全极化SAR图像的建筑物提取研究

针对建筑物结构复杂、形式多样,产生的交叉极化散射现象使得其在极化SAR图像上易与植被混淆,提取困难的问题,该文结合极化散射信息和空间信息进行建筑物的提取研究,主要以AIRSAR全极化数据进行实验。①进行基于极化补偿的Yamaguchi四分量分解,根据偶次散射能量提取出建筑物;②提取总功率Span图像的纹理特征利用支持向量机进行分类;③融合前两步的提取结果得到最终结果。结果表明:方法优于基于极化补偿的Yamaguchi四分量分解的提取方法和SVM方法,对于平行建筑物、小方位角建筑物、大方位角建筑物的提取精度分别达到了99%、94%和56%,有效区分了建筑物与植被。     

基于最优极化相干系数的倾斜建筑物解译研究

基于Freeman_Durden分解的全极化SAR影像分类方法能够较好地保持地物极化散射特性,但在分类的过程中,不能改变初始散射机制,导致分解结果对分类精度影响很大。在Freeman_Durden分解中,排列方向相对雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物（简称为倾斜建筑物）常被分为体散射类型,使得该类建筑物往往被误分为植被。本文通过分析建筑物在SAR影像中的后向散射特性,利用建筑物具有较高相干性的特点,引入最优极化相干系数,在目标分解的基础上通过阈值分割将两者区分开来,进而提高反射非对称性人工目标的分类效果。通过使用E-SAR系统在德国DLR附近Oberpfaffenhofen地区获取的L波段PolInSAR影像和国内X-SAR系统在海南陵水地区获取的X波段PolInSAR影像进行实验,证明本文提出的方法能够有效地将与雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物与森林区分开。     

基于最优极化相干系数的倾斜建筑物解译研究

基于Freeman_Durden分解的全极化SAR影像分类方法能够较好地保持地物极化散射特性,但在分类的过程中,不能改变初始散射机制,导致分解结果对分类精度影响很大。在Freeman_Durden分解中,排列方向相对雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物(简称为倾斜建筑物)常被分为体散射类型,使得该类建筑物往往被误分为植被。通过分析建筑物在SAR影像中的后向散射特性,利用建筑物具有较高相干性的特点,引入最优极化相干系数,在目标分解的基础上通过阈值分割将两者区分开来,进而提高反射非对称性人工目标的分类效果。通过使用E-SAR系统在德国DLR附近Oberp-faffenhofen地区获取的L波段PolInSAR影像和国内X-SAR系统在海南陵水地区获取的X波段PolInSAR影像进行试验,证明该方法能够有效地将与雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物与森林区分开。     

基于PolInSAR三分量分解的建筑物高度向信息提取方法

传统的基于InSAR提取建筑物高程的方法难以区分同一分辨单元内不同散射体的高度信息.文中提出一种基于PolInSAR Freeman三分量分解的城市建筑物高度向信息提取方法,可有效获取同一分辨单元内不同散射体的散射中心.首先对极化干涉互协方差矩阵进行Freeman三分量分解,分离不同散射机制对应的相位中心,然后根据相位信息重建建筑物三维模型.利用覆盖美国加州Richmond地区的两景高分辨率TerraSAR-X极化SAR数据进行实验,结果表明,PolInSAR三分量分解能够分离同一散射单元内不同散射体的相位中心,从而有效提取出建筑物高度向信息及其三维模型.     

引入规范化圆极化相关系数的保持极化散射特性的分类算法

极化SAR三分量分解中,和SAR视线不垂直的人工建筑物常被分为体散射类型,进而引起建筑物和森林的误分类。针对此不足,利用此类建筑物的反射非对称性,提出了一种引入规范化圆极化相关系数(NC-CC)的保持极化散射特性的分类算法。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够将与SAR视线不垂直的人工建筑物从体散射类型中分离出来。     

极化SAR自适应三分量分解方法

介绍了原始极化SAR三分量分解中存在的问题,如负功率和散射机制模糊,并深入分析了其改进方法中仍然存在的缺陷,提出了一种自适应的三分量分解。该分解采用了更一般化的散射模型,并首次考虑了像素中存在不同旋转角的两个面或偶次散射目标,然后利用散射Alpha角确定除体散射之外的剩余主导散射机制,使面或偶次散射得到了更充分的保持。最后,从散射模型与极化相干矩阵自适应匹配的角度出发,提出了一种对负功率进行自适应优化的措施,使得负功率像素个数大大减少,从而分解更加准确有效。试验结果表明,该分解所得结果更符合实际地物散射过程,能更好地解决基于模型的分解方法中存在的缺陷。     

一种极化SAR协方差矩阵综合四分量分解模型

基于多视协方差矩阵发展了一种综合选择性去取向和广义体散射的极化SAR四分量分解模型。首先引入交叉极化相关系数进行螺旋体散射抑制和非反射对称地物去取向;然后采用一种随HH和VV功率比值自适应变化的广义体散射模型来替代原体散射模型;最后通过功率限制处理以完全消除分解负功率像素,该处理不仅能够保持地物主导散射类型不变,而且包含与Krogager分解三分量对应的非相干分解。通过机载L波段ESAR和AirSAR极化数据实验并与其他分解模型的比较,验证了该分解模型的有效性。     

极化分解后多纹理特征的建筑物损毁评估

准确地获知灾区的建筑物损毁程度能为抗震救灾和灾后重建提供决策依据。利用震后极化合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据,该文提出了一种综合利用极化分解后多纹理特征的震后建筑物损毁评估方法。首先,用Pauli分解的π/4偶次散射分量剔除非建筑区;其次,用Pauli分解的π/4偶次散射分量的方差特征、对比度特征和Pauli分解的奇次散射分量的对比度特征识别倒塌建筑物,并分别基于区块计算建筑物损毁指数;最后,综合3个纹理特征完成建筑物的损毁评估。采用玉树震后RADARSAT-2数据和东日本大地震后ALOS-1数据的实验验证了所提方法对建筑物损毁评估的有效性,该方法对玉树城区和日本石卷城区的重度、中度和轻度损毁建筑评估的总体精度分别为74.39%和80.26%。与其他方法的对比实验表明,该方法能减少取向角的影响,对存留有少数与方位向平行的完好建筑物的倒塌区、大取向角的完好建筑区的评估更为准确。     

利用改进三分量分解与Wishart分类的极化SAR图像建筑提取

本文针对基于Freeman分解的建筑提取方法存在的问题, 提出采用圆极化相关系数实现选择性去取向, 同时引入广义体散射模型, 构建面向建筑提取的改进三分量分解模型, 以准确分析地物的散射特性。在此基础上, 发展了一种综合利用改进三分量分解与Wishart迭代分类算法的极化SAR图像建筑提取方法。使用E-SAR全极化数据的试验结果表明, 本文方法能够有效减少建筑与植被的误分, 并提高建筑信息提取的准确性。     

利用改进三分量分解与Wishart分类的极化SAR图像建筑提取方法

本文针对基于Freeman分解的建筑提取方法存在的问题,提出采用圆极化相关系数实现选择性去取向,同时引入广义体散射模型,构建了面向建筑提取的改进三分量分解模型,以准确分析地物的散射特性。在此基础上,发展了一种综合利用改进三分量分解与Wishart迭代分类算法的极化SAR图像建筑提取方法。使用E-SAR全极化数据的试验结果表明,本文方法能够有效减少建筑与植被的误分,并提高建筑信息提取的准确性。     

基于四分量散射模型的多极化SAR图像分类

基于四分量散射模型提出了一种多极化SAR(synthetic aperture radar)图像非监督分类算法。与Freeman三分量散射模型不同,四分量散射模型在Freeman三分量的基础上增加了螺旋散射分量(helix),该分量反映了复杂地貌和不规则城市建筑的散射机理,可以用来处理复杂的场景图像。算法强调了初始分类的重要性,在初始分类中考虑了混合散射机制像素的存在,从而提高了分类结果的精确度。聚类过程中,采用由四个散射分量组成的特征向量进行迭代聚类。为了实现算法的完全非监督,利用特征向量给出了一种新的聚类终止准则。NASA/JPL实验室AIRSAR全极化数据分类实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的分类效果,并获得了较高的分类精度。     

一种优化的极化SAR图像海面目标检测方法

提出一种优化的极化SAR图像海面目标检测方法,结合改进的极化SAR四分量分解中的螺旋散射分量与Wishart分类器,充分利用极化散射特性、结构特征、统计特性来进行目标的自动检测。同时通过纹理特征相似性克服了Wishart分类器在无目标海域检测时容易将强度值较高的海杂波误认为目标的缺陷。采用美国无人机UAVSAR在Mexico海域和巴拿马Barro Colorado Island海域获取的两组L波段全极化数据进行实验验证。实验结果表明:文中的优化方法能够较准确检测海面目标,很好地降低虚警率;同时解决了Wishart分类器在无目标海域发生错检的问题。     

An improved building detection approach using L-band POLSAR two-dimensional time-frequency decomposition over oriented built-up areas

The objective of this study is to efficiently extract detailed information about various man-made targets in oriented built-up areas using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) images. This paper develops an improved approach for building detection by utilizing Two-Dimensional Time-Frequency (2-D TF) decomposition. This method performs outstandingly in distinguishing between man-made and natural targets based on the isotropic behaviors, frequency-sensitive responses, and scattering mechanisms of objects. The proposed method can preserve the spatial resolution and exploit the advantages of TF decomposition; specifically, the exact outlines of buildings can be effectively located, and more types of features (e.g., flat roofs, roads, and walls that are oblique to the radar illumination) can be distinguished from forests in complex built-up areas by 2-D TF decomposition. The coarser-resolution subaperture images that are produced in the azimuth direction, which correspond to different looking angles, are beneficial for detecting man-made structures with main scattering centers oriented at oblique angles with respect to the radar illumination. In the range direction, the obtained subaperture images, which correspond to various observation frequencies, can be helpful in distinguishing flat roofs and roads from forests. This method was successfully implemented to analyze both NASA/JPL L-band AIRSAR and L-band EMISAR data sets. The building detection results of the proposed method exhibit a significant improvement over those of other methods and reach an overall accuracy over 80%, with approximately 20% higher than the accuracies of K-means clustering and the entropy/alpha-Wishart classifier and approximately 10% higher than the accuracy of the support vector machine method. Moreover, building details can be precisely detected, obliquely oriented buildings can be identified, and the distinction between buildings and forests is significantly improved, as both visually and statistically indicated. This method is highly adaptable and has substantial application value.     

The inversion method study of sub-canopy soil moisture estimation using repeat pass SIR-C PolInSAR data

From repeat pass SIR-C L band polarimetric SAR interferometric data and fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model of PolInSAR, a method for sub-canopy soil moisture estimation using repeat pass SIR-C PolInSAR data is proposed. At the same time, the potential and validity of fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model of PolInSAR for sub-canopy soil moisture inversion is investigated. Firstly, from the random oriented volume over ground two layer coherent scattering model and the statistical characteristics of Pol-InSAR coherency matrix, the fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model is used to reconstruct or recover the surface polarimetric coherency matrix with volume scattering components significantly removed; then, from recovered surface polarimetric coherency matrix, co-HH, VV and cross-HV polarization backscattering coefficient are obtained, and the sub-canopy soil moisture are inverted from Oh and Dihedral scattering model. At last, Compared the inversion result with the field measurement and the climate data of hetan region from 1951 to 2006, the preliminary result indicates that the proposed method based on fully maximum likelihood inversion decomposition model has enough high inversion accuracy, if the new spaceborne or airborne polarimetric SAR interferometric data with synchronously spaceborne or airborne-ground measurement will be acquired, the validity and accuracy of proposed inversion method will be further investigated and validated.     

基于MODIS影像的森林火灾火线检测方法

结合归一化火灾差异指数NDBR(normalized difference burn ratio)和MODIS多波段影像梯度边缘分析手段检测火线, 应用B样条函数拟合火线并确定火势蔓延方向。为对比验证, 基于火线的Kriging插值实现火灾外推预测, 与30min后的火灾参考数据目视对比与统计：火线的预测变化与参考影像基本保持一致, 火灾外推影像的均值和熵约为参考影像的86%和81%, 火迹地检测的Kappa系数达80.2%。试验表明, 提出的森林火线特征自动检测方法在动态火灾监测中是可行、有效的。     

Evaluation of modified four-component scattering power decomposition method over highly rugged glaciated terrain

In recent years, there has been increased utilization of fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data to study glaciated terrain features for glaciological and climate change modelling. This article is concerned with more accurate results and appropriate analysis of POLSAR data over a highly rugged glaciated area in Himalayan region. For this purpose, the modified Yamaguchi four-component scattering power decomposition (4-CSPD) method with a rotation concept of 3 × 3 coherency matrix [T] about line of sight is evaluated. It has been found that the modified Yamaguchi 4-CSPD method significantly improved the decomposition results as compared with the original 4-CSPD by minimizing the cross-polarized Horizontal-Vertical (HV) components. This modified 4-CSPD leads to enhancement in the double bounce scattering and surface scattering components and also avoids the overestimation problem in the volume scattering component as compared with the original 4-CSPD from the sloped terrain. The significant reductions of the negative power occurrence in the surface scattering (3.9%) and the double bounce scattering (19.7%) components have also been noticed as compared with the original 4-CSPD method over the glaciated area in this part of the Indian Himalaya.     

Multiple-Component Scattering Model for Polarimetric SAR Image Decomposition

A multiple-component scattering model (MCSM) is proposed to decompose polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images. The MCSM extends a three-component scattering model, which describes single-bounce, double-bounce, volume, helix, and wire scattering as elementary scattering mechanisms in the analysis of PolSAR images. It can be found that double-bounce, helix, and wire scattering are predominant in urban areas. These elementary scattering mechanisms correspond to the asymmetric reflection condition that the copolar and cross-polar correlations are not close to zero. The MCSM is demonstrated with a German Aerospace Center (DLR) Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar (ESAR) L-band full-polarized image of the Oberpfaffenhofen Test Site Area (DE), Germany, which was obtained on September 30, 2000. The result of this decomposition confirmed that the proposed model is effective for analysis of buildings in urban areas.      

结合Singh四分量分解的高分三号全极化SAR影像分类

不同于一般分类算法基于像素统计的分类,忽略了地物的散射特性,文中提出了一种保持地物散射特性的分类方法。这种方法将Singh提出的Singh四分量分解与基于复Wishart分布的最大似然分类器相结合,对高分三号全极化影像进行分类。利用Singh四分量分解获得表面散射、体散射、二次散射和螺旋体散射,然后将前3种基础散射分别划分为多个聚类,根据复Wishart距离进行类间合并,直到获得指定类别数,输入复Wishart分类器进行迭代分类,最后进行类别合并获得最终分类结果。试验表明本文算法具有较好的分类效果且验证了利用高分三号全极化卫星数据进行影像分类的可行性。     

植被高度的极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解反演法

经典三阶段极化干涉SAR植被高反演算法中地面散射相位估计不准确,从而导致植被高反演精度存在偏差。针对这一关键问题,本文提出基于极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解的植被高度反演新方法。该方法利用Freeman分解理论和极化干涉互协方差矩阵,估计出更准确的地面散射相位;然后,结合RVOG模型反演植被高度。利用欧空局（ESA）的软件PolSARpro模拟的L波段极化SAR数据和亚马逊森林地区的ALOS PALSAR L波段数据进行实验,结果表明本文提出的新算法提取的植被高度相比经典三阶段法精度更高,从而验证了算法的有效性和可靠性。