大气热力强迫和动力强迫的调配及平均经圈环流的仿真模拟

通过研究平均经围环流（ＭＭＣ）及其所受的内外强迫作用的相互配置，指出对ＭＭＣ的热力和动力强迫满足确定的调配率。这一调配率受大气内在的斜压性、静力稳定度及绝对涡度制约。利用辐射加热和凝结加热参数化方案，结合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）的分析资料，对１月份平均经围环流进行数值仿真模拟。结果表明，热带对流加热可以形成双层Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流结构；涡动动量输送对双Ｈａｄｌｅｙ环流的形成也有一定影响。中高纬度的ＭＭＣ则主要由外动量强迫及大气的动量和热量输送特征决定。     

The effects of mechanical forcing on the mean meridional circulation and transfer properties of the atmosphere

Experiments using a quasi-geostrophic model and the ECMWF T21 spectral model with and without orography are performed to investigate the effects of mechanical forcing on the mean meridional circulation. Results show that mechanical forcing intensifies the horizontal poleward heat flux and redistributes the eddy angular momentum in the vertical, and that this changes significantly the intensity and location of the mean me-ridional circulation centres.It is shown how the mean meridional circulation is set up in such a way to satisfy both the dynamical and thermodynamical transport requirements of the model atmosphere. Whenever external forcing changes the eddy fluxes, the Coriolis torques from the upper horizontal branches of the mean meridional circulations change to balance the extra divergence of eddy momentum flux, and additional adiabatic heating is produced by the vertical branches of the toroids to balance the extra divergence of eddy heat flux. The mean meridional circula-tion is, therefore, confirmed to be very sensitive to mechanical forcing, and can be used as an efficient tool to quantitatively diagnose the adequacy of the orographic representation of numerical forecasting and general cir-culation models.     

北太平洋冬季西部发展型天气尺度涡旋对平均流的影响

在中纬度北太平洋大气强斜压区,存在频繁的天气尺度涡旋活动,通过水分、动量和能量输送维持大气环流。为了进一步研究天气尺度涡旋发生发展与大尺度环流之间的联系,利用1981—2013年再分析资料,筛选出西部发展型天气尺度涡旋114个偏强日和87个偏弱日,给出了西部发展型天气尺度涡旋异常导致的动力和热力强迫的变化,同时从能量转换的角度分析了西部发展型天气尺度涡旋与平均流之间的相互作用,并探讨了其与西太平洋遥相关型的关系。结果表明:西部发展型天气尺度涡旋通过动力强迫和热力强迫影响平均流,其中动力强迫主要造成北太平洋中纬度上空的西风气流加速并向北移动;热力强迫的作用则是减弱中纬度大气斜压性。同时,强西部发展型天气尺度涡旋有利于西北太平洋上空对流层低层斜压有效位能向扰动动能的转化增大和扰动动能向平均流的转化增大,有利于中纬度地区对流层高层平均流向扰动动能的转化增大。此外,西部发展型天气尺度涡旋通过与平均流的作用,对维持西太平洋遥相关型的负位相有一定影响。     

Non—Acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system: I. Acceleration of zonal mean flow

Non-acceleration theorem in a primitive equation system is developed to investigate the influences of waves on the mean flow variation against external forcing. Numerical results show that mechanical forcing overwhelms thermal forcing in maintaining the mean flow in which the internal mechanical forcing associated with horizontal eddy flux of momentum plays the most important roles. Both internal forcing and external forcing are shown to be active and at the first place for the mean flow variations, whereas the forcing-induced mean meridional circulation is passive and secondary. It is also shown that the effects on mean flow of external mechanical forcing are concentrated in the lower troposphere, whereas those due to wave-mean flow interaction are more important in the upper troposphere. These act together and result in the vertically easterly shear in low latitudes and westerly shear in mid-latitudes. This verti-cal shear of mean flow is to some extent weakened by thermal forcing.     

Mid-latitude atmospheric responses to heat and vorticity forcing using a linear baroclinic model

Based on diagnostic analysis of reanalysis data for 58-year, the distribution characteristics of decadal variability in diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing related to the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Pacific, as well as their relationship with anomalous atmospheric circulation have been investigated in this paper. A linear baroclinic model(LBM) was used to investigate atmospheric responses to idealized and realistic heat and vorticity forcing anomalies, and then to compare relative roles of different kinds of forcing in terms of geopotential height responses. The results illustrate that the responses of atmospheric height fields to the mid-latitude heating can be either baroclinic or barotropic. The response structure is sensitive to the relative horizontal location of heating with respect to the background jet flow, as well as to the vertical profile of heating. The response to the idealized deep heating over the eastern North Pacific, mimicking the observed heating anomaly, is baroclinic. The atmospheric response to the mid-latitude vorticity forcing is always barotropic, resulting in a geopotential low that is in phase with the forcing. The atmospheric responses to the realistic heat and vorticity forcing show the similar results, suggesting that diabatic heating, transient eddy heating and transient eddy vorticity forcing can all cause atmospheric anomalies and that the vorticity forcing plays a relatively more important role in maintaining the equivalent-barotropic structure of geopotential height anomalies.     

变形的经向环流变化方程及其在诊断阻塞高压形成中的应用

本文推导出可以用来讨论大尺度扰动强迫对平均经圈环流作用的变形平均经圈环流变化方程，并利用此方程对北半球冬季4次阻塞高压的形成进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:由于波动对经圈环流的强迫作用，使高压脊的西部南风加强，而东部北风加强，从而有利于阻塞高压的形成。文中还分别分析了瞬变波及其低频瞬变波部分在阻塞高压形成中对经圈环流的强迫作用，并讨论了低频瞬变波强迫在太平洋和大西洋地区阻塞高压形成的地域差别。     

On the Forcing of the Radial-vertical Circulation within Cyclones-Part 1: Concepts and Equations

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STUDY OF THE NONLINEAR MECHANISM ABOUT THE FORMATION OF BLOCKING HIGH*

In this paper,a nonlinear dynamical system considering the interactions among ultra-long wave,long wave and zonal flow in a baroelinic atmosphere was found.In this system,thermal forcing and frictional dissipation are regarded as the external parameters.The procedure,in which the maps of orbit in phase space,contour of stream function and section of Poincaré mapping are combined with each other,is used to determine the distributions of system states and circulation patterns and to draw the corresponding diagrams.The results show that by using the Galerkin method,there is no essential influence of the increasing of orders of truncated-spectrum in a certain range on the distributions of system states and circulation patterns,but it makes them somewhat complexities.By contrast,the changing of distribution of thermal forcing exerts a great influence on the system.Blocking high links closely with the oscillating of the atmospheric circulation and the meridional growing intensely,while the development of synoptic wave can promote the oscillating.     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化特征及其可能影响机制

利用1958-2002年的ERA-40再分析资料,用谐波变换和EOF方法分析了冬季北太平洋风暴轴在年代际时间尺度上的变化特征,并通过回归分析的方法初步探讨了风暴轴年代际变化的可能影响机制.结果表明,在年代际时间尺度上,北太平洋风暴轴有两种主要模态,第1模态是风暴轴在其气候平均位置增强或减弱的主体一致变化型,其年代际变化受到上游涡旋强迫的影响,北大西洋强(弱)的涡旋活动,使得冬季北太平洋西风急流减弱(增强)、变宽(窄)、北抬(南压),同期北太平洋风暴轴活动偏强(弱),黑潮延续体区海表温度有偏暖(冷)的响应;第2模态是风暴轴中东部在气候平均位置南北两侧振荡的经向异常型,与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)循环的暖(冷)位相相联系,下垫面海温非绝热加热的作用,激发加强(减弱)大气中类太平洋/北美遥相关型(PNA)的响应,引起大气斜压性异常偏南(北),使得风暴轴整体南压(北抬),且中东部向东南(北)方向移动.因此,冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年代际变化不仅是局地波-流相互作用的结果,还应考虑上游涡旋活动和海温热力强迫的作用.     

The role of diabatic heating, torques and stabilities in forcing the radial-vertical circulation within cyclones part ii: case study of extratropical and tropical cyclones

Utilizing Eliassen’s concepts, the forcing of the isentropic azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial-vertical circulation by diabatic heating and torques within an extratropical cyclone and a typhoon was studied through nu-merical simulations based on the linear diagnostic equation derived previously. The structure of the forcing associated with diabatic heating and torques was determined from quasi-Lagrangian diagnostic analyses of actual case studies. The two cyclones studied were the Ohio extratropical cyclone of 25-27 January 1978 and typhoon Nancy of 18-23 September 1979. The Ohio cyclone, which formed over the Gulf Coast and moved through Ohio and eastern Michigan, was one of the most intense storms with blizzard conditions to ever occur in this region. Typhoon Nancy which occurred over the South China Sea during the FGGE year was selected since relatively high quality assimilated data were available. Within the Ohio cyclone, the dominant internal processes forcing the mean circulation with em-bedded relatively strong hydrodynamic stability were the pressure torque associated with baroclinic (asymmetric) structure and the horizontal eddy angular momentum transport associated with the typical S-shaped thermal and wind structures of self-development. Within typhoon Nancy, the dominant internal process forcing the mean circula-tion with embedded weak hydrodynamic stability was the latent heat release. This analysis shows that the simulated azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions within these two cy?clones agree quite well with the “observed” azimuthally-averaged mass-weighted radial motions. This isentropic nu?merical study also provides insight into the relatively important internal forcing processes and the trade off between forcing and stability within both extratropical and tropical cyclones.     

THE FORMATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAMS TWO-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICAL-PHYSICAL CLIMATE MODEL

In the paper,we have developed a 2-D physical-dynamical coupled climate model.Some sensitive experiments have been done by use of this model.First of all,we have studied the effects of different results by two radiational calculation schemes on circulation variation.The calculated results have shown that the different radiation parameterization schemes give different results,therefore the variational effects of wind,temperature,and humidity field are presented on the medium-range circulation variation.Besides,we have also studied the role of the meridional eddy momentum fluxes in formation of the monsoon over East Asia.The results of study have shown that on the average,the roles of meridional eddy flux of momentum formative processes of monsoon which is added to momentum equations by using the scheme of moist process parameterization with plateau are manifest.     

EFFECT OF PLANETARY AND SYNOPTIC SCALE WAVES IN MAINTAINING MERIDIONAL CIRCULATIONS AT MID AND LOW LATITUDES*

Following Wu and Chen(1989), in terms of the elliptical differential equation with mean meridional stream function, an equation similar in form to that developed by Kuo(1956) and by use of time average statistics of atmospheric circulation in wavenumber domains at the same intervals of time, a study is made of the contribution of the internal forcing of the atmosphere in two space scales to mean meridional circulation. Results show that planetary waves have considerable influence on the intensity of the upper center of the bi-Hadley cell, and, in contrast, synoptic-scale waves exert vital effect on the Ferrel cell, and that in the Northern Hamisphere(NH) such internal forcings by planetary- and synoptic-scale waves are comparable on mean meridional circulations whereas the latter contribute far more than the former in the Southern Hemisphere(SH).Further, in the northern winter(summer) the contribution of heat(angular momentum) transport of planetary waves allows the descending(ascending) branch to occur as far as around 40°N, some kind of effect that makes quite important contribution to the winter(summer) monsoon circulation in eastern Asia.     

The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002,this study investigated the effect of transient eddy(TE) on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis.The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement.Associated with such a meridional displacement,the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis.The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally leading the zonal wind anomalies,suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.However,The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity,favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles,the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.     

副热带高压研究回顾及对几个基本问题的再认识

文中在回顾有关副热带高压研究的基础上 ,指出传统的观念在东太平洋副热带高压和西太平洋副热带高压的关系、下沉运动和副热带高压的形成、热带加热异常与副热带高压异常的关系、副热带高压与其周边系统的关系等问题上存在一定的局限。并根据近期的研究成果对上述问题给出新的认识。最后文中展望了在副热带高压的研究中需进一步深入的几个方面 :不同纬度相互作用、青藏高原的作用、时间尺度 -内部动力过程和外界强迫的相对重要性、非线性过程和角动量平衡问题。     

THE ROLE OF THE MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION IN STATIONARY WAVE PROPAGATION

In a general baroclinic atmosphere,when the basic state includes meridional circulation,the sta-tionary waves might not only pass through the equatorial easterlies,but also strengthen significantly.The orographic forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude might cause marked responses in thelow latitude atmosphere.This suggests that the meridional circulation plays an important role in theconnection of stationary responses in mid and low latitudes,and so does the heating forcing in theNorthern Hemisphere mid-latitude.Forced by the heating forcing in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude,the features similar to the Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon circulation can be ob-tained.It appears that the meridional circulation plays certain role in the formation of summer mon-soon circulation.The heating anomaly forcing located at the eastern equatorial Pacific makes the sta-tionary waves present PNA(Pacific-North America)pattern in the winter hemisphere,but it doesnot in the summer hemisphere.It suggests that the meridional circulation has a marked influence onthe route of stationary wave propagation both in the winter and summer hemispheres.     

春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕能量变化的波谱分析和研究

本文利用1972-1982年5月初-7月底春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕高度资料计算有关能量谱、角动量输送谱和扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱,分析了大气环流由春到夏季节过渡期间能量谱变化特征及过渡前后特征差异,并揭示了它们与初夏中期主要天气过程-梅雨天气过程的关系。结果表明由春到夏季节过渡前后,对流层中层扰动动能谱和大气波能密度均有显著变化,大气波能密度值有个急剧减弱过程,经向扰动动能集中的波数由超长波向长波转移,55、45、35°N角动量输送平均辐散也有明显转折,这些是春夏二种不同流型在能量学上的基本差异点。对流层中层扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱在季节过渡前后也有显著不同:过渡前高纬强于中纬;而过渡后中纬转换明显增强,并大大超过高纬。大气环流由春到夏的季节过渡,一般由一次或二次长波急剧发展来完成。在大型环流转变上对应为一次副热带高压明显北跳加强及西风带迅速北撒减弱,在天气表现形式上江淮流域对应为梅雨这种大型天气过程的出现。      

Annual mean meridional energy transport modelled by a general circulation model for present and 2 × CO2 equilibrium climates

The meridional energy flux modelled by the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre general circulation model is examined. It is divided into atmospheric and oceanic components, and the resolved atmospheric components in turn into mean and eddy circulations. Comparison with observations shows the modelled total planetary meridional energy transport to be low, but shows better agreement for the resolved atmospheric component alone. The overall patterns of the individual circulation and energy components of the model also agree well, although strengths and locations do show some discrepancies. The doubled CO₂ climate change is analyzed in terms of the changes in each of the circulation and energy components. It is found that the changes are the relatively small residual of larger, and generally opposing changes in sensible heat and potential energy fluxes. Despite the general decrease in poleward energy flux, the poleward latent heat flux is found to increase. The reduction in poleward transport is found to be dominated by changes in the mean meridional circulation at low southern latitudes, and changes in both mean circulations and eddy fluxes elsewhere.