柴达木盆地早更新世湖相非冰川碎屑纹泥的初步研究

柴达木盆地东部三湖地区早更新世湖相沉积层中,阶段性地发育了具季节性韵律层理的钙质泥岩和泥灰岩。组构、粒度、矿物成分、氧碳同位素及沉积相等研究表明:这是一种成因上与湖水年季节性分层相关的非冰川碎屑纹泥。冬季泥质层中粘土矿物和泥晶碳酸盐矿物的混合沉积呼应于总体气候干旱背景。纹泥的发育与大幅度湖侵的同步性反映了区域构造运动对湖相纹泥形成的宏观控制;纹泥的物质组成、厚度等差异则指示了细微的环境变化。     

河南灵宝盆地中新生代陆相地层的新划分与对比研究

灵宝盆地位于华北板块南缘与秦岭造山带之间,是豫西北一系列北东-南西向断陷盆地之一.盆地内沉积地层主体为一套厚约2000m陆相碎屑岩夹泥灰岩、薄煤层沉积.本文根据盆地内的恐龙蛋、介形虫、腹足类、哺乳动物化石及少量孢粉等,将地层自下而上划分为下白垩统枣窳组、上白垩统南朝组、古近系古新统-下始新统项城群、中始新统川口组、上始新统庄里坡组及新近系上-中新世（组名暂未定）等6个地层单元.研究表明：下、上白垩统之间及其与项城群之间为不整合或超覆,上中新统与川口组或庄里坡组为不整合接触,整个地层是一套河流相沉积、局部洪泛洼地或小浅湖相沉积.     

西藏羌塘盆地侏罗系基准面变化及沉积充填响应

羌塘盆地侏罗系地层基准面变化表现为从上升到下降的一个完整过程,基准面的升降变化与盆地构造演化密切相关,特别是受盆地形成演化过程中班公湖-怒江洋演化过程的控制,而且受气候变化的影响.侏罗系相当于一个长期基准面旋回层序,表现为由上升半旋回和下降半旋回组成的不完全对称旋回,其间可进一步划分为6个中期基准面旋回层序,包括2个由碳酸盐岩沉积组成的层序,3个碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩混合沉积组成的层序,一个由碎屑岩组成的层序.基准面变化过程中沉积充填特点表明,侏罗纪土阿辛期-巴柔期班怒洋已经开始扩张,巴通期-牛津期为洋盆扩张的鼎盛时期,其间由于气候干燥而影响海域面积减小,其后由于班公湖-怒江洋俯冲消减及碰撞,结束了海相沉积充填历史.     

延怀盆地晚更新世中晚期湖泊发育与气候变化

延怀盆地晚更新世发育湖相沉积。根据 4个中晚期湖相层剖面的孢粉分析鉴定结果 ,结合区内晚更新世湖相层的年代测定及湖泊发育的分期 ,恢复了发育于 55～ 2 6和 2 0～ 8kaB .P .时间段内的第 2 ,3期湖泊发育期间的古气候环境。延怀盆地晚更新世中晚期湖泊沉积反映了潮湿气候的特征     

贺兰山寒武系研究新进展

贺兰山寒武系早期苏屿口组为砂、砾混杂和不等粒结构的水下冲积扇沉积;五道塘组为下古生界碳酸盐台地沉积,其下部为含泥中、细粒砂屑和生物碎屑,中、上部为含不同形态的核形石碳酸盐岩组成;陶思沟组为发育水下流动波痕和水上暴露泥裂构造碳酸盐岩与细碎屑岩系的混合沉积;胡鲁斯台组和阿不切亥组为陆表海与“风暴海”沉积.根据该区与华北地台的对比,首次提出贺兰山寒武纪早期的苏屿口组古地理面貌应是西低东高,而非传统认为的西高东低;寒武纪早期的五道塘组、陶思沟组古地理面貌则为西高东低.     

临夏盆地新近纪郭泥沟剖面磁组构特征及其环境意义

临夏盆地在东亚新生代地层、古气候、古生物研究方面占有举足轻重的地位.本文对盆地东部的郭泥沟剖面进行了详细的岩石磁学和磁组构研究,以揭示从早中新世到早上新世临夏盆地的沉积演化过程.郭泥沟剖面沉积物中的磁性矿物有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿,但剩磁载体以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主.从上庄组和东乡组的褐红色粉砂质粘土到柳树组和何王家组的褐黄色粘土,赤铁矿含量呈现降低的趋势,与沉积物颜色变化一致.郭泥沟剖面沉积物磁组构类型为正常沉积磁组构.结合岩石磁学结果和磁组构参数特征可揭示临夏盆地早中新世-早上新世沉积的演化过程：早中新世上庄组为稳定湖相沉积,古水流方向为NNW,与南北向的大夏河方向一致;中中新世气候发生较明显的干湿波动,形成了东乡组的褐红色湖相粉砂质粘土夹粉砂、砂和青灰色泥灰质粘土条带,古水流方向主要为NNW,沉积过程主要受大夏河控制;中中新世晚期,受青藏高原构造运动影响,沉积相由湖相细粒沉积物转变为虎家梁组河流相砂砾层;同时,盆地的水动力条件也发生改变,晚中新世柳树组湖相沉积过程同时受南北向大夏河和东西向洮河控制,两个方向近垂直的河流共同作用导致柳树组内沉积各向异性度较低,面理和线理均不发育,磁化率最大轴偏角分布比较分散,磁组构确定的古流向为东西向和南北向;早上新世期间,由于受青藏高原隆升影响,沉积了何王家组下部的河流相砂砾层;受构造抬升影响,大夏河重新主导何王家组上部洪泛平原相沉积过程,水动力条件较为单一稳定,古流向主要为N向,与大夏河流向一致.     

华北中元古代燕山盆地生物群演化及其与地质事件的耦合关系

对华北中、新元古代燕山盆地发育的三个主要阶段的生物群面貌进行了总结,三个阶段分别为:长城系下部碎屑岩沉积阶段(A),长城系上部至蓟县系碳酸盐岩沉积阶段(B),蓟县系上部至青白口系碎屑岩沉积阶段(C).其中阶段B是本研究的重点研究层位.B阶段的页岩相化石虽然不甚丰富,但燧石相生物化石却有着较高的分异度和丰度,并具有多种类型的形态及纹饰.此外B阶段中缺乏大直径个体.阶段B的生物群丰度、分异度、浮游生物和底栖生物分异度比例、底栖球状化石平均直径、球形化石最大直径在时间尺度上具有明显的变化规律.笔者从中识别出了两个典型的生物群演变事件,两个事件都和地质事件相耦合.事件一发生于大红峪组三段,这一时期生物群中大个体浮游生物化石十分繁盛,推测可能与火山活动有关.事件二发生于高于庄组三段,这一时期的生物群发生了整体面貌的更替,该更替事件与叠层石衰减、海洋元素地球化学指标以及碳同位素等多个因素的变化耦合.     

中始新世晚期以来东亚气候变化的渭河盆地黏土矿物记录

获得新生代连续的东亚气候变化记录,是认识东亚气候变化和季风起源、演化及其驱动机制的关键.文章基于渭河盆地连续的新生代河湖相沉积序列,开展黏土矿物含量及晶体参数研究,重建了中始新世晚期以来东亚气候变化过程.结果表明,蒙皂石、伊利石是渭河盆地河湖相沉积物中的主要黏土矿物;伊利石结晶度、伊利石化学指数、蒙皂石与伊利石和绿泥石比例的阶段性降低,指示了在半干旱半湿润的气候背景下,中始新世晚期以来渭河流域化学风化阶段性减弱的特征.坡缕石的形成可能受到成岩作用影响,相应时期流域风化导致的蒙皂石含量和伊利石结晶度实际可能更高.以上结果表明,中始新世晚期到上新世渭河盆地可能处于一个相对暖湿的气候条件.随着新生代全球温度降低和渭河盆地沉积物的不断加积,渭河盆地的化学风化强度阶段性减弱,东亚季风气候阶段性演化并在第四纪变干.黏土矿物的证据还表明,渭河盆地晚始新世到渐新世气候变干,可能是对全球变冷事件(EOT转型)的响应.     

大别山南麓中生代盆地充填记录对造山作用属性的反映

大别山南麓暨江汉盆地北部中生代充填序列显示5个演化阶段: ①早三叠世-晚三叠世早期: 为陆缘海相碳酸盐岩(T₁)-海陆交互相细碎屑岩沉积(T₂-T₃¹); ②晚三叠世中晚期: 抬升剥蚀, 反映挤压构造背景; ③晚三叠世晚期到早-中侏罗世: 为准平原化陆相含铁质结核细碎屑岩沉积(T₃³)、辫状河流相碎屑岩及含煤沉积(J_1-2); ④晚侏罗世至早白垩世: 酸性火山岩与火山碎屑岩的旋回充填, 区域构造背景转换为陆内伸展; ⑤晚白垩世: 粗碎屑类磨拉石堆积. 砂岩碎屑和砾石组成特征并结合沉积相研究表明, 第1至第3演化阶段的陆源碎屑主要来自扬子大陆, 其物源具有“再旋回造山带”属性; 第5阶段碎屑岩矿组合反映物源具有“弧造山带”类型特征, 其源区为大别山. 研究区没有与大别山“晚三叠世同碰撞造山作用”直接相关的沉积记录, 而上白垩统类磨拉石建造显然是大别山碰撞后造山作用(陆内造山作用)和伸展体制下强烈剥露作用的反映. 此外讨论并指出了大别山南、北麓盆地沉积记录与造山带差异隆升模式存在的不协调关系及其核心问题.     

中国近海前新生代残留盆地初探

中国近海沉积盆地按形成时代可以划分为新生代盆地和前新生代盆地。新生代陆相碎屑岩断陷盆地有良好的油气前景,而古生代还有广泛海相碳酸盐岩分布地区,只要它们经受中生代挤压,改造后还能保留下来,就具有巨大的油气潜力。初步分析中国近海的油气勘探资料及大地构造演化史表明,陆内断坳盆地下伏以古生代碳酸盐岩为主的残留盆地。而陆缘盆地并不是寻找古生代残留盆地的场所。但在台西南盆地,珠江口盆地潮汕坳陷发育海相中生代盆     

闽西晚白垩世红层的古环境探究

中国东南地区白垩纪红层通常被认为是陆相红色碎屑沉积物,是河流湖泊相沉积,但其古环境存在争论.本文以闽西晚白垩世红层为研究对象,利用环境磁学、粒度、地球化学、古土壤分析等方法,选取连城(LC)和冠豸山(GZS)两个剖面,分析探讨红层的古环境.结果显示:(1)闽西红层主要以细的粉砂颗粒为主,黏土和砂含量较少,表现为粉砂和砂互层,夹有薄层细粒砂砾层;样品磁化率偏低,主要载磁矿物为硬磁性矿物赤铁矿.(2)闽西红层有较高的风化程度,是暖湿气候下的中等风化程度;轻重稀土元素分异明显,Ce元素富集,Eu元素相对亏损,与上地壳(UCC)的分配模式相似,表明沉积物经历了充分混合,物质为混合沉积产物.(3)闽西红层虽然发育了一定的古土壤,但是成壤程度不强,没有明显的古土壤粘化层(Bt)和钙积层(Bk).由此推断,闽西红层沉积物在沉积前已在源区经过相当程度的风化过程,之后经过混合动力搬运沉积在盆地,沉积后风化成壤弱.可见,红层本身并不能直接反映沉积区环境,需结合古土壤发育特征判断沉积环境特征和变化.(4)闽西晚白垩世红层表现为相对干旱半干旱的古环境,红层中主要的着色矿物赤铁矿主要形成于源区,反映了地表透水性良好的干燥氧化条件,而不是"水成"环境.本文可为白垩纪红层古环境研究提供新的思路.     

浙江温州北部地区白垩系地层划分与对比

本文根据温州北部地区的火山一沉积岩地层的剖面,进行了岩石地层、生物地层、年代地层的综合研究和区域对比,针对以往1：25万、1：20万和1：5万区域地质调查的划分和归属提出了新的看法。浙东南下白垩统火山一沉积岩分为上、下两个岩系,下岩系称磨石山群,上岩系称永康群。研究认为,温州北部地区的火山-沉积岩系主体为下白垩统下岩系的磨石山群,并非均为上岩系的永康群馆头组;在永嘉枫林、澄田一带的火山-沉积岩地层分别属于磨石山群大爽组和茶湾组,而桥下一带的沉积岩地层则属于永康群馆头组。     

Cretaceous integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

Cretaceous strata are widely distributed across China and record a variety of depositional settings. The sedimentary facies consist primarily of terrestrial, marine and interbedded marine-terrestrial deposits, of which marine and interbedded facies are relatively limited. Based a thorough review of the subdivisions and correlations of Cretaceous strata in China, we provide an up-to-date integrated chronostratigraphy and geochronologic framework of the Cretaceous system and its deposits in China.Cretaceous marine and interbedded marine-terrestrial sediments occur in southern Tibet, Karakorum, the western Tarim Basin,eastern Heilongjiang and Taiwan. Among these, the Himalayan area has the most complete marine deposits, the foraminiferal and ammonite biozonation of which can be correlated directly to the international standard biozones. Terrestrial deposits in central and western China consist predominantly of red, lacustrine-fluvial, clastic deposits, whereas eastern China, a volcanically active zone, contains clastic rocks in association with intermediate to acidic igneous rocks and features the most complete stratigraphic successions in northern Hebei, western Liaoning and the Songliao Basin. Here, we synthesise multiple stratigraphic concepts and charts from southern Tibet, northern Hebei to western Liaoning and the Songliao Basin to produce a comprehensive chronostratigraphic chart. Marine and terrestrial deposits are integrated, and this aids in the establishment of a comprehensive Cretaceous chronostratigraphy and temporal framework of China. Further research into the Cretaceous of China will likely focus on terrestrial deposits and mutual authentication techniques(e.g., biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy). This study provides a more reliable temporal framework both for studying Cretaceous geological events and exploring mineral resources in China.     

沉积物放射性元素含量对粒度及气候变化的响应——以福州盆地SZK1、SZK2钻孔地层为例

根据福州盆地2个钻孔地层放射性元素(铀、钍、钾)含量的变化特点,结合孢粉分析等结果,探讨了地层放射性元素含量变化与岩性、沉积环境的关系。沉积地层中的放射性元素含量与沉积物粒度、岩性等密切相关,在泥质沉积(如淤泥、黏土)中含量较高,在砂质沉积中较低,在砾石层中介于前两者之间。同时,放射性元素含量的高低还与古气候环境有关,温暖潮湿的环境放射性元素含量较高,凉爽干燥的环境含量较低     

Miocene Bahean stratigraphy in the Longzhong Basin, northern central China and its implications in environmental change

Fossil mammal-riched Neogene strata are widely distributed in the southeast corner of the huge Longzhong Basin at Tianshui, Gansu Province, northern central China. Hipparion weihoense, a typical member of late Middle Miocene Bahean stage, was recently excavated at Yaodian along a well-exposed outcrop. Owing to the importance of the Bahean stage in the mammalian evolution and its potential for environmental change, we suggested a name of Yaodian Formation for the stratigra- phy, which is correlated to the Bahe Formation at Lantian, Shaanxi. High resolution paleomagnetic dating of the section shows that the Yaodian Formation covers the period between 11.67 Ma and 7.43 Ma, with the site bearing Hipparion weihoense being estimated at about 10.54―10.30 Ma, providing first magnetostratigraphic chronology for the Bahean Stage. The Yaodian Formation consists of fluvial channel deposits (11.67―10.40 Ma) at the bottom, floodplain deposits in the middle (10.40―9.23 Ma) and shallow lake sediments at the top (9.23―7.43 Ma). This upward fining sequence suggests that the relief in nearby mountain ranges such as West Qinling to the south and Huajia Ling to the north was greatly reduced after long-term denudation, fluvial transport capacity was low, and finally the drainage system was disintegrated, replaced with broad-shallow lakes in which only fine sediments like mud and marlite were deposited, indicating an old stage of development of a planation surface. A remarkable shift in ecology and climatic environment was found at 7.4―7.7 Ma when paleoclimate changed from early warm humid to late dry as indicated by sedimentary facies changed from early shallow lake sequence to late eolian red clays and a former coniferous-deciduous mixed forest was replaced by grassland, leading to great growth of Hipparion Fauna of Baodean stage in the region. Therefore, it is estimated that the present high relief of Qinling and drainage pattern did not come into being until Late Pliocene in response to intensive neotectonism and climate change.     

Strike–slip origin of Cretaceous Mazhan Basin, Tan-Lu Fault Zone, Shandong, east China

The Mazhan Basin, Shandong Province, China, is located between the main faults, F₃ and F₄, of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. It is an elongated basin more than 60 km in length and 8 km in width and contains a series of typical continental sediments (the Upper Cretaceous Wangshi Group). This series was divided into three sedimentary facies associations: conglomerate facies association; sandstone facies association of alluvial fan to lake margin environment; and siltstone facies association of lacustrine origins. Their zonal distribution pattern may represent a contemporaneous heterotopic facies due to a lateral facies change from margins to axis of the basin. Their stratigraphic sequence becomes younger northward along the boundary faults. This suggests that the depocenter of the fan–lake system tends to migrate northward along F₃. From the asymmetric features (i.e. basin shape, lithofacies distribution, facies change) the Mazhan Basin can be explained by progressive subsidence at the Tangwu releasing bend of F₃ with sinistral strike–slip movement. Judging from the fission track (FT) ages from the Wangshi Group, it was concluded that a sinistral strike–slip movement along the main fault, F₃ of the Tan-Lu Fault in Shandong, has lasted until the Late Cretaceous. Its displacement is estimated to be larger than the migrated distance, 60 km, of the depocenter of the Mazhan Basin.     

Tectonic implication of Lower Cretaceous chromian spinel-bearing sandstones in Japan and Korea

Abstract In Japan and Korea, some Lower Cretaceous terrigenous clastic rocks yield detrital chromian spinels. These chromian spinels are divided into two groups: low-Ti and high-Ti. The Sanchu Group and the Yuno Formation in Japan have both groups, whereas the Nagashiba Formation in Japan and the Jinju Formation in Korea have only the low-Ti spinels. High-Ti spinels are thought to have originated in intraplate-type basalt. Low-Ti spinels (higher than 0.6 Cr#) were probably derived from peridotites, which are highly correlated with an arc setting derivation and possibly with a forearc setting derivation. Low-Ti spinels are seen in the Sanchu Group, the Nagashiba Formation and the Jinju Formation. Low-Ti spinels from the Yuno Formation are characterized by low Cr# (less than 0.6) and these chromian spinels appear to have been derived from oceanic mantle-type peridotite, including backarc. According to maps reconstructing the pre-Sea of Japan configuration of the Japanese Islands and the Korean Peninsula, the Korean Cretaceous basin was comparatively close to the Southwest Japan depositional basins. It is possible that these Lower Cretaceous systems were sediments mainly in the forearc and partly in the backarc regions. The peridotite might have infiltrated along major tectonic zones such as the Kurosegawa Tectonic Zone (= serpentinite melange zone) in which left lateral movement prevailed during the Early Cretaceous.     

Geochemical contrast between the Sanbagawa psammitic schists (Oboke unit) and the Cretaceous Shimanto sandstones in Shikoku, Southwest Japan and its geologic significance

Abstract A systematic geochemical study of sandstones from the Cretaceous Shimanto Supergroup and psammitic schists from the Oboke unit in Shikoku has been carried out in order to clarify the depositional age of the protoliths of the Oboke psammitic schists. The geochemical data, together with chronological and geologic data, led to the following conclusions. (i) It is inferred that Oboke psammitic schists are metamorphically equivalent to sandstones in the Hiwasa Formation of the Shimanto accretionary complex, deposited in a trench area during the Campanian, in eastern Shikoku. (ii) The protolith attained to maximum metamorphic conditions within 20 million years after the deposition. (iii) The accumulation of a large amount of coarse-grained clastic sediments in the trench area induced offscraping and underplating of the sediments in the subduction zone, forming the Hiwasa Formation and Oboke unit, respectively.     

Jurassic integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China

The Jurassic stratigraphy in China is dominated by continental sediments. Marine facies and marine-terrigenous facies sediment have developed locally in the Qinghai-Tibet area, southern South China, and northeast China. The division of terrestrial Jurassic strata has been argued, and the conclusions of biostratigraphy and isotope chronology have been inconsistent.During the Jurassic period, the North China Plate, South China Plate, and Tarim Plate were spliced and formed the prototype of ancient China. The Yanshan Movement has had a profound influence on the eastern and northern regions of China and has formed an important regional unconformity. The Triassic-Jurassic boundary(201.3 Ma) is located roughly between the Haojiagou Formation and the Badaowan Formation in the Junggar Basin, and between the Xujiahe Formation and the Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin. The early Early Jurassic sediments generally were lacking in the eastern and central regions north of the ancient Dabie Mountains, suggesting that a clear uplift occurred in the eastern part of China during the Late Triassic period when it formed vast mountains and plateaus. A series of molasse-volcanic rock-coal strata developed in the northern margin of North China Craton in the Early Jurassic and are found in the Xingshikou Formation, Nandailing Formation, and Yaopo Formation in the West Beijing Basin. The geological age and markers of the boundary between the Yongfeng Stage and Liuhuanggou Stage are unclear. About 170 Ma ago, the Yanshan Movement began to affect China. The structural system of China changed from the near east-west Tethys or the Ancient Asia Ocean tectonic domain to the north-north-east Pacific tectonic domain since 170–135 Ma. A set of syngenetic conglomerate at the bottom of the Haifanggou or Longmen Fms. represented another set of molasse-volcanic rock-coal strata formed in the Yanliao region during the Middle Jurassic Yanshan Movement(Curtain A1). The bottom of the conglomerate is approximately equivalent to the boundary of the Shihezi Stage and Liuhuanggou Stage. The bottom of the Manas Stage creates a regional unconformity in northern China(about 161 Ma, Volcanic Curtain of the Yanshan Movement, Curtain A2). The Jurassic Yanshan Movement is likely related to the southward subduction of the Siberian Plate to the closure of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean. A large-scale volcanic activity occurred in the Tiaojishan period around 161–153 Ma. Note that 153 Ma is the age of the bottom Tuchengzi Formation, and the bottom boundary of the Fifth Stage of the Jurassic terrestrial stage in China should have occurred earlier than this. This activity was marked by a warming event at the top of the Toutunhe Formation, and the change in the biological assembly is estimated to be 155 Ma. The terrestrial Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary(ca. 145.0 Ma) in the Yanliao region should be located in the upper part of Member 1 of the Tuchengzi Formation, the Ordos Basin in the upper part of the Anding Formation, the Junggar Basin in the upper part of the Qigu Formation, and the Sichuan Basin in the upper part of the Suining Formation The general characteristics of terrestrial Jurassic of China changed from the warm and humid coal-forming environment of the Early-Middle Jurassic to the hot, dry, red layers in the Late Jurassic. With the origin and development of the Coniopteris-Phoenicopsis flora, the Yanliao biota was developed and spread widely in the area north of the ancient Kunlun Mountains, ancient Qinling Mountains, and ancient Dabie Mountain ranges in the Middle Jurassic, and reached its great prosperity in the Early Late Jurassic and gradually declined and disappeared and moved southward with the arrival of a dry and hot climate.