拟声波重构技术在沙湾凹陷储层预测中的应用

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷西斜坡侏罗系八道湾组一段底部发育一套河流相灰色粉细砂岩,前期CP19井钻遇该储层并获得高产工业油流,但该储层的横向展布特征不明确,且由于该储层与围岩速度差异小,波阻抗对该套储层响应不明显,利用常规波阻抗反演技术无法对该砂体的展布特征进行准确描述。为此,利用拟声波重构技术,将对储层敏感的自然伽马曲线与声波曲线进行分频融合,生成具声波量纲且能够反映储层纵横向变化的拟声波曲线,在此基础上开展波阻抗反演。结果表明,反演结果与实钻井吻合度高,该套储层在平面上呈一近NS向的河道分布,基于拟声波重构技术的波阻抗反演能够有效刻画该套储层的纵横向展布特征。     

声波曲线重构技术在储层预测中的应用

在储层预测研究中,当储层与泥岩波阻抗差异不明显时,常规地震反演方法不能有效预测储层,无法满足精细储层预测的要求。针对南海M油田储层预测实例,通过分析测井曲线储层识别能力,优选了对岩性识别能力较好的密度曲线,以岩石物理学理论为指导将密度曲线重构成声波曲线,提高了声波曲线的岩性敏感度。反演结果表明,重构声波反演方法在岩性识别能力、储层预测精度上有较大提高,能够满足油田精细开发的要求。     

地震多属性融合曲线重构技术在储层预测中的应用

受特殊岩性及井壁垮塌等因素的影响,利用实测声波、密度曲线及由其计算的波阻抗难以区分文昌A油田珠江组一段储层的岩性及物性,给储层预测带来了困难。笔者利用测井—地震多属性反映岩性特征,并对目的层段的声波曲线进行了重构处理。应用该技术重构的曲线能真正反映储层的特点,突显储层与围岩的差异,提高了波阻抗反演剖面的分辨率,显著改善了对储层的描述和预测能力。通过在文昌A油田的实际应用,取得了良好的效果。     

多曲线融合技术在储层随机反演中的应用

在储层预测研究中,某些复杂地区存在声波时差曲线受诸多因素的影响而很难真正反映储层特征的问题,为此提出了综合利用自然伽马、自然电位、电阻率等特征曲线,在不同的地层单元内,用多曲线信息融合的方法进行约束反演,其目的是构建一条既能较好反映岩性,又能保持时深关系前后一致的拟声波时差曲线,进行随机反演,使结果更能突出储层与围岩的差异,提高剖面的纵向分辨率和横向连续性。     

叠后反演技术在杨税务潜山裂缝孔隙型储层预测中的应用

杨税务潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层广泛分布,储层以裂缝孔隙型为主,但由于其储层埋藏深,地震资料分辨率低,储层声波测井特征不明显,常规声波反演难以实现有效储层的分布预测。在分析已钻井储层测井响应特征的基础上,优选出对有效储层响应敏感的电阻率曲线,并与声波曲线进行曲线重构,得到具有声波背景的电阻率拟声波曲线,然后基于叠后数据的测井约束模型反演技术,实现了有效储层的分布预测,最后在此基础上,利用孔隙度曲线与已钻井的拟声波波阻抗曲线进行基于神经网络模拟技术的储层参数反演,实现研究区孔隙度平面分布预测。实践证明,该预测方法有效实用,在杨税务潜山地区应用效果较好。     

曲线重构技术在渤海Q油田储层精细预测中的应用

地震反演是寻找储层的有效手段之一,当地震资料满足地震反演要求时其效果主要取决于实际地层的波阻抗曲线差异,当储层和围岩的波阻抗差异不明显时或部分叠置时,储层预测的风险增大。利用能更好反映储层岩性、物性和含油气性的测井曲线可重构实测波阻抗曲线,以重构后的曲线参与反演能提高实测波阻抗曲线区分能力,使储层与围岩的波阻抗差异更加突出,提高反演结果的可靠性,降低储层预测的风险。针对Q油田开发中的难点,在地震反演中融入曲线重构技术,突出了储层和围岩的细微差异。反演结果表明,应用重构曲线的反演结果与实钻结果的吻合性更好,砂体的岩性和物性变化更加敏感,砂体展布更加清晰。通过对在生产油田的反演实践,表明该曲线重构技术有较好的实际应用效果。     

基于模型的曲线重构地震反演技术及应用分析

大港油田K46滚动开发区地震地质条件复杂，储层物性变化大，储层与非储层在声波曲线上没有明显的差异，为此，在该井区采用了基于模型的特征曲线重构地震反演技术——SP曲线重构，反演预测结果表明储层的可辨识性与反演结果的可靠性得到明显的提高，并获得显的地质效果。     

测井曲线重构技术在储层反演中的应用

波阻抗反演是储层预测的一种重要手段,但是当储层与非储层（围岩）波阻抗差异不明显时,利用常规波阻抗反演技术难以较好地识别储层。而测井曲线重构技术可以有效提高岩性识别和储层预测的精度,减少多解性。这里结合川西坳陷须家河组勘探实践,利用GR曲线重构声波反演技术对有利区域进行了预测,有效地提高了反演剖面的分辨率,并在一定程度上提高了岩性解释的准确性和精度。同时,比较了常规波阻抗反演与该方法的区别,取得了良好的效果。     

测井曲线重构和频谱分析技术在塔里木盆地塔河油田卡拉沙依组储层预测中的应用

由于受不同地质情况的影响,常规测井曲线不能很好地解决特殊地质问题。针对塔河油田三区石炭系卡拉沙依组的储层地质特征,利用频谱分析技术对伽马、中子测井曲线进行处理。与常规测井曲线比较,地层的旋回特征在频谱分析曲线上更加明显。根据相同地层具有相似旋回性的原理,利用伽马、中子频谱分析曲线进行地层横向对比,使研究区卡拉沙依组砂泥段的砂组划分、对比达到了协调和统一;以声波曲线为本体,结合反映岩性的测井曲线(伽马、中子、自然电位等曲线),应用曲线重构技术构建储层特征曲线,为测井约束反演提供地质依据,使反演结果更接近于地质实际情况。利用反演资料进行储层预测的结果与测井解释有利储层段进行比较,吻合率和较吻合率分别为71.6%、11.3%。     

大庆榆树林油田地震资料反演技术应用评价

为扩大油田产能建设规模、丰富开发地震解释方法,本文把不具备储层速度信息的伽玛曲线、电阻率曲线通过一定的转换,实现作为伪声波曲线进行地震反演的目的,使地震反演数据体加入泥质含量及含油性两种信息,有助于进行储层砂岩厚度预测及储层含油性预测。几种地震反演数据体层位标定以声波曲线标定为准,综合预测含油富集区精度可达80%。通过评比地震反演方法得知：波阻抗地震反演可以大幅提高地震解释纵向分辨率;伽玛曲线作为伪声波曲线直接反演是可行的,在预测砂岩方面有优势;电阻率曲线可转换成伪声波曲线,该类反演数据体在预测含油性方面具有独特的优势。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.