西安地铁隧道穿越饱和软黄土地段的地表沉降监测

以西安地铁一号线朝阳门站—康复路站区段饱和软黄土地铁隧道为研究对象,通过施工期现场地表沉降变形监测,分析了在饱和软黄土特殊地层条件下隧道浅埋暗挖法施工引起的该区段地表沉降变形规律以及地表沉降槽分布特征。结果表明:在饱和软黄土隧道开挖时,随着掌子面的推进,隧道顶地表沉降可分为沉降微小阶段、沉降显著发展阶段、沉降缓慢阶段和沉降稳定阶段;单线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为18.89mm,双线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为36.4mm;已开挖隧道对围岩土体的扰动作用使得后开挖隧道的地表沉降发展较大;双线隧道的地表沉降槽宽度接近单线隧道沉降槽宽度的2倍,因此可以将其近似为单线隧道地表沉降槽宽度与双线隧道轴线中点距离之和;单线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为8.4～9.3m,双线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为16.2～17.5m;隧道开挖施工的沉降槽宽度参数为0.435～0.467,单线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为0.765%～1.324%,双线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为1.231%～2.200%。     

In situ experiments on supporting load effect of largespan deep tunnels in hard rock

A section of the Nanliang high speed railway tunnel on Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan high-speed passenger railway line in China was instrumented and studied for its mechanical properties and performances. The cross section for the tunnel was 300 m2 and is classified as the largest cross section for railway tunnels in China. Through in situ experimental studies, mechanistic properties of the tunnel were identified, including the surrounding rock pressure, convergences along tunnel perimeter and safety of primary support and lining structure. Based on the field measured data, the surrounding rock pressure demand for large-span deep tunnel in hard rock is recommended as double peak type in the vertical direction and fold line type was recommended for horizontal pressure. The results suggested that Promojiyfakonov＇s theory was most close to the monitored value. Specific recommendations were also generated for the use of bolts in tunnel structures. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the safety of the tunnel and it confirmed that the current design can satisfy the requirement of the current code.     

Application of high-density resistivity method for assessing construction safety of Shimodong tunnel in Helong City of Jilin Province

Some unfavorable geological conditions can affect the construction of tunnels.In order to evaluate the damage degree of tunnel construction and determine the surrounding rock grade and stability of the tunnel,the authors used high-density resistivity method to detect the surrounding rocks of Shimodong tunnel in Xicheng Town of Helong City.The underground resistivity structures of the entrance,exit and middle parts of the tunnel are obtained.Through analysis,it is found that there are no bedrock faults near the tunnel,although some joints and fissures are developed in some locations,which are characterized by low-resistivity anomalies.The tunnel structures are stable overall,favorable for safe and efficient construction.The study also proves the good application effect of the high-density resistivity method in tunnel safety detection.     

Model test on support scheme for carbonaceous slate tunnel in high geostress zone at high depth

The Muzhailing extra-long highway tunnel and corresponding inclined shafts in Lanzhou,Gansu Province,China passes through structurally complex carbonaceous slate that is under high ground stress.Rationally-designed and effective support is of high importance for achieving safe and efficient tunnel construction.The No.2 inclined shaft of Muzhailing Tunnel was taken as the engineering background prototype,for which,a similar model test was conducted to evaluate the effect of highly pretightened constant resistance(NPR,Negative Poisson’s Ratio)anchor cable support provision to the geologically complex carbonaceous slate at different depths.Two schemes were proposed during testing:one scheme was without support and the second was with asymmetric support from highly pre-tightened constant resistance anchor cable.Digital speckle displacement analysis system and micro-groundstress sensors were employed to measure the deformation and shear stress distribution of the tunnel.The results demonstrated that through the second support scheme,the deformation of the surrounding rock could be effectively ameliorated,while this support scheme was applied on the project site of the No.2 inclined shaft,to explore the rationality of the scheme through field engineering tests.On-site monitoring indicated that the deformation of the surrounding rock was within the reasonable design range and the problem of severe tunnel deformation was effectively controlled.The research methods and related conclusions can be used as a reference for the treatment of large deformation problems in deep-buried soft rock tunnels.     

火山岩体围岩隧道断层带涌水量计算方法综合研究:以青云山隧道为例

以某火山岩体围岩隧道为研究对象,分析了隧道区蓄水构造类型与隧道涌水特征,运用多种解析方法和数值模拟方法对隧道区典型断层带涌水量进行了计算,并与实测数据进行了对比,总结出各种方法的适用性。研究结果表明:火山岩体围岩隧道涌水表现为断层带控水的分段涌水特征;传统的地下水动力学法较降雨入渗法和氚同位素法更适合于用于此类隧道的隧道涌水量计算,而数值模拟法在计算隧道涌水量上有一定的优越性。此外,隧道断层带水文地质调查的程度与参数刻画的准确度对计算结果精度影响很大。      

西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的计算模型探讨

通过对西安地铁隧道穿越地裂缝带的大型物理模型试验成果的分析,提出在地裂缝活动时,穿越地裂缝带的地铁隧道有以下两个方面的变化特征:一是作用于隧道的荷载发生改变;二是在隧道底部产生脱空现象。这种脱空现象无论在整体式隧道还是盾构隧道中都会出现。造成隧道在界面上与土体脱空的原因是隧道和周围地层的变形不协调。脱空区域的大小对地铁隧道的变形与内力计算会产生明显影响。在对隧道变形特征分析的基础上,总结得出了西安地铁穿越地裂缝带隧道变形的4种计算模型:对于整体式长隧道,可以采用一端固定而另一端简支,或一端固定而另一端定向支承的计算模型;对于整体式短隧道,可以采用外伸梁模型;对于盾构隧道,可以采用一端固定而另一端定向支承的计算模型。最后,对脱空条件下隧道数值分析的建模问题进行了讨论。算例分析表明:在数值计算中,对于隧道与土体接触面的界面处理非常关键,否则将造成计算结果的重大误差。     

基于岩溶演化模型的隧道突水危险性评价

岩溶隧道是否发生涌突水,主要取决于洞身岩溶发育程度和岩溶系统结构类型,而这与岩溶系统的演化过程密切相关。岩溶系统的发育演化始于具有侵蚀性的水对可溶性岩体中裂隙的溶蚀扩展。基于此,本研究耦合了渗流模型和溶蚀扩展模型,并结合鸡公岭隧道区水文地质背景资料,建立了隧道区岩溶系统岩溶演化模拟模型,模拟再现了隧道区岩溶含水介质的发育情况。结果显示:随着岩溶系统的发育演化,整个系统中裂隙不断被溶蚀扩展,差异性溶蚀越来越显著,岩溶含水介质的非均质性越来越强;同时随着埋深的增加,岩溶发育程度及非均质性越来越弱;浅部和深部裂隙的平均溶蚀扩展率相差近1 500倍;鸡公岭隧道洞身标高处岩溶发育微弱,裂隙溶蚀扩展较小,仍为裂隙岩体,其等效渗透系数为0.51m/d,岩溶突水概率极低,隧道发生涌水时的涌水量为127.9m3/d,对隧道施工影响较小。      

呷爬滑坡滑带土蠕变特性及其稳定性

水库滑坡变形破坏受其岩土体蠕变特性及环境因素的影响。当滑坡进入加速变形阶段后,变形骤然增大,失稳概率增加。为了研究滑坡岩土体蠕变特性及其稳定性,选取锦屏一级水电站呷爬滑坡为研究对象,采用坡表位移监测曲线分析与室内三轴蠕变试验相结合的方法,建立了Burgers蠕变模型结合FLAC3D软件进行了滑坡稳定性研究。分析坡表位移-时间曲线发现,坡体变形特征与一般滑坡土体的蠕变特征具有相似性,滑带土室内三轴蠕变试验结果表明,滑带土变形可划分为瞬时蠕变、减速蠕变与稳定蠕变3个阶段,同时其瞬时变形量、稳定蠕变速率均随围压以及应力水平的增大而增大。基于滑带土蠕变特性的Burgers蠕变模型的计算结果,对比了常规强度折减法与考虑蠕变的强度折减法的滑坡稳定性系数,计算结果表明呷爬滑坡目前处于稳定状态,在一个计算周期内考虑蠕变的强度折减法较常规强度折减法的稳定性系数下降了0.04,因此,揭示滑坡土体蠕变特性并在此基础上研究其稳定性具有实际意义。      

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武汉两湖隧道岩溶水系统结构及水循环规律

武汉市两湖隧道是国内最长、世界规模最大的城市湖底隧道, 其东湖段穿越岩溶区, 识别其岩溶水系统结构对隧道建设和运营安全具有重要意义。为查明区内岩溶水系统结构及水循环特征, 综合利用地质及水文地质勘探、水文地球化学分析等方法刻画了岩溶含水系统边界, 总结了岩溶发育规律, 识别了洞穴沉积物来源, 分析了岩溶水与孔隙水和地表水之间的水力联系, 探讨了岩溶水循环模式。结果表明: 研究区可划分为南北2个岩溶含水系统, 北段岩溶含水系统的岩溶发育程度强于南段岩溶含水系统, 北段和南段岩溶含水系统由断层带连通而具有统一的水力联系。洞穴沉积物主要来源于第四系残积层和洞穴围岩风化。第四系冲洪积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的水力联系较弱, 而第四系残积层孔隙水与下伏岩溶水的联系紧密。本研究利用多种技术方法精细刻画湖底隧道的岩溶水系统结构, 可服务于隧道工程的涌突水风险评价和安全施工。      

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior. In this paper, we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method. First, a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed. Then, the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint) distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method, i.e., a new rheological damage model(RDL model) of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic, viscous, viscoelastic, viscoplastic and plastic elements. A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province, southwestern China, which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock) under high geo-stress. The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure, thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems. The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization, and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress. Thus, the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method. Compared with the single primary support method, the surrounding rock pressure, secondary lining force, surrounding rock deformation, and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60% after the double primary support method was used.     

Stability analysis of left bank at Tengzigou Hydropower Station

The stability analysis is one of the chief problems at hydropower stations.The Tengzigou Hydropower Station is a significant project in Southwest China.The authors analyzed the engineering geological features and evaluated the stability of rock mass on left bank.For determining the parameters of rock mass stability on left bank,we adopted the method of numerical value calculation according to the theory of rigidity limited equilibrium,which will provide the theoretical evidences for this project.     

Seismic damage of mountain tunnels during the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake

A number of mountain tunnels suffered significant damage to various extent during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Damage ranging from small to heavy cracking was observed both at the portal and inside the tunnels, while some sections close to the faults completely collapsed. A summary of qualitative data collected from reports and papers is presented regarding the behavior of the 55 mountain tunnels near the epicenter during the earthquake. Based on the seismic investigation and data collection of mountain tunnels, the tunnel damage is classified into six most common damage models involving cracking, spalling, shear failure, dislocation, pavement uplift and collapse. Detailed study and discussion are then carried out on the damage models. In order to examine the influencing factors of the damage magnitude of the mountain tunnels, the correlations between epicentral distance, earthquake intensity, overburden depth, geological condition and damage levels are analyzed. The relationships between earthquake parameters and different damage models are developed and discussed. Also, suggestions are provided to improve the seismic resistance of mountain tunnels.     

Stability analysis of left bank at Tengzigou Hydropower Station

The stability analysis is one of the chief problems at hydropower stations. The Tengzigou Hydropower Station is a significant project in Southwest China. The authors analyzed the engineering geological features and evaluated the stability of rock mass on left bank. For determining the parameters of rock mass stability on left bank, we adopted the method of numerical value calculation according to the theory of rigidity limited equilibrium, which will provide the theoretical evidences for this project.     

音频大地电磁法在某隧道勘察中的应用

新建池州到黄山铁路是一条致力服务于旅游业的高速铁路,全线隧道比超过60%,该铁路设计多条长大隧道,其中某隧道全长8986m,洞身距离地表的最大高差达775m,一般的勘探方法很难达到这个深度,而且隧道沿线沟壑纵横、地貌多变,断裂构造非常发育,地下暗河众多,地质情况极其复杂。音频大地电磁法勘探深度较大、施工成本低、对低阻分辨率较高,它装备轻便,通过性好,目前已成为国内外用于山区长大深埋隧道勘察的主要方法。该文介绍了音频大地电磁测深法的工作原理、野外技术方法和资料处理流程,阐述了该方法在某隧道勘察中的实际应用效果。该隧道的音频大地电磁测深工作野外数据采集精度较高,数据处理方法得当,基本查明了隧道沿线地层分布情况及断层等不良地质体特征,推断成果与钻探结果吻合较好,圆满完成了预期任务,依据物探结果对地层完整性进行了评价,对隧道围岩进行了分级划定,为下一步隧道施工提供了可靠的地球物理依据,也为今后类似工作起到了一定的借鉴作用和参考价值。     

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基于A-star算法的矿井事故救援研究

针对井下不同形状巷道几何空间特征,确立以空间点、线、面为基本图元,以巷道中心线作为三维模型构建的基础框架,建立巷道三维模型。采用启发式路径搜索A-star算法,实现了应急救援路线智能快速选择。实践证明,该方法对于矿井事故定位和救援具有一定的实用性。     

基于A-star算法的矿井事故救援研究

针对井下不同形状巷道几何空间特征,确立以空间点、线、面为基本图元,以巷道中心线作为三维模型构建的基础框架,建立巷道三维模型。采用启发式路径搜索A-star算法,实现了应急救援路线智能快速选择。实践证明,该方法对于矿井事故定位和救援具有一定的实用性。     

富水断层非标准三角堰测法流量计算方法及工程应用

公路、铁路、水利水电、矿山等隧道工程建设和运营过程中,不可避免地会遭遇塌方、突涌水等地质灾害问题,围岩失稳破坏和渗流突变是发生突水的直接原因。为查明龙南隧道F₈富水断层洞身范围涌水来源及其涌水量的大小,采用非标准三角堰测法结合矩形堰测法现场监测F₈断层地表上、下游流量。本研究提出非标准三角堰测法的基本概念,并根据标准三角堰测法流量公式,结合流量的等效原理,推导出了非标准三角堰测法流量公式。通过理论与实测数据进行比较,证明了本公式的合理性。研究结果表明,非标准三角堰测法流量公式的推导为现场流量实测提供了方便,克服了标准三角堰测法公式适用范围不足的缺点,为分析断层破碎带洞身围岩范围内涌水量大小提供了可靠依据。      

隧道围岩变形监测反演分析及稳定性研究

针对有限元方法模拟隧道开挖过程受参数取值影响导致精度降低问题,提出利用BP神经网络和数值模拟方法来对隧道围岩力学参数进行反演分析。对比实测值与模拟值,证明了反演参数的可靠性,并得到隧道的最大最小主应力和位移变化值;利用强度折减法,通过数值模拟计算相应的拱顶沉降值,通过离散点拟合来求得隧道围岩的自稳系数,分析隧道围岩的稳定性。