的剪切排列,磁场的相互作用以及黑子沿中性线分离、旋转运动;主要黑子部位,磁轴近于垂直赤道;在群体内,新磁流浮现并与靠近的另一黑子群异极黑子靠扰,联接构成一体。这些特征与本活动区产生的高能事件有密切关系。     

旋涡黑子在1972年10月太阳活动中的作用

本文收集了云南天文台和北京天文台观测的McMath 12094活动区的68个耀斑192个节点的照像资料和一些黑子日珥形态,它们和黑子精细结构形态的相关分析进一步证实了过去的结论(7.8)。 1、本区最初耀斑活动开始于全群诸黑子中具有扭结磁场最高能态的前导黑子A(N)的上空,它迅动发展到后随S极黑子上空,然后发展到黑子面积以外。这一演化过程与全群黑子的形态变化和旋转运动同步。 2、巨大的A黑子附近的耀斑活动最初开始扭结磁力管的内部,与扭结磁形态的松解过程同步,耀斑节点的分布由黑子本影附近移向半影的外面。当扭结完全松开,该处耀斑活动全面减少。 3、发现了一个巨大的黑子冕珥下面的强烈的吸引力中心是旋涡黑子。从而证实了冕珥是强大电流在日冕中收缩形成的。 4、对于A黑子的扭转磁结构提供了本区耀斑活动的主要能量来源和导致不稳定性的问题进行了讨论。     

黑子半影旋涡形态和高能耀斑的相关性探讨——应用持续旋涡黑子预报太阳活动的可能性

1970年初至1972年底云南天文台的黑子细节照相资料的初步统计表明:(1)具有持续的黑子半影纤维旋涡形态历史的活动区有较高的耀斑爆发频数,平均多达55％以上.(2)它们与伴随较大地球效应的高能量耀斑有密切的相关性,达84％。(3)其中90％左右的高能耀斑发生在旋涡黑子出现以后,平均落后3.8天,反映了两个现象之间可能存在着因果联系.这三点结论都有利于磁场扭结不稳定性的耀斑理论.     

1986年2月4日太阳耀斑的演化研究

本文根据乌鲁木齐天文站的H_α耀斑及3.2cm射电流量观侧资料、云南天文台的黑子精细结构照相和Marshall Space Flight Center的向量磁场图,对1986年2月4日的六个耀斑的形态相关及演化联系,特别是0736UT 4B/3X大耀斑的发展过程进行了综合分析。主要结果是: 1.4日大耀斑的初始亮点和闪光相的主要形态演化,与活动区中沿中性线新浮现的强大电流/磁环系密切相关。后者的主要标志是沿中性线的长的剪切半影纤维及它两端的偶极旋涡黑子群(1_3F_3)。 2.上述大耀斑与1972年8月4日0624 UT大耀斑爆发的磁场背景及主要形态特征相似,表明两者的储能和触发机制可能相同。 3.大耀斑爆发的H_α初始亮点,双带出现,环系形成,亮物质抛射和吸收冕珥等现象同3.2cm射电流量的变化在时间上有较好的对应关系。 4.重复性的前期小耀斑爆发位置和发展趋势与大耀斑的主要形态及演化特征相似。它们相对于剪切的纵场中性线两侧的位置相近或相同。因而,可以看作上述强大电流/磁环系不稳性发展过程中的前置小爆发。     

AR6659光球色球的磁场速度场的演化特征及其与大耀斑的关系

ＡＲ６６５９是２２周以来最重要的一个活动区，它爆发了２２周最强大的高能事件。本文用云南天文台的光球、色球精细结构照片和北京天文台怀柔站的磁场速度场资料，分析了该活动区磁场速度场的二维位形和大耀斑期间的演化特征。本文分析的４个大耀斑均爆发在中性线附近的Ｎ极区磁场梯度大的地方及色球速度场的红移区。偏带观测也显示耀斑物质是向红端移动的。耀斑波沿横场传播在离本黑子群几万至十几万公里的地方激起感生耀斑，在原生耀斑与感生耀斑之间往往有耀斑环相连。此外，本文还从演化特征出发分析了耀斑爆发前活动区等离子体的宏观不稳定性。     

1984年2月25日日面大耀斑光学特性

1984年2月25日,日面爆发了一个高能大耀斑。我们取得了该耀斑过程的光球黑子活动区强磁场以及黑子、H_α色球等光学资料。分析表明:1.这种高能大耀斑是产生在有黑子剪切运动、新浮磁流和磁场梯度大的磁中性线(H_n=0)两侧;2.耀斑发展到极大前后,不但会掩盖部分后随黑子半影,而且还会进一步掩盖这些后随黑子本影;3.在高能大耀斑爆发过程中,相应的光球黑子活动区的强磁场会出现变化,磁通量增长率为1.0×10~8韦伯/秒,磁场梯度最大为0.2高斯/公里;4.黑子间的相对运动速度最大可达0.3公里/秒。     

无黑子区的耀斑

本文分析了廿一周峰年期间云南天文台观测到的廿个无黑子区耀斑,得到如下结果: 1.无黑子区耀斑的一般特征是:1) 无黑子区耀斑的自然产率约3％,2) 其卡林顿经度分布有向东飘移的趋势,3) 无黑子区的耀斑多为低能耀斑,4) 无黑子区耀斑产生的背景条件和黑子区耀斑一样,必须在耀斑区的太阳大气中存在异极性磁场结构。无黑子区耀斑都发生在沿大尺度磁场中性线(H_=0)延伸的暗条两侧或其附近。 2.在耀斑前,由于磁场的扰动,使被浮托在H_=0线上的宁静暗条在耀斑前几小时到一两天激活,临近耀斑位置的一段暗条先是发展增大,同时伴随着谱斑增亮,在耀斑爆发前几分钟或与耀斑发展的同时,该暗条迅速衰减乃至完全消失。与此同时,有的无黑子活动区的可见纤维与暗条的交角由大变小,表明活动区所受的力由挤压力逐渐转化为剪切力。本文还粗略地估计了无黑子区耀斑的能量。     

1980年4月Hale 16747活动区的三维磁场结构和演化特征

本文利用太阳活动区无力场模型,以观测的光球磁场为边值,外推Hale 16747活动区在4月5—9日的三维磁场,并且讨论了这些磁场结构和演化特征。结果表明:(1)此活动区的磁流管在快速升浮的同时,还在不断扭绞;(2)产生磁力线扭绞的主要原因是前导黑子的逆时针旋转,以及中部δ结构的发展;(3)4月5日在前导黑子东侧看到的一些细长纤维的走向为横场方向,因而可能是气团运动的轨迹;(4)活动区耀斑产率随时间的变化可以用活动区磁场演化来说明;(5)4月7日和8日发生了二个相似耀斑,各有4块近于直线排列的亮区,是由于存在二组串排的弧拱状磁力线造成的。这些结果不同程度地支持了文[1]和[2]中的一些推测。     

太阳黑子穿过同磁极性大黑子的观测

本文利用紫金山天文台精细结构望远镜拍摄的优质Ｈａ线心和离带照片，分析了新浮黑子活动区１９９０年１２月５日至９日磁结构演化及黑子的自行运动。我们观测到了一黑子穿过另一同极性大黑子这一非常少见的现象。     

1988年3月黑子磁场的演化(英文)

024黑子(S.G.D编号为4964)是1988年3月份太阳上最大、磁场最强的黑子群。在日面上出现的半个月里,始终有耀斑产生。北京天文台怀柔太阳磁场望远镜对这个活动区作了常规观测,并获得了磁场和速度场资料。 024活动区是由一个偶极黑子和δ黑子组成的。12日01~h49~mUT,黑子刚从东部出现时就有耀斑和活动日珥产生。从速度场与H_β色球单色像对比来看,耀斑内有物质向里流动,而暗条中有物质向外抛射。024活动区的磁场十分复杂,S极、N极磁场互相包含、渗入、剪切,形成许多海湾结构。可能这就是产生了许多各种形状的耀斑的缘故。本文对磁场的形态作了描述。     

与耀斑相关的磁场演化

本文利用紫金山天文台太阳光谱仪缝前附属Ｄａｙｓｔａｒ滤光器拍摄的，发生在ＮＯＡＡ５３９５活动区中的三个耀斑的Ｈα单色光资料，对比北京天文台怀柔观测站取得的光球磁场资料，研究耀斑产生位置与光球磁场演化的关系，结果表明：（１）在所研究的５０个耀斑亮核中，有３８个位于新浮磁流区附近，另有少数亮核出现在磁对消区；（２）耀斑亮核多集中在横场方向交叉，剪切角大的复杂磁区，耀斑后多数区域磁场结构简化；（３）耀斑     

The Magnetic Field, Horizontal Motion and Helicity in a Fast Emerging Flux Region which Eventually forms a Delta Spot

We studied the behavior of magnetic field, horizontal motion and helicity in a fast emerging flux region NOAA 10488 which eventually forms a δ spot. It is found that the rotation of photospheric footpoints forms in the earlier stage of magnetic flux emergence and the relative shear motion of different magnetic flux systems appears later in this active region (AR). Therefore the emerging process of the AR can be separated into two phases: rotation and shear. We have computed the magnetic helicity injected into the corona using the local correlation tracking (LCT) technique. Furthermore we determined the vertical component of current helicity density and the vertical component of induction electric fields E_z = (V× B)_z in the photosphere. Particularly we have presented the comparison of the injection rate of magnetic helicity and the variation of the current helicity density. The main results are as follows: (1) The strong shear motion (SSM) between the new emerging flux system and the old one brings more magnetic helicity into the corona than the twisting motions. (2) After the maturity of the main bipolar spots, their twist decreases and the SSM becomes dominant and the major contributor of magnetic non-potentiality in the solar atmosphere in this AR. (3) The positions of the maxima of E_z (about 0.1 ∼ 0.2 V cm⁻¹) shift from the twisting areas to the areas showing SSMs as the AR evolved from the rotation phase to the shear one, but no obvious correlation is found between the kernels of Hα flare and E_z for the M1.6 flare in this AR. (4) The coronal helicity inferred from the horizontal motion of this AR amounts to −6 × 10⁴³ Mx². It is comparable with the coronal helicity of ARs producing flares with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) or helicity carried away by magnetic clouds (MCs) reported in previous studies (Nindos, Zhang, and Zhang, 2003; Nindos and Andrews, 2004). In addition, the formation of the δ configuration in this AR belongs to the third formation type indicated by Zirin and Liggett (1987), i.e., collision of opposite polarities from different dipoles, and can be naturally explained by the SSM.     

The emergence of magnetic flux

This paper first summarizes the morphology and dynamics of emerging flux regions and arch filament systems and then discusses detailed observations of a particular active region with emerging magnetic flux.The central part of the growing active region shows abnormal granulation and a weak magnetic field that, locally, is transverse. In the border zone, strong downward flows occur in the chromopshere and photosphere (small features with strong magnetic fields (faculae, pores) are formed here.) Near the leading and following edge, sunspots are formed by the coalescence of such small magnetic elements.The observational data are interpreted by means of a heuristic model of an emergent magnetic loop-shaped bundle consisting of many flux tubes. In this model we incorporate the theory of convective collapse and the buoyancy of flux tubes. The observed complexity in the structure and dynamics, including strong transverse fields and velocity shear, is attributed to the emergence of several flux regions within the active region at different orientations.     

A constant-α force-free-field analysis of the active region AR 4711 of February, 1986

The theory of Yang, Chang, and Harvey (1983) is used to perform this analysis of the big active region AR 4711 of February, 1986, which produced many big and strong flares with proton events, SIDs and other significant geophysical effects. The various physical quantities are calculated, yielding for M a value up to 5.36 × 10³² erg, sufficient to supply the energies of the observed flare activities in this active region. Observations of the twisting of the entire quadrupolar sunspot group and the variations of the magnetic energies with dates all agree with our theoretical expectations.It is found that the maximum of the f number of flare activity occurred about one day later than the maximum of M, i.e., the release of free magnetic energy to produce flare activity requires a time interval of about one day. This, together with the formula of M can be useful in solar prediction work.Similar to the famous active region of August 1972 (McMath 11976), the separation of both footpoints of the new emerging magnetic flux along the neutral line of the old bipolar group led to the formation of a compact quadrupolar sunspot group, with strong twisting of penumbral filaments.Visiting Professor from the Astrophysics Division, Geophysics Department, Peking University, Beijing, China.     

The formation of current sheets during the emergence of new magnetic flux from below the photosphere

Solar flares are frequently observed to occur where new magnetic flux is emerging and pressing up against strong active region magnetic fields. Since the solar plasma is highly conducting, current sheets develop at the boundary between the emergent and ambient flux, provided the two magnetic fields are inclined at a non-zero angle to one another.The present paper gives a simple two-dimensional model for the development of such sheets under the assumptions that no reconnection occurs and that the surrounding field remains a potential one. By using complex variable techniques, the position, orientation and shape of a current sheet may be determined, as well as the excess magnetic energy associated with it. Two examples are considered. The first, in which the ambient field is bipolar, may model new flux emergence near the edge of an active region, while the second example assumes a constant ambient field and may approximate the so-called fibril crossings which occur prior to some flares. In each case, the current sheets are curved, and the magnetic energy which is stored in excess of potential is sufficient to supply a solar flare when the sheets are long enough.     

The Creation of Outflowing Plasma in the Corona at Emerging Flux Regions: Comparing Observations and Simulations

In this paper we analyse the flux emergence that occurred in the following polarity area of an active region on 1 – 2 December 2006. Observations have revealed the existence of fast outflows at the edge of the emerging flux region. We have performed 3-D numerical simulations to study the mechanisms responsible for these flows. The results indicate that these outflows are reconnection jets or pressure-driven outflows, depending on the relative orientation of the magnetic fields in contact (i.e. the emerging flux and the active region’s field which is favourable for reconnection on the west side and nearly parallel with the pre-existing field on the east side of the emerging flux). In the observations, the flows are larger on the west side until late in the flux emergence, when the reverse is true. The simulations show that the flows are faster on the west side, but do not show the east flows increasing with time. There is an asymmetry in the expansion of the emerging flux region, which is also seen in the observations. The west side of the emerging flux region expands faster into the corona than the other side. In the simulations, efficient magnetic reconnection occurs on the west side, with new loops being created containing strong downflows that are clearly seen in the observations. On the other side, the simulations show strong compression as the dominant mechanism for the generation of flows. There is evidence of these flows in the observations, but the flows are stronger than the simulations predict at the later stages. There could be additional small-angle reconnection that adds to the flows from the compression, as well as reconnection occurring in larger loops that lie across the whole active region.     

Horizontal Flows in the Photosphere and Subphotosphere of Two Active Regions

We compare horizontal flow fields in the photosphere and in the subphotosphere (a layer 0.5 Mm below the photosphere) in two solar active regions: AR?11084 and AR?11158. AR?11084 is a mature, simple active region without significant flaring activity, and AR?11158 is a multipolar, complex active region with magnetic flux emerging during the period studied. Flows in the photosphere are derived by applying the Differential Affine Velocity Estimator for Vector Magnetograms (DAVE4VM) on HMI-observed vector magnetic fields, and the subphotospheric flows are inferred by time–distance helioseismology using HMI-observed Dopplergrams. Similar flow patterns are found for both layers for AR?11084: inward flows in the sunspot umbra and outward flows surrounding the sunspot. The boundary between the inward and outward flows, which is slightly different in the photosphere and the subphotosphere, is within the sunspot penumbra. The area having inward flows in the subphotosphere is larger than that in the photosphere. For AR?11158, flows in these two layers show great similarities in some areas and significant differences in other areas. Both layers exhibit consistent outward flows in the areas surrounding sunspots. On the other hand, most well-documented flux-emergence-related flow features seen in the photosphere do not have counterparts in the subphotosphere. This implies that the horizontal flows caused by flux emergence do not extend deeply into the subsurface.     

Variations of magnetic fields and electric currents associated with a solar flare

The high-resolution vector magnetograms obtained with the solar telescope magnetograph of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory of the active region AR 4862 on 7 October, 1987, close before and after a solar flare, were used to calculate the electric current densities in the region. Then the relations between the flare and the magnetic fields as well as the electric currents were studied. The results are: (i) the transverse magnetic fields, and hence the longitudinal electric currents in the region before and after the flare, are evidently different, while the longitudinal magnetic fields remain unchanged; (ii) this confirms the result obtained previously that the flare kernels coincide with the peaks of longitudinal electric density in active regions; (iii) the close relation between the flare kernels and the electric currents indicates that the variations of the transverse magnetic fields and the longitudinal electric currents arise not from the general global evolution of the active region, but from the flare. These results tend to the conclusion that the triggering of a solar flare might be related with the plasma instability caused by the surplus longitudinal electric currents at some local regions in the solar atmosphere.