隐伏岩体顶上带与深部成矿预测

岩浆侵入的流体流动模拟表明.侵入体上方是流体聚焦流动的位置,流体通量远大于旁侧围岩,流体在此产生沸腾作用.随温度降低,侵入体上方渗透率逐渐增大,最大渗透率出现在侵入体的顶部.含水岩浆侵位后在其顶上带发生二次沸腾和减压过程,释放出的巨大机械能远大于围岩的抗张强度,足以引起围岩发生脆性破坏.岩浆岩顶上带的水饱和外壳及其围岩发生破裂形成陡倾裂隙和水力破裂.直立长椭球状岩浆体的侵入会在岩浆岩顶上带产生放射状和同心圆状裂隙,同时产生爆破角砾岩筒.因此侵入体顶上带的岩钟、岩枝、岩脉,放射状、同心圆状裂隙和角砾岩筒均为构造弱化带,是热液矿脉密集发育的部位.矿床地质学研究已充分证明.岩浆岩顶上带确是容纳与中酸性岩浆有关的热液矿床的最佳部位.在开展深部成矿预测和找矿的过程中,探寻隐伏岩体项上带和/或岩钟.是寻找深部与花岗岩类有关的多金属矿床的捷径.     

隐伏岩体顶上带与深部成矿预测

岩浆侵入的流体流动模拟表明,侵入体上方是流体聚焦流动的位置,流体通量远大于旁侧围岩,流体在此产生沸腾作用。随温度降低,侵入体上方渗透率逐渐增大,最大渗透率出现在侵入体的顶部。含水岩浆侵位后在其顶上带发生二次沸腾和减压过程,释放出的巨大机械能远大于围岩的抗张强度,足以引起围岩发生脆性破坏。岩浆岩顶上带的水饱和外壳及其围岩发生破裂形成陡倾裂隙和水力破裂。直立长椭球状岩浆体的侵入会在岩浆岩顶上带产生放射状和同心圆状裂隙,同时产生爆破角砾岩筒。因此侵入体顶上带的岩钟、岩枝、岩脉,放射状、同心圆状裂隙和角砾岩筒均为构造弱化带,是热液矿脉密集发育的部位。矿床地质学研究已充分证明,岩浆岩顶上带确是容纳与中酸性岩浆有关的热液矿床的最佳部位。在开展深部成矿预测和找矿的过程中,探寻隐伏岩体顶上带和/或岩钟,是寻找深部与花岗岩类有关的多金属矿床的捷径。     

豫西祁雨沟矿田金矿化类型、特征及成因

祁雨沟矿田内金矿床类型有爆破角砾岩型和构造蚀变岩型,表现为"多型一体"的产出特征。通过对两种类型金矿床的研究认为,受拆离断层控制的爆破角砾岩筒和陡倾斜断层,控制着金矿床的形成和分布,并分别形成爆破角砾岩型金矿床和构造蚀变岩型金矿床;燕山晚期,在伸展作用背景下,地壳深处重熔性花岗岩浆沿构造薄弱带上侵并演化,先后形成爆破角砾岩型金矿床和构造蚀变岩型金矿床。     

云南因民铁铜矿区辉长岩类侵入构造特征与找矿预测

对东川因民铁铜矿区辉长岩类侵入体的侵入构造几何学特征、物质组成和储矿构造样式进行研究,认为侵入构造特征复杂,辉长岩类以岩墙、岩床、岩株、岩枝和岩脉等产出,受落(雪)因(民)复式褶皱-断裂带核部及核部发育的SN向、NE向和NW向断裂控制,辉长岩类侵入体在空间上与铁铜矿体关系密切。从侵入构造中心向外具有三大构造岩相学分带,依次为侵入构造岩相带→热液蚀变角砾岩相带(体)→液压致裂-碎裂岩化相带,即侵入构造带(侵入角砾岩相带+含矿隐爆角砾岩相)→热液角砾岩体(筒)(热液角砾岩相+含矿热液角砾岩相)→断裂裂隙破碎带(含矿液压致裂角砾岩+含铜硫化物脉带)是本区主要含矿构造岩相带,是寻找和预测深部隐伏IOCG型矿体和热液型脉带状铜矿体的直接找矿预测标志。辉长岩类侵入体与落因复式褶皱-断裂带、小溜口岩组与因民组之间不整合面构造等形成了构造复合和储矿构造样式的多样性。本区储矿构造样式主要有辉长岩类侵入构造、隐爆角砾岩筒(带)和钠长石角砾岩筒(带),落因复式褶皱-断裂带与辉长岩类侵入体的复合叠加构造、辉长岩类侵入体与不整合面之间的叠加构造等,控制了不同类型矿化组合和矿床类型(成矿多样性)。在因民铁铜矿区深部小溜口岩组及落因背斜东翼,围绕辉长岩类侵入构造带是今后寻找IOCG矿床的主要靶位。     

相山铀矿田矿体形态分类及成因意义

矿体形态是矿体外形和内部构造的总和,矿体形态及其形成机制的研究,既是矿山开采的需要,也是矿床成因研究的重要内容,还可为新一轮地质勘查提供依据。相山矿田产于相山火山侵入杂岩体中,矿体形态主要呈不规则脉状和筒状,高品位矿石呈角砾状、"糜棱状"构造,与两侧蚀变围岩界线截然,脉壁无擦痕、阶步等断层作用标志,矿体的形态和内部结构,与区域性的应力破裂构造没有成生联系,呈现一种与液压致裂构造相关的矿体形貌特征,筒状矿体受隐爆初流化角砾岩筒控制,脉状矿体有两种成因类型,一是受流体蚀变型成矿构造控制的脉状矿体,二是受流体角砾岩脉和其两侧蚀变岩共同构成的脉状矿体。研究表明,流体角砾岩型和流体蚀变岩型成矿构造是相山矿田的主要成矿构造类型。     

岩浆隐蔽爆破构造与贵重、有色金属成矿

研究证明，岩浆隐蔽爆破作用所形成的产物，是一套成因上相互联系而以各具特色的碎屑岩组合。通过对隐爆碎屑岩的研究，将其划分为７种碎屑岩类型，并统称其为隐蔽爆破相岩石。随着矿产资源广泛的开发和研究的深入，愈来愈多的实际资料证明，岩浆隐蔽爆破构造与贵重有色金属成矿有着密切的成因联系；与岩浆隐蔽爆破构造有关，形成了包括Ｃｕ，Ｍｏ，Ｐｈ，Ｚｎ，Ａｎ，Ａｇ，Ｗ，Ｓｎ等矿种在内的一大批角砾岩筒型矿床。受爆破岩筒、震碎带、环状、放射状断裂、裂隙等隐蔽爆破构造及其伴生构造（接触带、捕掳体、破碎带等）的直接控制，成矿作用的形式和矿床类型均具多种多样的特征。     

中国与火山岩—斑岩有关的金银多金属矿成矿地质特征

与火山岩—斑岩有关的金银矿矿集区和大型矿床的形成是多种因素综合作用的结果,特别是火山盆地类型及结构、大地构造背景、基底断裂、火山岩岩相和岩类、基底矿源层、火山机构内部构造、流体系统等对于矿床的形成起着决定性的作用。上叠式火山盆地能否成矿,关键是基底是否具备初始矿源层,岩浆是否起源于上地幔并同熔了老基底中的矿源层。继承性火山盆地能否形成金银矿,关键在于上下两套建造中火山岩的发育程度和火山—沉积建造的连续性,一般底部构造层中发育玄武岩、科马提岩、枕状熔岩等中基性、碱性火山岩,顶部构造层以中—酸性火山岩为主时,对成矿有利。大地构造位置上为两个构造单元的接合部位,与金银矿成矿有关的火山盆地或其基底都经历过裂陷拉张环境,不管是盖层还是基底,必有其一为裂谷或岛弧环境岩石建造。许多中大型矿床和矿集区都分布在多次开合的裂谷环境中。斑岩体岩石类型、成分、形态、产状控制矿体的定位和展布,潜火山岩、斑岩体与金银矿存在空间上的不可分割性、时间上的同一性和成因上的内在联系。单一的火山熔岩很少形成矿床,形成金银矿床的火山岩常为凝灰岩、凝灰质集块岩、凝灰质火山熔岩,岩相上常为从火山岩向沉积岩过渡的地方,岩石组合为火山碎屑岩+凝灰岩+杂砂岩、粉砂岩+熔岩+泥质岩+碳酸岩。“三重结构”构造控矿,即深层次基底断裂,中深部位的盖层断裂,超浅、近地表—地表构造。以火山机构为中心从下向上形成多位容矿裂隙：侵入体(斑岩)顶部裂隙系统,隐爆角砾岩筒裂隙系统,破火山口裂隙系统。潜火山岩发生多期隐爆形成具一定延深的角砾岩筒,往往存在多个热流体系统,补给系统和排放系统完全时对成矿有利。     

山西灵丘支家地铅锌银矿隐爆角砾岩筒的岩相分带性研究及其勘查意义

隐爆角砾岩简长期以来一直受到人们的重视,但是对于岩筒的通道相特征以及垂向分带则少有研究.本文通过对山西灵丘支家地铅锌银矿床详细的野外和岩相学研究工作,发现了含矿隐爆角砾岩筒的通道相,其多发育在石英斑岩-石英斑岩角砾岩小岩株的顶部,总体形态为角砾岩筒根部发育的间隔式分支脉状矿化蚀变带,岩体内反映为细脉中心向两侧呈弥散密集浸染状矿化蚀变的隐蔽裂隙脉,对隐爆角砾岩筒的形成机制具有重要的意义.进而根据含矿角砾岩筒不同部位的矿化类型,角砾的成分、形状、大小、可拼合性等特征,将其在垂向上由上而下分为4个相带:①裂隙相、②震碎相、③爆破相、④通道相.各相带的角砾成分、大小、形态、胶结物特征和矿化蚀变等呈规律性变化,震碎相和爆破相是最主要的赋矿部位,沿含矿角砾岩筒的通道相有可能追索到深部的斑岩型矿化.含矿角砾岩筒形成机制与岩浆上侵中第二次沸腾过程中岩浆热液释放有关.     

陕西双王金矿床矿化富集规律对成矿构造的指示意义

双王金矿床是秦岭地区大型的危机矿山之一,找矿工作是当务之急,但其成因类型特殊,人们对其成矿构造的演化过程和控矿机制尚存在争议.以该矿床KT5矿体为例,研究了角砾岩体、断裂裂隙和金品位的空间分布关系,并结合趋势面分析,探讨了金矿化富集规律及其对成矿构造的指示意义.矿床地质特征及对矿区内基性岩墙的测年结果表明其成矿时代为印支期.在印支期秦岭造山过程中的NS向主压应力背景下,成矿断裂早期右行斜向剪切作用奠定了角砾岩带的雏形;断裂中期活动引发的地震及伴生液压致裂作用,使矿区内形成了角砾岩主体和断裂裂隙系统,主成矿阶段角砾岩化作用减弱,断裂裂隙持续发育,并作为流体运移和成矿的主要通道和有利部位,使金的矿化富集呈面状展布,断裂裂隙带的产状变化是金沉淀的重要影响因素;晚期构造应力转换为近EW向拉伸,近NS向基性岩墙群侵位并受到成矿流体的改造.      

北天山和中天山的含矿岩浆穹状构造

本文以北天山和南天山的矿床为例，指出这些矿床赋存于岩浆穹状构造中，并初步解释了岩浆穹状构造的天然形成机制与矿田、矿床和矿体空间分布之间的因果关系。此外，本文用能量转换脉动机制及其产生的干涉谐振现象，解释了吉尔吉斯山脉斑岩铜矿床裂隙－角砾岩带的形成过程，从而提供了合理地判定矿体位置、预测隐伏矿化的可能性。     

陕西双王金矿床角砾岩动力学成因探讨

双王金矿可拼性含金角砾岩是流体致裂角砾岩,而不是构造角砾岩或隐爆角砾岩。该区的深源异常高压流体是角砾岩产生的必要条件。角砾岩的动力学成因主要是区域变质作用、地壳隆升剥蚀作用和地下岩浆活动等形成异常高压流体,在重力、浮力和地热梯度的驱动下,在能干性强的岩石中产生裂隙,并向浅部增殖,被碳酸盐矿物等充填胶结。周而复始的流体压裂—沉淀愈合作用,使金多次富集,形成矿体。     

乌奴格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床地质特征及成矿模式

乌奴格吐山斑岩铜钼矿床是燕山晚期中酸性岩浆多次活动的产物。矿床的成矿母岩是同源异期多阶段形成的四个二长花岗斑岩小岩体,岩体的直接围岩是燕山早期黑云母花岗岩。矿床形成于斑岩活动晚期。由于富含成矿元素及挥发组分的中高温气液流体,引起斑岩体及其外接触带普遍遭受蚀变而产生多种蚀变类型,它们以斑岩体为中心呈环状分布。铜钼矿体主要赋存于石英绢云母化带,次为钾长石化带。     

相山铀矿田巴泉隐爆角砾岩(筒)地质特征与铀成矿

巴泉铀矿床位于相山矿田的北部边缘,是典型的隐爆角砾岩(筒)型铀矿床。隐爆角砾岩(筒)是由与相山火山机构有密切联系的燕山晚期侵入于震旦系变质岩中的潜花岗斑岩岩枝发生隐爆作用而生成。矿床是多阶段岩浆活动、多次隐爆作用和多期铀成矿作用互为响应、连续发展地质过程的产物,是集岩浆岩体-角砾岩体-铀矿体为一体的综合地质单元。燕山晚期潜花岗斑岩浆和英安玢岩浆的侵入、隐爆作用形成的角砾岩(筒),以及断裂构造的频繁运动,对铀成矿乃至矿床的形态和规模起到重要的控制作用。隐爆角砾岩(筒)的形成具有脉动性、隐爆性,显示隐爆角砾岩岩性的复杂多变,矿化蚀变种类、组合和强弱变化具有规律性。铀矿体(化)主要赋存于隐爆角砾岩和震碎角砾岩中,矿化显现出中富边贫、上强下弱的特征。     

Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation of the Glen Eden Mo-W-Sn deposit: a leucogranite-related hydrothermal system,Southern New England Orogen,NSW, Australia

The Glen Eden Mo-Sn-W deposit in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia, is an example of a leucogranite-related, low-grade, large-tonnage hydrothermal system. It occurs in the southern part of the New England Orogen and is hosted within Permian felsic volcanic rocks, intruded at depth by dykes of porphyritic microleucogranite (Glen Eden Granite). The deposit is hosted within a pipe-like quartz-rich greisen breccia body about 500 m in diameter, surrounded by a greisen zone several hundred metres across, zoning out into altered volcanic rocks. The dominant ore minerals, largely hosted as open space fillings and disseminations in quartz and quartz-rich greisen, are molybdenite, wolframite and cassiterite; they are accompanied by minor to trace amounts of muscovite, fluorite, topaz, siderite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bismuth, bismuthinite, joseite A, cosalite, galenobismutite, beryl, anatase and late-stage dickite and kaolinite. Two types of breccia are recognised: (1) greisenised volcanic rock fragments (quartz + muscovite), cemented by hydrothermal quartz ± K-feldspar ± ore minerals, and (2) fragments of hydrothermal quartz ± cassiterite ± wolframite enclosed in quartz ± clay. In both types of breccia and in stockwork veins, there is evidence of early precipitation of Mo-Sn-W phases, followed by Bi minerals and base metal sulfides (± fluorite, siderite).Breccia formation and associated hydrothermal alteration (greisen, potassic, argillic, propylitic) are interpreted to be related to devolatilisation of the highly fractionated Glen Eden Granite of early Triassic age (240±1 Ma based on ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology of greisen muscovite) as well as to fluid mixing with meteoric waters. The breccia pipe could have formed in part by rock dissolution and collapse, as well as by explosive degassing of boiling fluids. Fluid inclusion evidence is consistent with boiling, with breccia pipe formation and mineralisation having mainly occurred at 250–350 °C from fluids with salinity of 0.4–9 wt% NaCl equivalent in the dilute types and 30–47 wt% NaCl equivalent in the hypersaline types. Stable isotopic evidence (O, D, C, S) indicates a strong magmatic contribution to the hydrothermal fluids and metals in the breccia. The ¹⁸O values of quartz decrease outward from the breccia pipe (10.6–12.3 in the pipe to 3.4–8.7 in the peripheral quartz) indicating that there has been mixing with isotopically light (high latitude) meteoric fluids, mainly after formation of the breccia pipe.     

安徽宣城茶亭铜金矿床隐爆角砾岩特征及其成矿意义

安徽宣城茶亭铜金矿床是近年来在长江中下游浅覆盖区之南陵—宣城中—新生代火山—沉积盆地中新发现的一个大型矿床。文章以赋矿石英闪长玢岩侵入体内发育的隐爆角砾岩为对象,通过详细的钻孔岩心观察和显微岩相学研究,确定其地质特征并探讨其与成矿的关系。根据钻孔岩心观察确定的岩石构造特征及钻孔剖面圈定的角砾岩空间分布特征,茶亭铜金矿床发育的隐爆角砾岩呈上大下小的不规则筒状体,被隐伏的石英闪长玢岩侵入体包孕。根据角砾特征以及角砾间的裂隙和胶结物特征,可将隐爆角砾岩划分为隐爆浆屑角砾岩、隐爆热液角砾岩和隐爆破裂角砾岩三类,三类隐爆角砾岩空间上有规律地分布,以隐爆浆屑角砾岩为中心向外或向上依次过渡为隐爆热液角砾岩→隐爆破裂角砾岩→石英闪长玢岩。基于隐爆角砾岩与蚀变和矿化的关系推测,岩浆—气液隐蔽爆破作用所产生的大量裂隙为后期含矿岩浆热液和大气降水热液的运移、交代、混合乃至卸载、沉淀成矿提供了有利的构造空间。茶亭铜金矿床的矿体赋存于浅成斑岩侵入体中,其围岩蚀变类型与分带,以及矿化呈细粒浸染状和细脉—网脉状等地质特征显示其与斑岩型矿床极为相似,但矿化富集部位与隐爆角砾岩筒（体） 的一致,且矿床同时发育角砾状、脉状、团块状矿化,矿脉中发育热液硬石膏甚至形成硬石膏岩等地质特征又明显不同于斑岩型矿床。因此,文章将茶亭铜金矿床确定为一个与中酸性浅成斑岩侵入体密切相关的隐爆角砾岩型矿床。     

陕西二台子铜金床钠长石碳酸（角砾）岩类特征及形成构造背景分析

从岩石学、矿物学、岩石化学、地球化学、稀土元素等方面研究了二台子铜金矿内长石炭酸（角砾）岩类地质地球化学特征。晚泥盆世－石炭纪,在区域幔羽构造作用下,深部热流体沿先存在构造通道上升进入镇安二台子三级热水沉积盆地之中,形成了石英重晶石炭酸角砾岩、碳酸角砾岩、复成分角砾岩、钠长岩、钠长石碳酸岩,受同性断裂及层位控制明显,并构成了金的矿源层及普遍金矿化。燕山期,具有幔源特征的深部含矿热流体在北东、北西向     

祁连山白银厂黄铁矿型矿床成因探讨

The Baiyinchang mining area, an important industrial base of base metals in China, consists of five pyrite type deposits of different sizes, four of which have already been worked. These five deposits might be grouped into two types: Cu-bearing (predominatingly Cu) pyrite type deposits, such as Zheyaoshan, Huoyanshan and Tongchanggou, and polymetallic pyrite deposits containing principally Cu, Pb and Zn, such as Xiaotieshan and Sigejuan. These two types of deposits occur close to each other in the same formation-Baiyinchang spilite-keratophyre sequence and have similar structures and petrofacies, suggesting the possibility of forming two different types of deposits in the same tectonic unit and volcanic rock series. The deposit lies in the eastern part of the volcanic complex within the Qilian eugeosyncline, its genesis remains a problem of much controversy. Ln recent years, the author has made an integrated study and analysis of the data accumulated over the past thirty years and also performed some field investigation to check up these references. The results acquired have led him to postulate the hypothesis that the deposit was formed by the concentration of volcanic hydrothermal fluids in depression and the activity of subvolcano-magmatic fluids. The formation of the massive pyrite in the main ore body of Zheyaoshan is believed to be the result of the lateral effusion from the Qingshanbao vent of the third subcycle appearing presently as silicic rock formation, i.e., the result of the accumulation in the second subcycle crater depression of the ore material effused from the pyrrhotite ore chimney. This might be borne out by the existence of abundant massive copper-bearing pynhotite ore with well-developed textures of corrosion and replacement in the chimney as well as by the ring-like distribution of the metallic minerals around the chimney caused by the spread of the fluids from this center. Geological mapping and analyses of the data of drill core and petrofacies support the claim that the ore body is located at the crater depression. Minerals in massive pyrite ore body are coarse in the west and fine in the east, suggesting also the migration of ore fluids from east to west into the center of depression. The massive ore body cutting obliquely the strata, the relatively weak alteration of country rocks and the remarkable variation in copper content of the ore body all seem to have resulted from the ascending movement of the copper-bearing ore fluids brought by subvolcanic activity along the ore chimney and its fracture zone formed during the crustal reversion. The Xiaotieshan polymetallic pyrite deposit is of subvolcano-magmatic fluids type. Its ore-forming processes were strictly controlled by late subvolcanic activity which, in turn, was governed by fracturing. The ore body overlies the hanging wall of quartz albitophyre and shows close relationships with subvolcanic rocks in dimension and grade while the texture and structure of ore and the mineral constituents vary in accordance with the diverse country rocks. The examination of the structure of volcanos, fractures, variation in petrofacies, regularity of subvolcanic activity, the extent of wall rock alteration and characteristics of mineralization, therefore, makes up the prerequisite for the search of such concealed ore deposits. The Jinfangou ore belt expends along a EW striking fracture zone characterized by complex lithological characters and petrofacies as well as by frequent subvolcanic activities. Mineralization and ore bodies are exclusively confined to the fracture zone. The repeated crustal reversion during: the late stage of the development of rock formation resulted in the folding and faulting of the strata, thus facilitating the differentiation and migration of the magma. The intrusion of the subvolcanic magma not only brought sufficient ore-bearing fluids for mineralization, but supplied heat for their migration. This is due to the fact that heat: accelerated the circulation of the ore fluids, which dissolved ore elements dispersed in the volcanic rock and unceasingly infiltrated into and replaced the country rocks as well. As a result ore fluids concentrated to form ore deposits at places with favorable structure and country rock conditions.     

祁连山白银厂黄铁矿型矿床成因探讨

白银厂黄铁矿型矿区,共有五个矿床,已相继开采四个。其中有以铜为主的含铜黄铁矿型矿床,如折腰山、火焰山、铜厂沟;有以铜-铅-锌为主的多金属黄铁矿型矿床,如小铁山。这两种类型矿床均赋存在白银厂细碧-角斑岩内,且矿体相距很近,构造、岩相相似。说明在同一构造单元、同一火山岩系内可以生成两种不同类型的矿床。该区矿床位于北祁连加里东地槽东部火山岩系内,对其成因一直有争议。有人认为矿床     

川西呷村黑矿型矿床含矿火山岩系热液蚀变与物质-化学变化

川西呷村黑矿型矿床产于酸性流纹质火山岩系上部。矿区蚀变可分为矿化热液蚀变和区域低温蚀变，后者广布矿区；前者绕网脉矿（硅矿）形成蚀变岩筒，并具明显的蚀变分带：自内而外由石英－钡冰长石带向绢云母－石英带递变，自下而上由绿泥石带向石英－绢云母带递进。采用“惰性”微量元素方法恢复了含矿岩系原岩成分，定量估算了蚀变引起的物质－化学变化。在蚀变岩筒中，Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ强烈富集，远离蚀变岩筒，Ｃｕ略有亏损，Ｐｂ     

辽西义县地区黄花山角砾岩研究的新进展

对辽西地区黄花山角砾岩层的研究表明,黄花山角砾岩是一套火山碎屑岩-火山碎屑沉积岩类.黄花山角砾岩的形成大致可分为2个阶段:早期阶段以火山熔岩溢流和剧烈的火山爆发作用为主,不同地区形成了火山角砾岩(火山碎屑岩)或火山熔岩;晚期阶段,黄花山角砾岩成层性较好,以厚-中层为主,并且向上部韵律逐渐发育,表明这个时期渐变为以沉积作用为主,形成了火山碎屑沉积岩.黄花山角砾岩层和义县晚期的酸性火山熔岩同是义县组的顶部层位,二者为同时异相关系(但不是过渡关系).黄花山角砾岩层的定位对正确认识义县组以及研究阜新-义县盆地的演化史有着重要意义.