近地表弹性介质瑞雷波勘探研究进展与展望

瑞雷波法已在研究地球内部结构、近地表地球物理工程和超声无损检测等领域中获得了广泛应用,尤其是近年来瑞雷波法作为近地表场地表征新兴领域的前沿技术已成为国际学术研究与应用的热点。对国内外近地表弹性介质瑞雷波勘探的主要研究成果与进展进行了综述,通过对瑞雷波勘探现有的研究成果和进展密切追踪发现当前近地表瑞雷波勘探主要基于水平地表弹性水平层状介质模型,利用单分量瑞雷波相速度频散曲线单目标反演获得一维横波速度剖面和相关岩土力学参数。但是,该方法也存在着现有瑞雷波频散曲线反演极易出现模式误识别、现有单分量单目标瑞雷波反演未充分利用多分量信息、现有瑞雷波相速度反演未充分利用群速度传播特性、现有瑞雷波反演未充分利用质点椭圆极化振动特性等挑战性学术难题和不足。基于上述问题,建议未来近地表弹性介质瑞雷波勘探重点研究方向应集中在进行多模式表面波全速度谱反演研究、多站多分量表面波相速度多目标全速度谱反演研究、单站多分量表面波群速度多目标全速度谱反演研究和单站多分量表面波椭圆极化振动特性多目标反演研究。由此构建新的近地表多分量瑞雷波多目标全速度谱反演理论,引领多分量瑞雷波多目标反演学科前沿,拓展现有单分量瑞雷波单目标反演理论范畴,推动多分量瑞雷波高精度实用勘探技术的发展。      

利用SH横波反射资料中的勒夫面波反演浅部横波速度结构

由于勒夫波速度与纵波速度无关,勒夫波多道分析方法具有频散曲线简单、能量清晰、反演过程中未知参数少、对初始模型依赖小、反演结果稳定、分辨率高等特点。实验结果表明,利用浅层SH横波反射地震数据中的勒夫面波信息,反演得到近地表横波速度结构,在浅层地质构造、断层位置、上断点埋深等方面与浅层SH横波反射地震剖面以及地质钻孔数据吻合较好。该方法可为地下构造解释提供更多依据,提高探测成果的可靠性。     

Seismic inversion modeling method for faulted basins:a case study of Liaohe Beach in Bijialing region

There is not much correlation between sand content and P-wave impedance in faulted basins , and the prediction results cannot be guaranteed .Due to sedimentary facies control , there is inconsistency between sand content and low frequency trend of P-wave impedance , causing problems for seismic inversion modeling , which directly affects final seismic inversion results .The acoustic impedance increases with burial depth .When the same layers of sand and shale formation endure different compaction , the acoustic impedance values will be dif-ferent .Therefore , The seismic inversion modeling of faulted basin is different from that of conventional basins . The authors built an inversion model using uncompact sandstone percentage , directly compensating for the low frequency trend of the inversion model .In addition, the model's intermediate frequency is similar to P-wave im-pedance , ensuring that the inversion results are converged correctly .The final results of the inversion can be used directly as sandstone percentage .The aforementioned method was applied to Liaohe Beach in the Bijialing region and obtained optimistic lithology inversion effects:the results were correlated well with the depositional facies map and with lithology in the well borehole .The inversion results can be used to define the sand body horizontally and can separate sand bodies vertically , which is very difficult on conventional seismic section . Therefore the inversion results played an important role in reservoir prediction .     

Joint inversion of magnetotelluric and fullwaveform seismic data based on alternating cross-gradient structural constraints

Magnetotelluric(MT)inversion and seismic inversion are important methods for the interpretation of subsurface exploration data,but separate inversion of MT and seismic produces ambiguous and non-unique results due to various factors.In order to achieve accurate results,the authors propose a joint inversion method of two-dimensional MT and seismic data in the frequency domain.The finite element method is used for numerical simulation of electromagnetic data in the forward modelling,and the Gauss-Newton method is used for the inversion.The 9-point-finite-difference method is used to solve the seismic wave field in the acoustic wave equation,and the inverse problem of seismic data is solved by full waveform inversion with a conjugate gradient,a simple and fast method.Cross gradient functions are used to provide constraint structure between resistivity and velocity parameters to carry out the joint inversion.The joint inversion algorithm is tested by double-rectangular model synthesis data,and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified.The results show that the joint inversion results are better than those from separate inversion.The algorithm is applied to a geophysical model of a metalliferous deposit in Jinchuan and is compared with the separate inversion results.It shows that the results obtained with joint inversion are much closer to the real model.     

Modal wave number tomography and bottom parameter dependence

A shallow water tomography scheme based on the modal wave number inversion technique is considered in this paper. The scheme is based on the assumption that modal wave number for transpped mode can be measured in a suitable way. The tomographic inversion is accomplished into steps; firstly, the bottom parameter are inverted by using the bottom reflection phase shift with the known sound speed profile; secondly, the variation of sound speed profile at different time is inverted provided the bottom parameters are known. A numerical simulation shows that the proposed scheme works well, and the sensitivity analysis of sound speed profile inversion is performed, for shallow water environmental parameters: sound speed, density and attenuation coefficient of the bottom.     

瞬变电磁测深快速拟地震解释方法及应用效果

详细讨论了电磁波与地震波在介质中的传播规律.根据瞬变电磁测深(TEMS)中心回线装置观测成果与大地电磁测深(MTS)成果的一致性,提出了瞬变电磁资料拟地震解释的思路.大量理论模型的正、反演计算结果表明方法理论是正确的,野外实测资料处理结果进一步说明了该方法的实用性.     

球体位错理论的基本解

位错理论是现代地震学中计算地球内部位错源引起的地表变形的重要理论模型。诸多学者对准静态位错理论模型进行了研究,其中大量工作是在前人给出的基本解的基础上进行的。回顾了位错理论模型的基本物理方程,包括平衡方程、本构关系和泊松方程,并分别推导了无自重、不可压缩、自重可压缩的地球模型下的通解。给出的基本解可以用于进一步理解和计算一维径向分层的地震变形问题。     

应变仪记录的印尼苏门答腊海域7.8级地震的同震信号研究

为进一步研究钻孔应变观测在震源反演和地球结构模型检验方面的可靠性,利用钻孔应变仪记录的印尼苏门答腊海域7.8级地震的同震信号和QSSP软件计算的理论应变图,提取有效的监测数据进行P波震相识别和各震相到时分析,再截取监测数据和理论数据对应部分进行相关性分析并计算互相关系数。结果表明,在震中距36°~52°范围内,监测数据与QSSP理论数据具有较好的一致性。因此,在震中距36°~52°范围内,台站的钻孔应变观测数据可用于震源反演和新的地球结构模型检验,且结果可靠。     

大地构造和海陆起源的内波假说（Ⅲ）———内波动力机制及能源分析

莫霍面的起伏波动可看成壳—幔分层介质中的内波现象。引入推动地壳底部物质迁移的驱动力，用有限元数值方法模拟了莫霍面内波的运动，并探究了内波运动的动力来源及潮汐在内波生长中的作用     

Common offset ground penetrating radar data inversion based on ray theory

The authors use the common offset ground penetrating radar(GPR) data inversion based on ray theory to estimate interval velocity and to obtain the relative permittivity. In the ray-tracing based inversion, the input data are the offset distance between antennas, the velocity of the first layer, the pick-up amplitude and re-ference amplitude of each reflection layer. The thickness and velocity of each layer are calculated by this recursive method. Firstly, the horizontal homogeneous layered medium model is established, and the ideal inversion results are obtained. Subsequently, Monte Carlo method is used to establish a randomly undulating homogeneous layered medium model. The common offset GPR data for the built geological model is then simulated by finite-difference time-domain(FDTD). It proved that this ray-tracing based inversion method is feasible for the horizontal layered geological model, even the layered geological model with random undulation. Undulation, represented by RMS height and CL(correlation length), influences the inversion results. Finally, a more complex geological model--pinch-out model was established. In the pinch-out model, the pinch-out interface can be clearly identified, though there is a false anomaly, which will not significantly affect the identification of the underground medium structure.     

基于压缩感知原理的L1范数AVO反演算法

基于压缩感知稀疏信号采样与重构理论,利用AVO反演方法将传统的L2范数改变为L1范数,反演地下地层在L1范数下的稀疏脉冲反射系数。反演得到的稀疏尖峰将局部地下结构通过有限数量的层状结构的叠加来表示,能够提高纵向精度,与传统的AVO反演算法相比提高了薄层的反演效果且具有一定的抗噪性。数值模型及实际数据的结果表明,基于压缩感知原理的L1范数AVO反演方法更加准确、分辨率更高。     

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承压水井水位固体潮扩散方程的解和含水层参数的求定

本文在求解承压水井水位固体潮的扩散方程时增加了井孔压力的边界条件，使扩散方程更符合实际情况，从而得到在理论上更为完善的起潮力位与水位固体潮之间的关系式。文中讨论了气压作用于承压含水层的水力扩散方程和气压对水位固体潮的影响，导出了相位滞后与含水层参数的解析式，为求解含水层参数建立了基础。根据水位固体潮观测资料和气压观测资料，在给定地球模型的勒夫数的情况下，全面地解决了求定观测井含水层参数的方法，并给出了一个实际算例。     

钻孔应变差应变耦合系数反演与有关机理的探讨

研究反演分量式钻孔应变差应变耦合系数的方法,采用考虑方位角校正和相位滞后影响两种计算模型,计算结果显示大多数测站采用两种方法反演的耦合系数均比较相近,相位滞后、方位角校正以及拟合残差的结果相对稳定;但是有部分测站的差应变相位滞后偏离较大,从而导致采用两种方法反演的耦合系数差异较大。结合测站周边的构造分布,对可能导致该现象的物理机制进行了探讨。     

Effect of wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of ocean mixed layer

The wave-forcing ’Coriolis-Stokes forcing’ and ’Stokes-vortex force’ induced by Stokes drift affect the upper ocean jointly.To study the effect of the wave-induced Stokes drift on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer,a new three-dimensional(3D) numerical model is derived using the primitive basic equations and Eulerian wave averaging.The Princeton Ocean Model(POM),a 3D primitive equation ocean model is used with the upper wave-averaged basic equations.The global ocean circulation is simulated using the POM model,and the Stokes drift is evaluated based on the wave data generated by WAVEWATCH III.We compared simulations with and without the Stokes drift.The results show that the magnitude of the Stokes drift is comparable with the Eulerian mean current.Including the Stokes drift in the ocean model affects both the Eulerian current and the Lagranian drift and causes the vertical mixing coefficients to increase.     

TSP隧道地震预报空洞模型的数值模拟研究

采用有限元方法模拟隧道地震波场,采用波场快照与时间记录相结合的方法,研究空洞对隧道地震波场传播的影响,并对含空洞模型的时间记录进行处理,得到数值模型的速度云图和反射层位图。经数据处理表明,采用TSPwin设定默认值处理得到的速度云图与模型设定的空洞位置比较一致,在提取反射层位图上,空洞反射层呈现条带状特征,需要结合速度云图来确定空洞位置,且P波预报的准确性相对较高。对TSP系统的抗噪性进行研究,表明其具有良好的抗噪性能。最后通过对工程实例的处理,验证了数值模拟所得的结论。     

福建中部和东南沿海地壳内部密度变化分布特征的研究

利用福建中部和东南沿海地区的重力布格异常资料,通过地震与重力３维联合反演所分离的不同层面间的重力异常信息,采用基于单层位理论和球近似条件下的简便公式,解算并分析研究不同壳层间的密度变化分布图像及其特征,结果表明：不同圈层的密度分布特征与地表地质构造密切相关。     

融合土地覆盖和土壤水分产品的近地表空气温度空间化方法

空气温度是评价人居环境的重要指标,与人类的生产生活息息相关;其观测对于水文、环境、生态和气候变化等方面的研究具有重要意义。传统的大范围空气温度观测数据一般通过气象站点获取,但由于气象观测站点空间分布离散稀疏的特点,所获取的数据不能精确描述空间连续的空气温度变化情况。因此,实现基于遥感数据的近地表空气温度精准估算具有重要的现实意义。本研究基于精细的地表覆盖类型、空间连续的土壤水分、地表温度（LST）数据,并结合其他辅助数据,构建了近地表空气温度空间化模型,并对近地表空气温度影响因子进行评估,发现地表覆盖类型对近地表空气温度的影响最大,土壤水分为最活跃的影响因素,经验证,模型精度较高,R²接近0.85,RMSE为0.5℃。本研究获取的精确空间连续的近地表空气温度信息,能够充分表达其空间异质性,为农业气象灾害灾变过程监测、农作物生长过程模拟、区域气候变化分析等研究提供良好的近地表空气温度数据支撑。     

Approximate optimal tracking control for near-surface AUVs with wave disturbances

This paper considers the optimal trajectory tracking control problem for near-surface autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in the presence of wave disturbances. An approximate optimal tracking control (AOTC) approach is proposed. Firstly, a six-degrees-of-freedom (six-DOF) AUV model with its body-fixed coordinate system is decoupled and simplified and then a nonlinear control model of AUVs in the vertical plane is given. Also, an exosystem model of wave disturbances is constructed based on Hirom approximation formula. Secondly, the time-parameterized desired trajectory which is tracked by the AUV’s system is represented by the exosystem. Then, the coupled two-point boundary value (TPBV) problem of optimal tracking control for AUVs is derived from the theory of quadratic optimal control. By using a recently developed successive approximation approach to construct sequences, the coupled TPBV problem is transformed into a problem of solving two decoupled linear differential sequences of state vectors and adjoint vectors. By iteratively solving the two equation sequences, the AOTC law is obtained, which consists of a nonlinear optimal feedback item, an expected output tracking item, a feedforward disturbances rejection item, and a nonlinear compensatory term. Furthermore, a wave disturbances observer model is designed in order to solve the physically realizable problem. Simulation is carried out by using the Remote Environmental Unit (REMUS) AUV model to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

二维速度结构走时反演RAYINVR算法试验

为分析RAYINVR算法对成像结果的影响,分别从初始模型、观测数据、阻尼因子和识别误差4个方面进行数值试验。结果表明,该程序能够进行快速有效的反演,初始模型、观测数据、阻尼因子、数据不确定性等对反演结果和分辨率有一定的影响。