江西金山剪切带型金矿床两类矿石的地球化学特征—兼论两阶段成矿机制

金山剪切带型金矿床主要发育含金硅质糜棱岩和含金石英脉两类矿石，它们分别在矿化第一和第二阶段形成。含金硅质糜棱岩与围岩－双桥山群上亚群具有一致的稀土和微量元素分布特征及相近的元素比值，后者为矿床第一阶段矿化的形成提供了物质来源。含金石英脉中流体包裹体的化学和同位素组成特征表明，矿化第二阶段的成矿流体为源于大气降水的地下热水，引起自然金沉淀的因素主要是流体的相分离。     

德兴金山金矿床成矿流体来源:小尺度构造和同位素地球化学证据

德兴金山金矿床位于扬子板块和华南克拉通之间的江南造山带东段赣东北深大断裂带的次级剪切带中,是一个与韧-脆性剪切带有关的超大型金矿床.金山金矿床的矿石类型包括蚀变岩型和含金石英脉型,均为与断裂(或者裂隙)充填有关的不同尺度石英脉系统.纹层状和透镜状含金石英脉结构表明金山金矿床的成矿作用是同构造的,金的矿化与递进变形作用密切相关,变形过程中产生的变质流体参与了成矿作用.石英-钠长石-铁白云石-黄铁矿蚀变带中与金共生的黄铁矿流体包裹体的3He/4He比值为0.13～0.24 Ra,40Ar/36Ar比值变化范围为575～1 090,说明成矿流体主要以地壳端员的流体为主,有很少量的地幔流体参与.铁白云石的碳、氧同位素值分别变化于-5.0‰～-4.2‰和4.4‰～8.0‰之间,与世界上大多数脉状金矿床的碳、氧同位素值基本一致.含金石英脉中石英的氧同位素变化于12.4‰～15.3‰之间,其中的流体包裹体氢同位素值变化于-62‰～-73‰.根据这些同位素地球化学数据,结合金山金矿床小尺度地质构造特征,笔者认为金山金矿的成矿流体主要为变质流体,并有少量地幔流体和大气降水的参与.金山金矿形成于地体碰撞过程中的转换压缩汇聚构造背景中.     

北京市怀柔县北干沟金矿床地质特征及找矿方向

北干沟金矿床位于燕山金矿成矿带中段,属含金韧性剪切带石英脉型金矿床.新太古代变质岩含金丰度高,是金成矿的矿源层.韧性剪切带对金矿化具有控制作用.金矿化可分为2期,其与韧性剪切带脆性变形作用有关.自然金主要分布于黄铁矿、黄铜矿及其氧化物的微裂隙、粒间或空洞中.围岩蚀变强烈,主要类型有黄铁矿化、硅化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化、钠长石化、绿泥石化、重晶石化等.矿区今后的主要找矿方向是在I号断裂破碎带中寻找石英脉型、蚀变岩型金矿化和在Ⅱ号韧性剪切带东段的张性扩容段中寻找含金剪切带石英脉型金矿化.     

江西金山金矿床两类矿化及其石英热发光特征

金山金矿床为一大型剪切带型独立矿床,主要矿化类型分为含金石英脉及硅化岩型两种,前者分布于金山剪切带上盘粉砂质千枚岩中,受顺层剪切裂隙控制,规模较小;后者主要受金山剪切带内Ｒ型剪切裂隙控制,规模大。研究表明,两类矿化是性质相同的含矿变质流体以不同方式在不同构造位置发生成矿作用的产物。石英热发光特征是评价两者含矿性的有效标志。     

新疆萨Ⅰ金矿床石英菱镁岩与金成矿作用研究

新疆西准噶尔萨Ⅰ金矿床由含金糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩和含金石英脉组成,矿体围岩为石英菱镁岩、碳酸盐-滑石片岩和蛇纹岩。根据岩相学研究,将萨Ⅰ金矿床的形成过程划分为5个阶段：黄铁矿-石英-碳酸盐阶段（Ⅰ）、自然金-辉砷镍矿-铬云母阶段（Ⅱ）、黄铁矿-碳酸盐-石英阶段（Ⅲ）、自然金-硫化物-石英阶段（Ⅳ）和碳酸盐阶段（Ⅴ）。阶段Ⅰ和阶段Ⅱ对应于石英菱镁岩经历的韧-脆性变形时期,其他3个阶段形成于脆性变形期间,反映出构造性质由挤压向拉伸环境转换的过程。阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅳ分别对应于Au-As和Au-Cu成矿作用。金矿化与石英菱镁岩经历的剪切变形过程相关。含金糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩的微量元素含量明显高于未变形的石英菱镁岩,说明剪切带流体输送了相关微量元素和成矿元素。在韧性变形向脆性变形转换过程中,流体压力骤降,含金络合物分解形成金矿。萨Ⅰ金矿床是产在糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩中的严格受剪切带控制的热液脉型金矿床。     

构造形变类型与金矿化类型的关系

含金构造形变类型决定或控制金矿化类型,深层次的韧性超韧性变莆为元素迁出区,一般不利于金矿化;韧性含金构造控制蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化,韧脆性变形含金构造控制构造蚀变岩型金矿化,脆性含金构造控制石英脉型金矿化。对于韧性剪切带和未来发生叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩来说,往往是构造变形越强,金元素含量越低。但在蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床中,已经叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩若幅度,石英变形机制与金矿富集程度都有密切的关系,而且含金构造     

四川广元市董家院金矿剪切带构造特征及控矿作用

董家院金矿区地处扬子地台与秦岭及松潘—甘孜褶皱带结合部,区内金矿体主要为含金石英脉,矿脉形态复杂,以单脉、组合脉和脉群形态产出。矿体的空间分布受区内北东—南西向展布的一组脆—韧性剪切带的控制。Ⅰ级主剪切带和Ⅱ级次级剪切带是矿区金矿形成的导矿构造,而Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级剪切带却是金矿的容矿构造;该金矿床为与剪切带有关的石英脉型金矿床。     

剪切带含金石英脉型矿床的研究现状

近年来，国内外十分重视剪切带与金矿床关系的研究，提出了含金剪切带和剪切带型金矿床等新概念。何绍勋等（１９９２）按矿床特征将剪切带型金矿划分为“剪切带糜棱岩型金矿”和“剪切带脉型金矿”两种基本类型。含金石英脉型矿床是剪切带脉型金矿的主要类型。     

剪切带型金矿床中含金石英脉的一种可能成生机制

现在发现越来越多的产在太古代地块中的金矿床大多都是同构造剪切带型矿床，其容矿断裂是在区域构造应力作用下由液压致裂作用所形成，即含矿流体驱动裂纹的产生和扩展，并形成裂隙。而矿体中最重要的矿石类型──含金石英脉为同构造脉，即含矿流体紧随裂隙的张开而快速沉淀其中，形成含金脉体，并使裂隙愈合。含矿流体的不断补给和沉淀，使流体的压力发生周期性的波动，而这种波动的流体压力使＂裂隙－脉体＂系统发生周期性的裂开－愈合作用，由此形成了富金的多期多阶段的复式石英脉体。     

金山金矿床成矿时代及矿床成因

金山金矿床由含金糜棱岩及含金石英脉型矿石组成。矿石的石英流体包裹体Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时代年龄测定结果为４０６￣４０９Ｍａ,这两种类型矿石的年龄在测定误差范围内基本一致,属于加里东期成矿。稀土元素分布模式、Ｓ、Ｐｂ及区同位素特征,成矿流体成分资料都说明这两种类型矿石的成矿物质均来自地层,成矿流体属于地层中的建造水及大气降水,矿床应为产于加里东期脆韧剪切带中由改造作用形成的变质细碎屑岩型金矿床。     

北京怀柔崎峰茶-得田沟金矿田稀土元素地球化学特征

崎峰茶-得田沟金矿田位于华北地块东北部,是华北地块北缘巨型EW向金矿带的组成部分。本文研究了该矿田各类岩石的稀土元素特征。通过与含金石英脉和金属硫化物的对比分析,探讨了它们与成矿的关系。结果显示,金属硫化物、含金石英脉及蚀变岩石的稀土元素特征很相似,它们与矿田内的燕山期正长斑岩脉和花岗岩(脉)具有很大相似性,从而确定了它们之间的成因联系,为找矿预测提供了依据。      

石英脉型金矿床的成矿流体研究及思考

石英脉型金矿是常见的金矿床类型.金主要以粒间金、裂隙金和包裹金3种形式赋存于石英、黄铁矿等金属硫化物中.目前了解此类金矿的成矿流体组成主要是通过石英中的流体包裹体成分的定量和定性分析结果,揭示矿床成因.但是野外和室内镜下的综合研究已证实,金矿的形成经历了若干个成矿阶段.每个阶段都有石英和金属硫化物形成,而石英要明显早于金属硫化物的结晶,同时金在硫化物中的存在形式多为包裹金和裂隙金,这至少说明金和硫化物同时结晶沉淀或金比硫化物更晚沉淀.因此,金运移沉淀结晶时的流体和石英结晶时的流体存在着明显的时间差,金矿化与黄铁矿等金属硫化物有着密切的联系.研究金属硫化物中的流体包裹体来反映主成矿阶段的成矿流体物质来源,比研究石英中的流体包裹体更具有实际的意义.     

金厂峪金矿床围岩蚀变特征与矿床成因

为了更深入地理解金厂峪金矿床成矿作用,对该金矿床内蚀变围岩的矿物组合、成分及其变化进行了较详细的研究.蚀变带质量平衡分析表明Al₂O₃、MnO、P₂O₅等组分具不活动性.由蚀变围岩向钠长石英脉,在蚀变岩中元素无明显变化.钠长石英脉体的形成与围岩蚀变有关,但两者成因并不相同.金厂峪金矿床的形成可能与深源流体有关     

Geochemical characteristics of gold mineralization of the Huai Kham On deposit,Sukhothai Fold Belt,Northern Thailand

The Huai Kham On gold deposit is located in the central part of the Sukhothai Fold Belt, northern Thailand. The Sukhothai Fold Belt represents an accretionary complex formed by subduction and collision between the Indochina and Sibumasu Terranes. There are many small gold deposits in the Sukhothai Fold Belt; however, the styles and formation environments of those gold deposits are not clear. The geology of the Huai Kham On deposit consists of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks, limestone, and low‐grade metamorphic rocks of Carboniferous to Triassic age. Gold‐bearing quartz veins are hosted by volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks. The quartz veins can be divided into four stages. The mineral assemblage of the gold‐bearing quartz veins of Stages I and II comprises quartz, calcite, illite, pyrite, native gold, galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Quartz veins of Stage III consist of microcrystalline quartz, dolomite, calcite, pyrite, native gold, and chalcopyrite. Veins of Stage IV consist of calcite, dolomite, chlorite, and quartz. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins are classified into liquid‐rich two‐phase (Types I_A and I_B), carbonic‐aqueous (Type II), and carbonic (Type III) fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of Types I_A and II fluid inclusions that are related to the gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III ranged from 240° to 280°C. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz veins of Stages I to III range from +12.9 to +13.4‰, suggesting the presence of a homogeneous hydrothermal solution without temperature variation such as a decrease of temperature during the formation of gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III in the Huai Kham On gold deposit. Based on the calculated formation temperature of 280°C, the δ¹⁸O values of the hydrothermal solution that formed the gold‐bearing quartz veins range from +3.2 to +3.7‰, which falls into the range of metamorphic waters. The gold‐bearing quartz veins of the Huai Kham On deposit are interpreted to be the products of metamorphic water.     

Geochronology of Gold Deposits and Its Implication for Metallogenesis in the Fengxian-Lixian Area, Qinling Orogenic Belt, China

Abstract: A series of super large‐scale and large‐scale Pb and Zn, and Au deposits are distributed in the Qinling orogenic belt, China. Gold deposits were generally ascribed to Carlin‐type originated from circular meteoric water. Visible and coarse‐grained gold (up to over 3mm in grain size) was recently identified in some gold deposits in the Fengxian‐Lixian area, Qinling. Au‐bearing quartz lodes related to magmatism were discovered in the Xiaogouli gold deposit. Two types of Au‐bearing quartz veins, i.e., NW‐trending quartz veins and NE‐trending quartz veins cutting strata are widely present in the Baguamiao gold deposit. Both are spatially associated with each other. The former is generally snake–like, S‐shape or zigzag, which was resulted from plastic deformation by ductile shearing, being generally cut by the latter. The latter is generally linear with widely developed bleaching alteration zones in its adjacent wall rocks, which symbolizes the superimposition of brittle deformation and filling and metasomatism of magmatic hydrothermal solution in ductile shear zones after uplifting of the shear zones near the surface. The NW‐trending quartz veins contain Au of lower than 3ppm. The NE‐trending quartz veins contain Au of more than 3 ppm, so that NE‐trending quartz veins and the adjoining altered rocks are important ores. The NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 210.61.26 to 232.581.59 Ma by ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar method, i.e., late Indosinian epoch (Triassic). The NE‐trending Au–bearing quartz vein was dated as 131.910.89 to 197.451.13 Ma by ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar method, i.e., Yanshanian epoch (Jurassic). The ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar age of the NW‐trending Au–bearing quartz veins represents the age of the ductile shear formation. The isotope data of the NE‐trending quartz veins indicate that gold mineralization was closely related to Indosinian and Yanshanian granite intrusives not only in time and space, but also in origin.     

The Kalana vein-hosted gold deposit,southern Mali

The Kalana gold deposit occurs within metamorphosed Paleoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary series of the Birimian Baoulé-Mossi domain of the West African Craton, in the south of Mali. These formations are intruded successively by small dioritic bodies, as well as andesitic and tonalitic dykes, which exhibit volcanic arc-setting signatures. Mineralization is hosted by two sets of quartz veins that intersect the regional schistosity. The first set of veins is the most important in terms of grades and size, and consists of thick veins (up to meter size) that range in trend from N–S to E–W with shallow plunges. The second set consists of much thinner (centimeter size) sub-vertical quartz veins oriented NE–SW. The two sets of veins are interpreted to have formed during the evolution of late, gently dipping thrust faulting. Two episodes of gold precipitation are recognized: a first episode, during early stages of vein growth, formed micron-size native gold inclusions in arsenopyrite; a later episode, during vein shearing and fracturing of the quartz lodes, precipitated native gold in free form in quartz, in fractured arsenopyrite, and associated with chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, Bi sulfides and native bismuth. All evidence suggests that the Kalana deposit represents orogenic gold mineralization formed during a relatively long-lived hydrothermal system, at a late stage of the tectonic history of the greenstone belt.     

Geochemistry and alteration facies associated with epithermal precious metal mineralization in an active geothermal system,northern Lesbos,Greece

Hydrothermal quartz veins associated with gold and silver mineralization and variable amounts of base metal sulfides have been discovered within an active geothermal system in the Megala Therma area of northern Lesbos. This geothermal system is probably a late evolutionary stage in the formation of this mineralization. The veins are hosted in Upper Miocene volcanic rocks of andesitic composition and consist of quartz, adularia, chlorite, sericite, illite, kaolinite, baryte, small amounts of jarosite and alunite, and native gold, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, covellite and goethite. The principal types of alteration which occur in the studied area are: silicification, propylitization, argillic alteration and potassic, phyllic alteration.     

中国石英脉型金矿床地质特征

石英脉型金矿床是指含金地质体为（含钾长石）石英脉的一类金矿床,是中国金矿床工业类型中的重要类型矿床.综合论述了石英脉型金矿床的含金地质体及矿体的空间展布特征、矿石矿物组合特征、矿石微量元素组合特征及围岩蚀变特征,形成地质环境及成因,总结了该类金矿床矿石中金的赋存状态、赋存特点及矿石的选冶条件和流程.     

陕西略阳张家山金矿成矿作用及Au-Se矿物形成物理化学条件研究

陕西略阳煎茶岭金矿矿集区中的张家山金矿主要由破碎蚀变岩型、角砾岩型和含金石英黄铁矿脉型矿石组成。含金石英-黄铁矿脉型矿石产于断层下盘的石英菱镁岩中。黄铁矿发育富As黄铁矿边,环边受As含量的变化呈现一定的韵律变化,自然金赋存在富As黄铁矿中。在断裂发育形成断层角砾岩的过程中,流体充填破碎石英菱镁岩的裂隙中形成热液矿物,包括硫化物、硒化物以及自然金。石英菱镁岩发生破碎形成的网状裂隙被含金石英-方解石-黄铁矿脉充填。破碎蚀变岩型矿石中,自然金主要分布在含金石英-黄铁矿脉的石英之中或靠近热液脉的菱镁矿或石英间隙。随着大量方解石脉沿裂隙贯入,进一步促进石英菱镁岩的破碎及岩石角砾的分离,形成由石英菱镁岩碎屑、石英和褐铁矿组成的复成分角砾岩,自然金和硒化物呈浸染状分布在角砾岩中。笔者在角砾岩型矿石中发现了灰硒汞矿、直硒镍矿、硒铅矿等硒化物,这些硒化物往往与自然金密切共生。结合矿物组合以及相关化学反应关系,通过热力学计算,构建了该矿床在不同温度条件下的热力学相平衡关系图,限定了硒化物与其他相关矿物稳定存在的物理化学条件。硒化物一般与自然金和石英共生,高的f(Se2)值和f(Se2)/f(S2)比值是控制硒化物形成的关键因素。