霍尔果斯市红提葡萄精细化气候区划

红提葡萄气候区划的制定有助于政府部门科学布局红提葡萄种植区域，提高种植区的红提葡萄品质和产量。还可带动当地种植业结构调整，从而提高霍尔果斯市气候资源利用率。利用霍尔果斯市及周边10个气象站1981-2020年逐日气象资料，采用数理统计和空间插值方法，根据红提葡萄种植的气候生态条件，筛选出≥10℃积温和无霜冻期作为红提葡萄的气候适宜性区划指标，将霍尔果斯市红提葡萄种植区划分为适宜种植区、次适宜种植区和不适宜种植区。适宜种植区分布在海拔720 m以下的南部平原地带；次适宜种植区分布在霍尔果斯市中部海拔720～950 m的山前平原；不适宜种植区位于霍尔果斯市域北部海拔高度950 m以上的天山山区。     

昌吉发展葡萄生产的农业气候条件研究

昌吉州栽培葡萄历史较久.三中全会以来,特别是近几年葡萄生产发展很快.目前,全州栽培面积近7千亩.随着果树种植业发展,这里将成为新兴的鲜食制罐葡萄生产基地.但是,昌吉州的葡萄生产中存在着许多农业气象问题.如:昌吉州的葡萄生产受气候条件的影响,产量不稳定,适宜当地气候发展葡萄的品种是什么?该品种的气候适应性如何?气候条件的优劣对品质和产量究竟有何影响?这些问题急需研究解决.     

德清县发展葡萄生产气候适宜性分析

本文从葡萄栽培的农业气象指标出发,对比分析了德清县葡萄生产的利弊气象条件,指出了葡萄生长期中易遭受的天气灾害。分析得出德清县属于葡萄生态气候条件相对较适宜区,并提出提高葡萄产量的栽培管理方法和措施,供生产部门参照。     

乌海市葡萄生育期气象条件分析及灾害防御

葡萄是乌海市的特色农作物,乌海市光照充足,日夜温差大,降水少,无霜期长,气候条件非常适宜葡萄生长。影响乌海市葡萄生长的主要灾害有霜冻、干旱、连阴雨和低温天气等,文章针对葡萄在各生育阶段的农业气象灾害,提出了相应的对策及防治措施。     

塔里木灌区栽培红地球葡萄气候条件的分析

为塔里木灌区产业调整,发展红地球葡萄生产的气候适应性提供理论依据。利用阿拉尔市气象局1961-2003年气象资料,计算了灌区红地球葡萄生长发育阶段的主要气候指标并与参考文献进行比较,分析评价了灌区栽培红地球葡萄的气候适应性。结果表明：灌区红地球葡萄生育期间日照时数、日照百分率,≥10℃活动积温、无霜期、各生育阶段的温度,降水量等气候条件符合其生长发育的要求。灌区在生长发育阶段的气候条件适宜红地球葡萄栽培。春季的倒春寒、沙尘暴、扬沙天气和秋季的冷空气活动、降水天气对红地球葡萄的产量、品质有明显不利影响。     

葡萄生长发育与气象条件关系的研究

哈密种植葡萄历史悠久,长期以来,由于经济技术落后,又受气象条件的影响,葡萄生产的发展极为缓慢.1984年当地只有葡萄4500亩,其中庭院葡萄占3000余亩.自1985年以来,大田葡萄迅速发展,目前,全地区已达30000亩.1986年,我们开展了“葡萄生长发育与气象条件关系的研究”,通过三年的研究,基本搞清了哈密葡萄生长期的主要气象灾害及其对策、葡萄各个生育期的适宜气象条件以及当地葡萄鲜果的品质状况,为当地发展葡萄生产和栽培管理提供了重要依据.     

气象条件对藤稔葡萄生长发育的影响

藤稔葡萄属“两高一优”农业。通过引种栽培，表现出结果早、丰产、效益好的特点，其气候适应性也较强。但仍存在着不利气象条件的影响，在栽培中应引起重视。     

气象条件对藤稔葡萄生长发育的影响

藤稔葡萄属“两高一优”农业。通过引种栽培，表现出结果早、丰产、效益好的特点，其气候适应性也较强，但仍存在着不利气象条件的影响，在栽培中应引起重视。     

酿酒葡萄冻害原因的初步分析及防御对策

通过对酿酒葡萄冻害的调查研究分析指出：初霜冻的早晚和冬季的极端低温不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因。品种间差异和栽培管理不同也不是造成酿酒葡萄冻害的主要原因，10月份的强降温、气温明显偏低(气温≤-5．2℃)才是酿酒葡萄树体冻害的主要原因。引种抗冻能力较强酿酒葡萄品种、选择适应的生长环境和掌握适宜的埋土时间，是防御酿酒葡萄冻害防御的主要对策。     

人工栽培毛葡萄的气候条件分析

经过2年的实践和研究,掌握了毛葡萄在罗城县气候条件下的生长规律及其栽培方法,为充分利用气候资源推广毛葡萄人工栽培提供科学依据。     

长江中下游近百年气候冷暖变化对农业生态环境的影响

分别统计分析了上海、合肥、金华、武汉、长沙、南昌、吉安、衡阳等站生长季热量（﹥10 ℃积温及持续日数）和越冬期低温（﹤０℃负积温及极端最低气温）变化特征。运用谱分析方法，提出长江中下游地区气候冷暖变化的周期及长期波动趋势。同时，预测本世纪末，长江中下游地区气候冷暖波动对建立高产、优质、高效的现代农业可能是一种潜在威胁；指出在长江中下游地区农业生产过程中必须重视气候投入，突破传统农业经验，优化农业耕作轮作栽培制度，建设对气候变化具有强的调控功能的新的农业生态系统。     

Regional modeling of climate change impacts on smallholder agriculture and ecosystems in Central America

Climate change will have serious repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and farmer livelihoods in Central America. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on agriculture and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. There is an urgent need to develop national and local adaptation responses to reduce these impacts, yet evidence from historical climate change is fragmentary. Modeling efforts help bridge this gap. Here, we review the past decade of research on agricultural and ecological climate change impact models for Central America. The results of this review provide insights into the expected impacts of climate change and suggest policy actions that can help minimize these impacts. Modeling indicates future climate-driven changes, often declines, in suitability for Central American crops. Declines in suitability for coffee, a central crop in the regional economy, are noteworthy. Ecosystem models suggest that climate-driven changes are likely at low- and high-elevation montane forest transitions. Modeling of vulnerability suggests that smallholders in many parts of the region have one or more vulnerability factors that put them at risk. Initial adaptation policies can be guided by these existing modeling results. At the same time, improved modeling is being developed that will allow policy action specifically targeted to vulnerable groups, crops, and locations. We suggest that more robust modeling of ecological responses to climate change, improved representation of the region in climate models, and simulation of climate influences on crop yields and diseases (especially coffee leaf rust) are key priorities for future research.     

Maladaptive outcomes of climate insurance in agriculture

Agricultural insurance programs are currently being championed by international donors in many developing countries. They are acclaimed as promising instruments for coping with climate risk. However, research on their impacts has mainly focused on economic considerations. Studies on broader social and ecological consequences are sparse and have produced ambiguous and inconclusive results. We address this knowledge deficit by (a) advocating for a holistic view of social-ecological systems and vulnerability when considering insurance impacts; (b) offering a systematic overview highlighting the potential beneficial and adverse effects of ‘climate insurance’ in agriculture, particularly where programs target intensifying agricultural production; and (c) suggesting preliminary principles for avoiding maladaptive outcomes, including specific recommendations for designing appropriate impact studies and insurance programs. Our synopsis brings together scientific knowledge generated in both developing and developed countries, demonstrating that agricultural insurance programs shape land-use decisions and may generate serious economic, social, and ecological consequences. If insurance is to be an appropriate tool for mitigating the impacts of climate change, it needs to be carefully developed with specific local social-ecological contexts and existing risk coping strategies in mind. Otherwise, it is liable to create long-term maladaptive outcomes and undermine the ability of these systems to reduce vulnerability.     

中国葡萄气候区划探讨

根据葡萄的生物学特性及其对气候条件的要求,在全国范围内选取８３个站点,按照９个农业气候指标,利用模糊聚类的数学方法,将全国划分为６个不同的葡萄气候区,并就各区的气候特点和品种选择作出分区评述。     

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)设计与实现

中国农业气象业务系统(CAgMSS)是基于C/S架构,研发的面向国家级和省级农业气象服务的业务工作平台,主要包括农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、灾害监测评估、农用天气预报等子系统,是农业气象业务的基础性软件。系统融合现代信息技术和农业气象业务技术,实现了全部子系统数据管理、模型运算、产品制作等业务流程的一体化。系统采用大型关系型数据库规范了农业气象各类业务数据,基于插件技术集成各项业务功能,实现多元数据、多指标、多模型在农业气象监测、评价、预报等领域的综合应用,提高了农业气象产品的定量化、精细化、客观化水平。系统于2012年投入业务应用,基于该系统制作的农业气象情报、作物产量气象预报、农业气象灾害影响评估、关键农时农事气象保障等服务产品,在指导全国农业生产和防灾减灾中发挥了重要作用,明显提高了农业气象业务能力和业务工作效率。     

Estimating the world's potentially available cropland using a bottom-up approach

Previous estimates of the land area available for future cropland expansion relied on global-scale climate, soil and terrain data. They did not include a range of constraints and tradeoffs associated with land conversion. As a result, estimates of the global land reserve have been high. Here we adjust these estimates for the aforementioned constraints and tradeoffs. We define potentially available cropland as the moderately to highly productive land that could be used in the coming years for rainfed farming, with low to moderate capital investments, and that is not under intact mature forests, legally protected, or already intensively managed. This productive land is underutilized rather than unused as it has ecological or social functions. We also define potentially available cropland that accounts for trade-offs between gains in agricultural production and losses in ecosystem and social services from intensified agriculture, to include only the potentially available cropland that would entail low ecological and social costs with conversion to cropland. In contrast to previous studies, we adopt a “bottom-up” approach by analyzing detailed, fine scale observations with expert knowledge for six countries or regions that are often assumed to include most of potentially available cropland. We conclude first that there is substantially less potential additional cropland than is generally assumed once constraints and trade offs are taken into account, and secondly that converting land is always associated with significant social and ecological costs. Future expansion of agricultural production will encounter a complex landscape of competing demands and tradeoffs.     

Swidden,rubber and carbon: Can REDD+ work for people and the environment in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia?

Swidden (also called shifting cultivation) has long been the dominant farming system in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA). Today the ecological bounty of this region is threatened by the expansion of settled agriculture, including the proliferation of rubber plantations. In the current conception of REDD+, landscapes involving swidden qualify almost automatically for replacement by other land-use systems because swiddens are perceived to be degraded and inefficient with regard to carbon sequestration. However, swiddening in some cases may be carbon-neutral or even carbon positive, compared with some other types of land-use systems. In this paper we describe how agricultural policies and institutions have affected land use in the region over the last several decades and the impact these policies have had on the livelihoods of swiddeners and other smallholders. We also explore whether incentivizing transitions away from swiddening to the cultivation of rubber will directly or reliably produce carbon gains. We argue that because government policies affect how land is used, they also influence carbon emissions, farmer livelihoods, environmental services, and a host of other variables. A deeper and more systematic analysis of the multiple consequences of these policies is consequently necessary for the design of successful REDD+ policies in MMSEA, and other areas of the developing world. REDD+ policies should be structured not so much to ‘hold the forest boundary’ but to influence the types of land-use changes that are occurring so that they support both sustainable livelihoods and environmental services, including (but not limited to) carbon.     

A way forward on adaptation to climate change in Colombian agriculture: perspectives towards 2050

Policy measures regarding adaptation to climate change include efforts to adjust socio-economic and ecologic systems. Colombia has undertaken various measures in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation since becoming a party of the Kyoto protocol in 2001 and a party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995. The first national communication to the UNFCCC stated how Colombian agriculture will be severely impacted under different emission scenarios and time frames. The analyses in this document further support that climate change will severely threaten the socioeconomics of Colombian agriculture. We first query national data sources to characterize the agricultural sector. We then use 17 Global Circulation Model (GCM) outputs to quantify how Colombian agricultural production may be affected by climate change, and show the expected changes to years 2040–2069 (“2050”) under the A2 scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES-A2) and the overall trends in both precipitation and temperature to 2100. We then evaluate expected changes within different regions and measure the proportion of area affected within each crop’s distributional range. By 2050, climatic change in Colombia will likely impact 3.5 million people, 14?% of national GDP corresponding to agriculture, employment of 21?% of the population, agro-industries, supply chains, and food and nutritional security. If no adaptation measures are taken, 80?% of crops would be impacted in more than 60?% of their current areas of cultivation, with particularly severe impacts in high value perennial and exportable crops. Impacts also include soil degradation and organic matter losses in the Andes hillsides; likely flooding in the Caribbean and Pacific coasts; niche losses for coffee, fruit, cocoa, and bananas; changes in prevalence of pests and diseases; and increases in the vulnerabilities of non-technically developed smallholders. There is, however, still time to change the current levels of vulnerability if a multidisciplinary focus (i.e., agronomic, economic, and social) in vulnerable sectors is undertaken. Each sub-sector and the Government need to invest in: (1) data collection, (2) detailed, regionally-based impact assessments, (3) research and development, and (4) extension and technology transfer. Support to vulnerable smallholders should be given by the state in the form of agricultural insurance systems contextualized under the phenomenon of climate change. A national coordination scheme led by (but not restricted to) the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR) with the contributions of national and international institutions is needed to address agricultural adaptation.     

Bridging the practitioner-researcher divide: Indicators to track environmental,economic, and sociocultural sustainability of agricultural commodity production

Agricultural systems, with their links to human wellbeing, have been at the heart of sustainability debates for decades. But there is only limited agreement among scientists and stakeholders about the indicators needed to measure the sustainability of agricultural commodity production. We analyze the metrics and indicators of sustainability used in contemporary research on commodity agriculture to demonstrate that new sustainability indicators continue to be developed rapidly by researchers interested in the three principal pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic, and sociocultural). Data from interviews with main agencies and organizations investing in sustainable commodity agriculture reveals that the most commonly used indicators in the academic literature do not overlap with the central aspects of agricultural commodity production that practitioners seek to monitor. Increased dialogue between researchers and practitioners is necessary for better design and use of metrics and indicators that are cost-effective and can be used to compare sustainability outcomes across countries and commodities. We argue that finding common ground among researchers and practitioners requires coordinating ongoing data collection efforts, a greater focus on linking data collection to relevant indicators for sustainable agricultural production, and more attention to the analysis of combined datasets, rather than on the collection of new data on new indicators. By outlining twelve key aspects of agricultural commodity production that the interviewed practitioners from major agencies and organizations deem important to track, our analysis provides a strong framework that can help bridge research-practitioner divisions related to agricultural commodity production and the use of indicators to monitor and assess its sustainability. Our findings are relevant to the search for a parsimonious set of sustainability indicators at a critical time within the context of a new emerging global sustainability agenda.     

农业气象类科技成果推广应用经济效益分析方法探讨

以科技部农业科技成果转化项目“黄淮平原农业干旱监测预警及综合防御技术推广应用”为例,对科学技术进步奖经济效益分析项目逐项解析后得出：该项目推广应用经济效益显著,对农业经济的贡献主要是节约开支、减少水资源和作物秸秆的无效浪费,对于培肥地力、改善作物的土壤生态环境以及对当季和下茬作物高产具有十分重要的意义。但对于改善生态环境而获得的生态效益分析方法,需利用其他指标进一步探讨。