瞬时经圈环流与西风带环流变化的关系

用一九七六年冬半年八个个例,对纬圈平均非热成风,瞬时经圈环流和西风带环流变化的关系进行了个例分析和统计分析。指出。当纬圈平均非热成风产生率为较大的负值时,出现逆瞬时经圈环流,并有利于长波的阻尼和纬向环流的维持或加强;反之,当为正值时,出现正瞬时经圈环流,并有利于长波的发展和纬向环流的减弱或崩溃。对于上述关系,本文还从物理上进行了初步的讨论。     

层结切变流体非线性惯性重力内波的稳定性

本文从层结切变流体的非线性惯性重力内波的方程组出发,设解为行波的形式并将非线性项在平衡点附近作Taylor展开,导得了两个变量的一阶自治动力系统的常微分方程组。应用常微分方程的稳定性理论,讨论了惯性重力内波的稳定性。分析指出:在考虑了速度垂直切变和非线性作用后,惯性重力内波的稳定性发生了变化,当LL_0时是稳定的结论只是在时才是正确的,当时,L_0~2<0和L>L_0成为不稳定的条件。 本文还讨论了某些条件下非线性惯性重力内波的解析解。     

华南春季强对流天气过程的动能收支 (二)辐散风和旋转风动能的收支和转换

在第(一)部分的基础上,进一步讨论辐散风动能和旋转风动能的收支以及这两种动能之间的转换过程。结果表明,尽管辐散风动能在总动能中所占比重很小,但它的变化与强对流天气过程的发生发展有着更为密切的关系。计算结果表明,在辐散风动能与旋转风动能的转换函数{K_D,K_R)中,B项(代表垂直运动与旋转风动能的垂直变化的耦合)是最大的转换项;在强对流区,反映涡管伸缩机制的A项也是一个很重要的转换项。就区域时间平均而言,有旋转风动能向辐散风动能(K_R→K_D)转换。      

有关大气湍流的几个问题

浑沌(chaos)概念的提出,有关大气湍流的若干问题有深入讨论的必要。根据我们近几年研究对如下问题提出自己见解,供深入讨论:确定的动力系统可以描述大气湍流,大气湍流可以用有限维动力系统来研究,速度切变?u/?z有两重性,稳定层结下可以出现湍流,Lorenz方程的意义及局限性,湍流发生     

纬圈平均大气运动特征的振动

本文考虑高度非线性的大气中期运动是一种准涡旋运动,引用了准涡旋观点和方法来处理二维无辐散和三维运动方程,即在开始时保留涡旋项,而在对方程进行纬圈平均后,去掉一些涡旋项,得到了某些大气运动特征如西风指数、纬向动量和涡度的经向输送的纬圈平均值等的变化或摆动的振动方程,并求出谐波解。振动周期决定于经向动能二倍的纬圈平均值的平方根(v~2)~(1/2)。基本周期约二十天左右。 所得结果可能对极端复杂的大气运动总有出现中期振动的趋势和精致设计的圆盘模拟实验出现摆动的事实,提供某种程度的动力学解释,同时也可能对中期预报的实践提供一些依据。 本文的主要科学目的,是想指出对极端复杂的大气中期过程还是可能用线性理论来研究其某些特征的。     

Observational results on the influence of stability and wind-wave coupling on momentum transfer and turbulent fluctuations over ocean waves

Turbulence data obtained over ocean waves during the BOMEX experiment of 1969 are presented. Procedures in measurement and analyses are described which include adjustments for possible platform, R/V FLIP, motion. Momentum transfer is shown to have been influenced by both stability and wind-wave coupling. The wind-wave coupling influence is separated from the stability influence and is described in terms of a linear dependence of the deviation from the logarithmic profile on C/u _*, where C is the phase speed corresponding to the wave spectrum peak. As observed by others, a value of C/u _* near 25 is associated with minimal wind-wave coupling influence. For C/u _* greater than 25, momentum transfer is decreased relative to the neutral profile prediction. Expressions are also presented for the wind-wave coupling influence on relative intensities, _u /u _*, _u /u _* and _w/u _*. Values of the relative intensities approximate neutral overland values when the expressions are written such that the wave influence is zero near a C/u _* value of 25.     

Statistics of Turbulence in the Stable Boundary Layer Affected by Gravity Waves

In order to investigate effects of interactions between turbulence and gravity waves in the stable boundary layer on similarity theory relationships, we re-examined a dataset, collected during three April nights in 1978 and in 1980 on the 300-m tower of the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO). The BAO site, located in Erie, Colorado, USA, 30 km east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, has been known for the frequent detection of wave activities. The considered profiles of turbulent fluxes and variances were normalized by two local, gradient-based scaling systems, and subsequently compared with similarity functions of the Richardson number, obtained based on data with no influence of gravity currents and topographical factors. The first scaling system was based on local values of the vertical velocity variance $\sigma _\mathrm{w}$ and the Brunt–Väisäla frequency $ N,$ while the second one was based on the temperature variance $\sigma _{\theta }$ and $N.$ Analysis showed some departures from the similarity functions (obtained for data with virtually no influence of mesoscale motions); nonetheless the overall dependency of dimensionless moments on the Richardson number was maintained.     

长波的垂直結构和它的移动与发展的关系

本文利用线性两层模式討論了对流层上部和下部扰动的发展和移动,以及它們之間相互关系。有以下主要結果: 1.一般常用的“溫度波落后于气压波,扰动发展”这一規則,对于超长波(波长大于10000公里)只适用于对流层上部,对于波长为7000公里左右的长波自对流层中部以上皆可应用,对于較短的长波整个对流层皆可应用。 2。当槽线或脊线随高度向西傾斜时,扰动的上层发展,下层阻尼;向东傾斜时,上层阻尼,下层发展;当时,上下层同时发展. 3.溫度波和高度波的移速可以不同,甚至方向可以相反;无論在上层或下层,当脊移进輻散区或槽移进輻合区时,扰动发展;当脊移进輻合区或槽移进輻散区时,扰动阻尼. 4.扰动的振幅和移速随时間而变,它不仅决定于基本流場的参数和扰动的波长,同时决定于扰动本身的上下結构. 5.周期性变化的稳定波在发展时期,其振幅的发展一天可达两倍半以上.因此日常所观測到的环流的巨大变化是否都属于一般所謂的西风带不稳定的現象值得深入研究.     

Effect of atmospheric stability on the growth of surface gravity waves

In this paper we study the effect of atmospheric stability on the growth of surface gravity waves. To that end we numerically solved the Taylor-Goldstein equation for wind profiles which deviate from a logarithmic form because stratification affects the turbulent momentum transport. Using Charnock's relation for the roughness height z ₀ of the wind profile, it is argued that the growth rate of the wave depends on the dimensionless phase velocity c/u _* (where u _* is the friction velocity) and a measure of the effect of atmospheric stability, namely the dimensionless Obukhov length gL/u _* ², whereas it only depends weakly on gz _t /u _* ² (where z _t is the roughness height of the temperature profile). Remarkably for a given value of u _* /c, the growth rate is larger for a stable stratification (L > 0) than for an unstable one (L < 0). We explain why this is the case. If, on the other hand, one considers the growth rate as a function of c/U ₁₀ (where U ₁₀ is the windspeed at 10 m), the situation reverses for c/U ₁₀ < 1. For practical application in wave prediction models, we propose a new parameterization of the growth rate of the waves which is an improvement of the Snyder et al. (1981) proposal because the effect of stability is taken into account.     

Stably stratified flow in a marine atmospheric surface layer

Data from the marine atmospheric surface layer have been analysed. The data set consists of about two weeks with tower measurements up to 31 m of mean profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity, together with 20 Hz turbulence data. Mean wind, temperature, and humidity profiles up to 2000 m are also available from pibal trackings and radio soundings. Wave height was measured at 2 Hz, using an inverted echo-sounder.It was found from pibal wind profiles that low level jets were present during 2/3 of the measurements, having their maxima in the height interval 40 to 300 m. Here only data from the remaining 1/3 of the measurements, without low level jets, have been analysed.Non-dimensional wind and temperature gradients agree with results over homogeneous land surfaces as regards stability dependence during stable conditions that prevailed during this experiment. Linear regression gave _m = 1 + 6.8z/L and _m = 1 + 8.3z/L. No significant sea wave influence was found. The same was vrue for me dimensionless standard deviations of the three wind components, except for the vertical component. The expected wind speed dependence was found for the neutral drag coefficient, givingC _dN = 0.109U + 0.33 at 10 m, and a dependence on the wave parameter,C/u _*, was confirmed. Note, however, that the data set was restricted to low and moderate wind speeds and that stratification was mainly stable.Power spectra, non-dimensionalized according to suface-layer theories, do not follow the expected stability dependence. It was shown that this may be a consequence of the presence of gravity waves in the stable marine boundary layer. Indicators of gravity waves were found in most runs. The TKE budget agrees with findings over homogeneous land areas. The pressure transport term was found to be a source of energy also for near neutral conditions.     

两次冷涌过程的分析

本文利用两次船舶航行实测资料及部分常规观测资料研究了两次冷涌过程的时—空结构。除进一步证实了冷涌具有重力波特征的论点外,还得出了几点初步结论:(1)这两次过程前缘的传擂速度为20—2米秒-1,很接近重力内波波速的动力气象理论值;(2)某海区冷涌到达之前的大气层结决定了冷涌是否具有重力波特征:(3)以重力波传播的冷涌比平流移动的更有效地把能量传至低纬洋面。      

A Richardson Number criterion for the air-sea interface

It is shown that the observationally determined roughness relation z ₀ = u _* ²/g in which g is the acceleration of gravity, u _*, is the friction velocity in air, and = 0.0185 (Wu, 1982) for the wind profile over the sea surface relative to the surface current, is consistent with the existence of a Richardson Number criterion at the air-sea interface in which the critical Richardson Number, Ri_c = 1, such that all the shear energy is converted into potential energy.