区域气候模式RIEMS对东亚气候的模拟

利用区域环境集成系统模式对东亚地区进行了1987年1月到1996年12月的长期积分试验,重点考察了区域气候模式对东亚地区区域气候平均状况的模拟能力.结果表明:(1) RIEMS模式能够较好地模拟出不同季节温度的空间分布以及不同区域温度的年变化;同时模式模拟的季和月平均表面大气温度与观测之间偏差大约一般在1～2℃.(2)对于降水来说,RIEMS模式能够较好地模拟降水的季节变化以及空间分布特征;同时,也能够较好地模拟不同区域降水的年变化.就季节而言,模式模拟的冬季降水最好,相对较差的为夏季;同时,模式能够较好地模拟雨带季节性移动,但模拟的雨带较观测的雨带偏北,大约为2～3纬度.(3)RIEMS模式能够模拟出东亚地区观测的湿润和干旱分布规律,但对于西北干旱区较观测偏干.       

全球和区域气候模式对中国东部夏季降水季节演变模拟的比较

本文利用全球海气耦合模式(MIRO3.2_hires)和区域气候模式(RegCM3)的模拟结果,分析了东亚地区夏季降水和大气环流的季节演变特征,并与NCEP/DOE再分析资料和降水观测资料进行了对比分析.结果表明,全球和区域气候模式都能反映出中国东部地区夏季平均环流场和降水场气候态分布的基本特征,但全球模式模拟的雨带范...     

区域气候模式对东亚冬季风多年平均特征的模拟

利用改进的区域气候模式(RegCM-NCC)对东亚区域进行了连续5年(1998～2002年)的气候模拟,并对模拟的东亚冬季风情况进行了全面分析.结果表明该模式能够较好地模拟出东亚地区冬季平均环流特征,较真实反映出冬季低层大陆冷高压的平均位置与强度,也能够揭示出冬季风场变化的主要特征,如低层的冬季风气流及高层的西风急流;对冬季风强度及年际变化也有较好的反映,对冬季季风涌出现的频率、主要区域以及温度的演变等气候特征的模拟与实况一致.通过比较分析,对该模式在东亚冬季风等方面模拟性能有较全面的认识,便于模式的应用及进一步改进.     

RegCM3对山东夏季气候高分辨率模拟

利用区域气候模式RegCM3及NCEP/DOE再分析资料,对山东地区1985-2000年夏季区域气候变化进行了高分辨率(20 km)的数值模拟试验.通过对模拟结果和山东地区较密集的观测资料的比较分析,检验了模式在该地区的模拟能力.结果表明:(1)区域气候模式RegCM3能够合理地模拟出山东区域中高层的主要环流特征;(2)数值模拟能够合理再现山东地区16 a夏季平均降水南高北低和地面气温西高东低的主要分布特征.同时也能够合理地模拟出1990和1998年山东地区夏季强降水的主要特征,以及1992和1999年的干旱;(3) 模式结果较好地反映了1985-2000年16 a夏季山东地区降水和地面气温变率的主要特征.     

区域气候模式对东亚季风和中国降水的多年模拟与性能检验

利用高分辨率区域气候模式 (NCC/RegCM)对 1998～ 2 0 0 2年的东亚环流及中国区域降水进行了数值模拟。对模拟结果的检验表明 ,模式能较真实地模拟出东亚地区多年平均的月季环流特征、季风的年变化、中国各主要气候区温度、降水的季节变化及中国主要雨带的季节性进退。但模拟的气温场在夏季对流层中、低层海洋偏暖、陆地偏冷 ,由于温度场的这种系统性误差加大了夏季海、陆温差 ,导致模拟的东亚夏季风偏强 ,使夏季雨带位置向北偏移 ,从而使华北地区降水估计偏高 ,没能很好地反映最近 5a来中国降水呈南涝北旱的气候特征。模式中地形的作用及云 辐射参数化方案等的处理可能是模拟误差的主要来源 ,这也反映了模式对于准确模拟中国区域降水的长期异常分布还比较困难 ,今后应进一步改进模式的模拟能力。     

5个海气耦合模式模拟东亚区域气候能力的初步分析

分析了CGCM1、CSIRO MK2、ECHAM4、HadCM2和GFDL共5个海气耦合模式模拟的东亚地区地面气温和降水量的多年平均值,并与观测值进行了比较,以初步考察全球模式对区域气候的模拟能力.结果表明,所有的模式对东亚地区地面气温及年变化的模拟结果均较好,但在整个模拟区域地面气温模拟值偏低,冬半年模拟结果较夏半年差;模式能模拟出东亚地区降水的时空分布特征,但模拟的区域性差别比较大,模式对西北、东北地区的模拟效果较差,就季节变化而言,冬、春模拟降水偏大.比较结果显示,ECHAM4和HadCM2对东亚地区地面气温和降水场的模拟效果优于其他模式.     

区域气候模式对东亚气候时空演变特征的模拟研究

利用区域环境集成模式系统对东亚地区进行了1987年1月到1996年12月的长期积分试验,重点采用经验正交函数分析方法分析和比较模式模拟及观测气候主分量时空特征,从而考察区域气候模式对东亚地区的区域气候模拟能力.结果表明:(1) RIEMS能够较好地抓住地面气温年平均状况及其年变化和年际变率的主要特征;(2)尽管模式对降水的模拟能力没有对地面气温模拟的强,但RIEMS模式基本上能够模拟出降水的空间分布以及降水的季节变化特征,同时能够抓住降水的年际变率.       

谱逼近方法在东亚夏季降水区域模式模拟中的适用性研究:区域大小和位置的影响

利用区域气候模式 MM5V3 对1991、1998和2003年的东亚夏季降水进行了模拟.首先通过6个嵌套区域大小、位置的敏感性试验,研究了区域气候模式在东亚地区的模拟对嵌套区域的敏感性.在此基础上研究了谱逼近方案对降低此敏感性的作用.结果表明:(1)区域气候模式MM5V3能够基本模拟出东亚夏季极端降水的分布特征和强度变...     

东亚区域气候变化的长期数值模拟试验

文中利用NCAR的中尺度模式MM 5V3对东亚地区进行了 10a的长期积分模拟试验 ,并着重对冬、夏两季东亚区域气候变化特征进行了分析。分析结果表明 :(1)模式能够合理地模拟出 10a冬、夏平均的区域气候特征。模拟的 10a冬季平均降水的分布和强度与实际比较一致 ,对夏季降水分布特征的模拟也比较合理 ,但模拟的夏季华北降水偏多。模式对冬季平均场的模拟要优于对夏季的模拟 ;(2 )模式对降水、地面气温年际变率的模拟较为合理 ,模拟的中高层环流、温度场等要素的距平相关系数都比较高 ;(3)模式对不同ElNi no年对东亚区域气候变化影响的模拟能力有所不同 ,模拟的 1992 ,1995年的结果比较合理 ,但对 1998年模拟得不理想 ;(4)MM5V3模式具备一定的区域气候模拟能力。     

NCAR RegCM2对1991年夏季江淮流域异常降水事件中关键物理过程的模拟能力检验

选取1991年夏季江淮流域发生的持续性特大暴雨洪涝个例,利用NCAR第二代区域气候模式RegCM2对逐日降水过程及其关键物理因子进行了数值模拟.模式的侧边界条件由ECMWF的大尺度分析资料提供,模拟时间为1991年5-8月.模式范围包括东亚地区及相邻海域,水平分辨率为60 km×60 km,垂直方向为23层.试验结果显示,该模式能够合理地模拟出1991年夏季东亚地区的逐日降水过程,特别是在江淮流域发生的异常降水事件.对一些关键物理变量和过程时空结构的分析表明,大气垂直速度和水平散度的时间演变与江淮流域的5次降水事件一致;形成异常降水的水汽来源主要是大气的水平运动输送。西太平洋副热带高压控制着东亚夏季季风的进退,RegCM2能够模拟出西太平洋副高的南北位置移动。而且,模式能够较好地再现出对水汽输送至关重要的低空急流的逐日变化。     

VALIDATION STUDY ON THE EAST ASIAN CLIMATE SIMULATED BY CCM2

The NCAR community climate model was run for 20 years and the simulated East Asianclimate was analyzed and checked against the observation data.It is found that the large-scalefeatures of the East Asia climate were simulated pretty well by the model,though there are stillsome discrepancies between the model output and the observation.The simulated geopotentialheight,wind and temperature fields are very close to the observations.The large scale systemssuch as subtropical high.Mongolia high,Indian low which have important influence on the EastAsia monsoon also simulated pretty well.It is also found that the moisture field is not simulated sowell as those fields mentioned above.The simulated precipitation is rather different from theobservations.These suggest that some physical processes in the CCM2 need to be improved.     

RegCM3对东亚环流和中国气候模拟能力的检验

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,嵌套ERA40再分析资料,对东亚地区进行了15年（1987～2001年）时间长度的数值积分试验,分析了模式对东亚平均环流及中国地区气温和降水的模拟。结果表明,模式对东亚平均环流的特征和中国地区降水、地面气温的年、季地理分布和季节变化特征均具有一定的模拟能力,对气温和降水年际变率的模拟也较好。此外模式模拟在测站稀少地区,可以提供局地如降水分布更可靠的信息。模式对气温的模拟存在1-3℃的系统性冷偏差;对中国地区降水地理分布的模拟也存在一定偏差,如对年平均降水的模拟中,降水最大值位置与观测有一定差距,特别是对冬季降水中心的模拟存在较大偏差。模式模拟的夏季降水,在中国北方地区总体偏大100-200 mm,南方总体偏小100-200 mm。模式对地面气温的模拟效果好于降水。     

Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon with IAP CGCM

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A high-resolution 43-year atmospheric hindcast for South America generated with the MPI regional model

An evaluation of the present-day climate in South America simulated by the MPI atmospheric limited area model, REMO, is made. The model dataset was generated by dynamical downscaling from the ECMWF-ERA40 reanalysis and compared to in-situ observations. The model is able to reproduce the low-level summer monsoon circulation but it has some deficiencies in representing the South American Low-Level Jet structure. At upper levels, summer circulation features like the Bolivian High and the associated subtropical jet are well simulated by the model. Sea-level pressure fields are in general well represented by REMO. The model exhibits reasonable skill in representing the general features of the mean seasonal cycle of precipitation. Nevertheless, there is a systematic overestimation of precipitation in both tropical and subtropical regions. Differences between observed and modeled temperature are smaller than 1.5°C over most of the continent, excepting during spring when those differences are quite large. Results also show that the dynamical downscaling performed using REMO introduces some enhancement of the global reanalysis especially in temperature at the tropical regions during the warm season and in precipitation in both the subtropics and extratropics. It is then concluded that REMO can be a useful tool for regional downscaling of global simulations of present and future climates.     

Present climate simulation over Korea with a regional climate model using a one-way double-nested system

Summary This study investigates the capability of the regional climate model RegCM3 to simulate surface air temperature and precipitation over the Korean Peninsula. The model is run in one-way double nested mode, with a 60 km grid point spacing “mother” domain encompassing the eastern regions of Asia and a 20 km grid point spacing nested domain covering the Korean Peninsula. The simulation spans the three-year period of 1 October 2000 through 30 September 2003 and the boundary conditions needed to run the mother domain experiment are provided from the NCEP reanalysis of observations. The model results are compared with a high density station observation dataset to examine the fine scale structure of the surface climate signal. The model shows a good performance in capturing both the sign and magnitude of the seasonal and inter-annual variations of the surface variables both over East Asia as a whole and over the Korean Peninsula in the nested system. Some persistent biases are however present. Surface temperature is systematically underestimated, especially over mountainous regions in the warm season. This feature may be due to the relatively coarse representation of the Korean topography. The simulated precipitation over the mother domain successfully reproduces the broad spatial pattern of observed precipitation over East Asia along with its seasonal evolution. On the other hand, fine scale details from the nested results show a varying level of quality for the different individual years. Because of the better resolved topographic forcing, the increased resolution of the nested model improves the spatial agreement with the fine scale observation fields for temperature and cold season precipitation. For summer monsoon precipitation the simulation of individual monsoon convective events and tropical storms is however more important than the topographic forcing, and therefore the performance of the nested system is more case-dependent.     

Simulation of paleoclimate over East Asia at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP by a regional climate model

Using a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2), East Asian monsoon climates at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP are simulated by prescribing vegetation and employing paleovegetation respectively in order to examine land surface effects on East Asian climate system and the potential mechanisms for climate change. The RegCM2 with a 120 × 120 km² resolution has simulated the enlargement of the seasonal cycle of insolation, the temperature rising the whole year, and the reduction of perpetual snow in high latitudes at 6 ka BP. The simulation shows the East Asian summer monsoon strengthening, precipitation and P–E increasing, and the monsoon rain belt shifting westwards and northwards. Effect of paleovegetation included in the modeling reduced surface albedo and caused an increase in the winter temperature, which led to weakening of the winter continental cold anticyclone over China. The results make the seasonal characteristics of simulated temperature changes in better agreement with the geological records, and are an improvement over previous simulations of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The RegCM2 simulated the 21 ka BP climate with lowered temperature throughout the year, and with precipitation reduced in most areas of East Asia (but increased in both the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia). Low temperature over East Asia led to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon and the shrinking of the summer monsoon. The effect of paleovegetation included in the experiment has enlarged the glacial climate influence in East Asia, which is closer to geological data than the PMIP simulations directly driven by insolation, glaciation and low CO₂ concentration.     

模式顶选取对南海季风爆发过程模拟的影响

本文利用MM5(V3)中尺度模式系统以1998年5月南海季风爆发过程为例，试验了模式顶层气压选取对南海季风爆发过程模拟结果的影响。共做了2个数值试验，分别将模式项选在100hPa和50hPa。试验表明，模式顶选取更高将使得和南海季风爆发过程相对应的东亚高空急流强度和位置模拟与观测更趋一致，并且南海北部地区季风爆发后强降水发生的时间及降水强度的模拟也得到明显改善。     

Evaluation of East Asian climatology as simulated by seven coupled models

Using observation and reanaiysis data throughout 1961-1990, the East Asian surface air temperature, precipitation and sea level pressure climatology as simulated by seven fully coupled atmosphere-ocean models, namely CCSR/NIES, CGCM2, CSIRO-Mk2, ECHAM4/OPYC3, GFDL-R30, HadCM3, and NCARPCM, axe systematically evaluated in this study. It is indicated that the above models can successfully reproduce the annual and seasonal surface air temperature and precipitation climatology in East Asia, with relatively good performance for boreal autumn and annual mean. The models‘ ability to simulate surface air temperature is more reliable than precipitation. In addition, the models can dependably capture the geographical distribution pattern of annual, boreal winter, spring and autumn sea level pressure in East Asia. In contrast, relatively large simulation errors axe displayed when simulated boreal summer sea level pressure is compaxed with reanalysis data in East Asia. It is revealed that the simulation errors for surface air temperature, precipitation and sea level pressure axe generally large over and around the Tibetan Plateau. No individual model is best in every aspect. As a whole, the ECHAM4/OPYC3 and HadCM3 performances axe much better, whereas the CGCM2 is relatively poorer in East Asia. Additionally, the seven-model ensemble mean usually shows a relatively high reliability.     

Latitude-Dependent Response of East Asian Summer Monsoon to External Forcing in the Last Millennium

Response of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) rainfall to external forcing(insolation,volcanic aerosol,and greenhouse gases) is investigated by analysis of a millennium simulation with the coupled climate model ECHO-G.The model reproduces reasonably realistic present-day EASM climatology.The simulated precipitation variation in East Asia over the last millennium compares favorably with the observed and proxy data.It is found that the features and sensitivity of the forced response depend on latitude.On...     

全球海气耦合模式对东亚季风降水模拟的检验

以CMAP(Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation)月平均降水资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的40年再分析资料集ERA40为观测基础,分析了当前政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告（IPCC AR4）的17个全球海气耦合模式对东亚季风区夏季降水和环流的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)模式基本上都能够模拟出降水由东亚东南部海洋至东亚西北部中国内陆减少的空间分布特征,部分模式能够模拟出降水的部分主要模态;(2) 大部分模式基本上能够模拟出中国东部陆地降水的季节进退。但同时也存在相当的差异,这包括:(1)多数模式普遍存在模拟降水量偏少、降水变幅偏小的缺陷;(2)雨带的季节推进过程与观测存在一定偏差,尤其海洋上的季节进退过程模拟较差,有的模式甚至不能模拟出东亚季风区东部海洋上大致的季节进程。因此,模式对东亚季风区降水的模拟能力还是比较有限的,需要进一步改进。多模式集合的夏季环流场以偏弱为主,不利于降水的形成,这在中国东部大陆部分比较明显。另外,空气湿度模拟值偏低、从而造成水汽输送偏弱也是导致东亚季风区夏季降水模拟偏小的原因之一。